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American linguist; father of sociolinguistics (1927–2024)
William David Labov (/ləˈboʊv/ lə-BOHV; December 4, 1927 – December 17, 2024) was an American linguist widely regarded as the founder of the discipline
William_Labov
Group of people who share expectations regarding linguistic usage
typical speech community can be a small town, but sociolinguists such as William Labov claim that a large metropolitan area, for example New York City, can
Speech_community
Study of how society shapes language and language use
linguists such as Charles A. Ferguson or William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK. In the 1960s, William Stewart and Heinz Kloss introduced the
Sociolinguistics
Variety or dialect of American English
of Pennsylvania was the home institution of pioneering sociolinguist William Labov. Philadelphia English shares certain features with New York City English
Philadelphia_English
Set of varieties of English language
Labov, William (1972), Language in the Inner City: Studies in Black English Vernacular, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Labov, William;
North_American_English
Pronunciation differences in the United States and Canada
dialects as a whole is the 2006 Atlas of North American English (ANAE) by William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg, on which much of the description below
North American English regional phonology
North_American_English_regional_phonology
Sound system of New York City English
Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179. Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 145, 54, 56, 234 Labov
New_York_accent
Phenomenon influenced by observer's presence
field of sociolinguistics, the term Observer’s Paradox was coined by William Labov, who stated with regard to the term: The aim of linguistic research
Observer's_paradox
Dialect spoken in the Great Lakes region
to maintain their Midland and North-Central accents. Sociolinguist William Labov theorizes that this separation reflects a political divide; a controlled
Inland Northern American English
Inland_Northern_American_English
Local accent of English spoken in Boston
vocabulary appears only around Boston. A 2006 study co-authored by William Labov claims that the accent remains relatively stable, though a 2018 study
Boston_accent
that they did not, allowing the speaker to clarify. The sociolinguist William Labov suggested that style-shifting was a function of attention paid to speech
Audience_design
Variety of American English
with Southern American English, it has been described by sociolinguist William Labov as one of the most widely recognized regional dialects in the United
New_York_City_English
American academic and linguist
Pennsylvania, under the doctoral supervision of sociologist William Labov. In addition to Labov, Baugh studied extensively under anthropological linguist
John_Baugh
Set of linguistic variants with specific social meanings
either consciously or subconsciously, thereby creating a new style. William Labov first introduced the concept of style in the context of sociolinguistics
Style_(sociolinguistics)
American sociolinguist (born 1943)
his death in 1982, and subsequently married American sociolinguist William Labov in 1993. She is the mother of sociologist Alice Goffman. In 1986 she
Gillian_Sankoff
Dialectological map of English in the U.S. and Canada
States and Canada. It is the result of a large-scale survey by linguists William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg. Speech data was collected, mainly from
The Atlas of North American English
The_Atlas_of_North_American_English
Sociolinguistic phenomenon
community. The concept of covert prestige was first introduced by linguist William Labov, when he observed speakers preferring to use a nonstandard dialect,
Covert_prestige
Accents typical of English in the US
English". Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 260–261. Labov, Ash & Boberg
General_American_English
Modification or development of a language
change.[citation needed] The sociolinguist Jennifer Coates, following William Labov, describes linguistic change as occurring in the context of linguistic
Language_change
Variety of English spoken in the United States
extension of the South, based on some 800 lexical items. Conversely, William Labov and his team based their 1990s research largely on phonological (sound)
Midland_American_English
American actor (born 1938)
Alumni (Entertainment Industry)". Los Angeles City College Foundation. William Labov; Ray Broadus Browne; Pat Browne (2001). The Guide to United States Popular
Roy_Thinnes
Pronunciation of 'r' across English dialects
generations. The New York City dialect has traditionally been non-rhotic, but William Labov more precisely classifies its current form as variably rhotic, with
Rhoticity_in_English
Variety of American English
Labov, William (1972), Language in the Inner City: Studies in Black English Vernacular, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Labov, William
African-American Vernacular English
African-American_Vernacular_English
American and Canadian English phonological phenomenon
Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Labov
/æ/_raising
Language variety or register peculiar to a specific social class
whether it is with regard to one's ethnicity, age, gender, etc. As William Labov once said, "the sociolinguistic view ... is that we are programmed to
Sociolect
Concept in linguistics
variation and its correlation with sociological categories, such as William Labov's 1963 paper "The social motivation of a sound change," led to the foