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Problem in nuclear reactor start-up
The iodine pit, also called the iodine hole or xenon pit, is a temporary disabling of a nuclear reactor due to the buildup of short-lived neutron poisons
Iodine_pit
135Xe, is responsible for the iodine pit instability in nuclear reactors Radioisotopes of iodine are called radioactive iodine or radioiodine. Dozens exist
Isotopes_of_iodine
Emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor
accidents at Three Mile Island and Fukushima I. Nuclear technology portal Iodine pit – Problem in nuclear reactor start-up Kill switch – Safety mechanism to
Scram
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
are sensitive to a process variously known as xenon poisoning, or the iodine pit. The common fission product Xenon-135 produced in the fission process
Nuclear_reactor
State of a nuclear reactor with fission slowed or halted
energy to restart the chain reaction than if it had been in hot shutdown. Iodine pit "Reactivity | Definition & Calculation | nuclear-power.com". Nuclear Power
Shutdown_(nuclear_reactor)
Prices below zero
2021. "German electricity prices on EPEX Spot 2024". FfE. "Iodine Pit - Xenon Peak - Xenon Pit". "Xenon-135 Reactor Poisoning". "Negative prices: how they
Negative_pricing
Field of physics dealing with nuclear reactors
state, which may last several days and prevent restart, is called the iodine pit or xenon-poisoning. It is one reason why nuclear power reactors are usually
Nuclear_reactor_physics
absorbs neutrons in the high neutron flux environments to become 136Xe; see iodine pit for more information Xenon-124 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double
Isotopes_of_xenon
Nuclear reactor, Oak Ridge 1965–1969
decays after shutting down and not immediately restarting (so-called iodine pit). Also in the pump bowl was a port through which salt samples could be
Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment
Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment
Association football club
at Iodine Park. A former gravel pit, the name was acquired in the 1950s due to the wounds received by players from stones in the topsoil: iodine being
Millhead_F.C.
Autoimmune endocrine disease
medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth, which is then concentrated in the thyroid and destroys it
Graves'_disease
Hormones produced by the thyroid gland
metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine, which is derived from food. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges
Thyroid_hormones
Division of plant life
of world population is getting insufficient daily iodine intake, a 150 ug/day requirement of iodine is obtained from a single gram of red algae. Red algae
Red_algae
Pier in Sopot, Poland
is a popular venue for recreation and health walks (the concentration of iodine at the tip of the pier is twice as high as on land) or public entertainment
Sopot_Pier
Skin infection between the buttocks
debris get sucked into the subcutaneous tissues through skin openings called pits. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination. If there is an infection
Pilonidal_disease
Effects of radiation released from the Fukushima nuclear accident
492 as of March 2018. Radioactive particles from the incident, including iodine-131 and caesium-134/137, have since been detected at atmospheric radionuclide
Radiation effects from the Fukushima nuclear accident
Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Gastrointestinal endoscopic imaging with dyes
elements, and include Lugol's iodine, methylene blue, toluidine blue and crystal violet (gentian violet) . Lugol's iodine specifically stains non-keratinized
Chromoendoscopy
Pair of enantiomers
Iofetamine (iodine-123, 123I), brand names Perfusamine, SPECTamine), or N-isopropyl-(123I)-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP), is a lipid-soluble amine and radiopharmaceutical
Iofetamine_(123I)
U.S. state
the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020. "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State". "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR)
South_Carolina
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
such as bismuth and iodine, show promise both for gridless designs such as Hall-effect thrusters, and gridded ion thrusters. Iodine was used as a propellant
Ion_thruster
Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria
inorganic iodine, plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oral (and gastro-oesophageal) tissue integrity, and, on the other hand, iodine is
Tooth_decay
Extreme hypothyroidism
the importance of iodine. In an important study the researchers showed that in the myxedematous type of cretinism treatment with iodine normalizes thyroid
Myxedema
Medical condition
Lymphocytic thyroiditis Idiopathic atrophy Neoplasia destroying the thyroid gland Iodine deficiency Ingestion of goitrogen Iatrogenic Leishmaniasis Congenital hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism_in_dogs
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
of 135Xe, with reactor operation going into a condition known as the iodine pit. Under adverse conditions, relatively high concentrations of radioactive
Xenon
2011 nuclear accident in Japan
terms of the three predominant products released: caesium-137 (137Cs), iodine-131 (131I), and xenon-133. Estimates for atmospheric releases range from
Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Chemical compound
oxidation of thiosulfate, S 2O2− 3, by iodine, I2: 2S 2O2− 3 + I2 → S 4O2− 6 + 2I− The use of bromine instead of iodine is dubious as excess bromine will oxidize
Tetrathionate
Chemical compound
injection into a living test subject. The iodine introduced during manufacture is a radioactive isotope, iodine-123, and it is the gamma decay of this isotope
Ioflupane_(123I)
American physician
grains of saccharine a day. He wrote articles recommending people to take iodine doses. Brady was also supportive of the meat diet of Vilhjalmur Stefansson
William_Brady_(physician)
Nuclear waste category
Low-level waste storage pit at the Nevada National Security Site
Low-level_waste
1962 underground nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site
radionuclides in fallout. The test released 880,000 curies (33 PBq) of radioactive iodine-131, an agent of thyroid disease, into the atmosphere. Sedan ranked first
Sedan_(nuclear_test)
Chemical compound
was isolated originally in the mid-1980s from the chalky soil, or "caliche pits", located in Kerrville, Texas. The sample was collected by a scientist working
Calicheamicin
American clairvoyant (1877–1945)
and mud baths were prescribed. Substances included oils, salts, herbs, iodine, witch hazel, magnesia, bismuth, alcohol, castoria, lactated pepsin, turpentine
Edgar_Cayce
Series of 1950s American nuclear tests
atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine 131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably
Operation_Plumbbob
Series of 1950s US nuclear tests
units). Emissions to atmosphere, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably
Operation_Teapot
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
N2 by volume). The gas circuit is composed of a compressor, aerosol and iodine filters, adsorber for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia, a holding
RBMK
Material in core during nuclear meltdown
volatile elements and compounds. These may be gas phase, such as molecular iodine or noble gases, or condensed aerosol particles after leaving the high temperature
Corium_(nuclear_reactor)
Hydrated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing carbonate anions
E. Fryxell (2003). Selection and testing of getters for adsorption of iodine-129 and technetium-99: a review. PNNL-14208, Pacific Northwest National
Hydrotalcite
Species of lichen
with iodine, while the interior contents stain yellow. Each ascus contains eight round ascospores, 5–7 μm in diameter, that also give a yellow iodine reaction
Thelocarpon_immersum
Chemical element with atomic number 29 (Cu)
Attempts to prepare copper(II) iodide yield only copper(I) iodide and iodine. 2 Cu2+ + 4 I− → 2 CuI + I2 Copper forms coordination complexes with ligands
Copper
Medical condition
and symptoms and a starch-iodine test, also known as the Minor test. The affected area of the face is painted with iodine which is allowed to dry, then
Frey's_syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder
ADHD treatment is not advised. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There is a small amount of
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
American rock band
14, 2025. Greenwood, Koltan (May 26, 2020). "Demi Lovato hit a metal mosh pit at 14 and loved every second of it". Alternative Press. Archived from the
Brand_New_(band)
Country in South America
world. The country was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of copper, iodine and rhenium, the second largest producer of lithium and molybdenum, the
Chile
Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)
gold(III) bromide AuBr3 and gold(I) bromide AuBr, but reacts very slowly with iodine to form gold(I) iodide AuI: 2 Au + 3 F 2 → Δ 2 AuF 3 {\displaystyle {\ce
Gold
Medication for parasite infestations
Magnesium sulfate Metandienone Nemolizumab Oclacitinib Oxymetazoline Povidone-iodine Pregnenolone acetate Progestogens (e.g., progesterone) Ruxolitinib Sofpironium
Ivermectin
Medical condition
thyroid hormone administration, irregular levothyroxine adherence, severe iodine deficiency, malnutrition Diagnostic method Thyroid function tests (TSH,
Myxedema_psychosis
originally more neutron-rich fission products, passing through isotopes of iodine then isotopes of xenon. Because these elements are volatile and can diffuse
Isotopes_of_caesium
Autoimmune diseases of the skin
affected in most people with psoriasis at some point in time. This may include pits in the nails or changes in nail color. Psoriasis is generally thought to
Psoriasis
Test to study nuclear shock waves
achieve the spherical implosion necessary for compression of the plutonium pit of the nuclear weapon. The experiment used significant amounts of a short-lived
RaLa_Experiment
Chemical element with atomic number 22 (Ti)
Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal. In
Titanium
Digestive organ
in storage and elaboration of iodine compounds during vertebrate evolution. In fact, the stomach and thyroid share iodine-concentrating ability and many
Stomach
anoxia as a cause of the Late Devonian mass extinction: Carbon, sulfur, and iodine proxies for anoxia across the Frasnian-Famennian Boundary in the Great Basin
2026_in_paleontology
Chronology of events following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster
radioactive iodine-131 in seawater near the facility are found to be 7.5 million times the legal limit. TEPCO drills a hole into the pit near reactor 2
Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accident
Timeline_of_the_Fukushima_nuclear_accident
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
However, with reactor power reduced, large quantities of previously produced iodine-135 decayed into the neutron-absorbing xenon-135 faster than the reduced
Chernobyl_disaster
1954 U.S. thermonuclear weapon test in the Marshall Islands
levitated in a type-D pit. COBRA was Los Alamos' most recent product of design work on the "new principles" of the hollow core. A copper pit liner encased within
Castle_Bravo
Highly corrosive mineral acid
exceptions of nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases, silicon, and halogens other than iodine, usually oxidizes them to their highest oxidation states as acids with the
Nitric_acid
Central nervous system stimulant
Magnesium sulfate Metandienone Nemolizumab Oclacitinib Oxymetazoline Povidone-iodine Pregnenolone acetate Progestogens (e.g., progesterone) Ruxolitinib Sofpironium
Caffeine
Controlled detonation of nuclear weapons for scientific or political purposes
000 excess deaths, most caused by thyroid cancer linked to exposure to iodine-131. United States: Prior to March 2009, the US was the only nation to compensate
Nuclear_weapons_testing
Central nervous system stimulant
pharmacologist Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. From 1938, methamphetamine was marketed on a large scale in Germany as
Methamphetamine
Extreme manifestation of hypothyroidism
little dietary iodine. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine. With the cessation
Myxedema_coma
Salt lake in the Levant
Newton (June 1926). "Examination of Dead Sea Water for Eka-Cæsium and Eka-Iodine". Nature. 117 (2953): 789–790. Bibcode:1926Natur.117..789F. doi:10.1038/117789b0
Dead_Sea
deep sea mining. In 2019, Japan was the second largest world producer of iodine, fourth largest worldwide producer of bismuth, the world's ninth largest
Mining_in_Japan
British chemist and inventor (1778–1829)
following year, and for discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. Davy also studied the forces involved in these separations, inventing the
Humphry_Davy
Substances consumed for human nutrition
iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it. Iodine is a necessary nutrient for maintenance of thyroid function, and the addition of iodine to salt became
Human_food
Lack of economic resources
iodised salt costs 2 to 3 cents per person a year while even moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy shaves off 10 to 15 IQ points. Certain basic needs
Poverty
Chemical compound responsible for rotten fish odor
L.; Jandásek, J. (2008). "The effect of feeding untreated rapeseed and iodine supplement on egg quality" (PDF). Czech Journal of Animal Science. 53 (2):
Trimethylamine
Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)
most economical ways of mining tin are by dredging, hydraulicking, or open pits. Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits, which can contain
Tin
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
of uranium are formed by direct reaction of, respectively, bromine and iodine with uranium or by adding UH 3 to those element's acids. Known examples
Uranium
Soft-bodied, aquatic invertebrates
Jellyfish may also benefit from saltier waters, as saltier waters contain more iodine, which is necessary for polyps to turn into jellyfish. Rising sea temperatures
Jellyfish
Continent
(Bolivia and Ecuador); nickel (Brazil); niobium (Brazil); rhenium (Chile); iodine (Chile), among others. Brazil stands out in the extraction of iron ore (where
South_America
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
watt/kilogram, or milliwatt/gram. In larger pieces of plutonium (e.g. a weapon pit) and inadequate heat removal the resulting self-heating may be significant
Plutonium
Skin lesion on the legs due to Graves' disease
are suggestions in the medical literature that treatment with radioactive iodine for Graves' hyperthyroidism may be a trigger for pretibial myxedema which
Pretibial_myxedema
World War II Allied nuclear weapons program
began distributing radioisotopes to hospitals and universities, primarily iodine-131 and phosphorus-32, for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Isotopes were
Manhattan_Project
Proposed Northern California nuclear power facility
"This balloon could represent a radioactive molecule of strontium 90 or iodine 131." These two substances had reached public prominence in the debate about
Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant
Bodega_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
brine which proved to be a less expensive option than underground or open-pit mining. Most of the mines closed or shifted their focus to other materials
Lithium
Naturally occurring psychedelic compound
3-trimethoxybenzene) chromium complex with acetonitrile carbanion in THF and iodine, followed by reduction of the nitrile with lithium aluminum hydride. A large
Mescaline
Liquid fat made from olives
to become more fit for grinding. Others are left for extended periods in pits in the ground to induce sweating and decay before they are ground. According
Olive_oil
Nuclear site in Cumbria, England
contamination. Of notable concern was the release of significant quantities of the iodine-131 isotope, a known contributor to thyroid cancer risk. The scale and impact
Sellafield
Chemical process of joining two molecular entities by bonds of any kind
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Some metals form a proportion of dimers in their vapour phase: dilithium
Dimerization
Distinct words with the same spelling
periodic variation. /pɜːrˈaɪɒdɪk/ adjective Periodic acid is an oxoacid of iodine. present /prɪˈzɛnt/ verb to reveal /ˈprɛzənt/ noun a gift; the current moment
Heteronym_(linguistics)
Region of Chile
Chile's mining output, led by copper and followed by potassium nitrate, gold, iodine, and lithium, which means it could have had GDP per capita higher than Luxembourg
Antofagasta_Region
Chemical element with atomic number 41 (Nb)
Kòrösy, F. (1939). "Reaction of Tantalum, Columbium and Vanadium with Iodine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 61 (4): 838–843. Bibcode:1939JAChS
Niobium
Chemical element with atomic number 42 (Mo)
Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington
Molybdenum
Pharmaceutical compound
Fully efficacious substitutions at the 4-position included the halogens iodine and bromine (R)-DOI (Figure 3), 2C-B (Figure 7A), methoxy (TMA-2) (Figure
2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine
Substance that can explode
Fulminic acid Halogen azides: Fluorine azide Chlorine azide Bromine azide Iodine azide Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine Hydrazoic acid Hypofluorous acid
Explosive
May 18, 2010 — The Stranger June 1, 2010 — The Crazies June 29, 2010 — Iodine July 6, 2010 — Brooklyn's Finest — Hungry Hills July 13, 2010 — Operation:
List of films released by Anchor Bay Entertainment
List_of_films_released_by_Anchor_Bay_Entertainment
Series of 1950s US nuclear tests
atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably
Project_56_(nuclear_test)
Chemical element with atomic number 31 (Ga)
aluminium and indium. This structure is strikingly similar to that of iodine and may form because of interactions between the single 4p electrons of
Gallium
Polyatomic ion (S2O3, charge –2)
the sky at midday and dusk.[citation needed] Thiosulfate ions react with iodine to give tetrathionate ions: 2 S2O32− + I2 → S4O62− + 2 I− This reaction
Thiosulfate
Waves or particles moving through space
source because of the biological proclivities of the radioactive iodine fission product, iodine-131. However, calculating the exact risk and chance of cancer
Radiation
Electronic oscillator circuit
may be achieved by exposing crystals with silver electrodes to vapors of iodine, which causes a slight mass increase on the surface by forming a thin layer
Crystal_oscillator
Lamp mounted in the front of a vehicle
Tungsten-halogen technology (also called "quartz-halogen", "quartz-iodine", "iodine cycle", etc.) increases the effective luminous efficacy of a tungsten
Headlamp
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
used in nuclear weapon designs as the very outer layer of the plutonium pits in the primary stages of thermonuclear bombs, placed to surround the fissile
Beryllium
Defunct American nuclear production site
000 GBq) of iodine‑131 over two days. A U.S. government report released in 1992 estimated that 685,000 curies (25,300,000 GBq) of iodine‑131 had been
Hanford_Site
Series of 1960s US nuclear tests
atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably
Operation_Storax
Series of 1950s US nuclear tests
atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably
Operation_Upshot–Knothole
Type of radiological weapon
Avoid taking potassium iodide, as it only prevents effects from radioactive iodine and may instead cause a dangerous reaction. As of 2023[update], research
Dirty_bomb
Chemical element with atomic number 84 (Po)
ingredients of the 'Urchin' initiator at the center of the bomb's spherical pit. 'Urchin' initiated the nuclear chain reaction at the moment of prompt-criticality
Polonium
Genus of lichen-forming fungi
colourless hymenium reacts with iodine: the gel between the spore-bearing cells stains red in strong Lugol's iodine and blue in a weaker test that follows
Verrucaria
"Estimated Exposures and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 in Fallout Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Tests: History
List of military nuclear accidents
List_of_military_nuclear_accidents
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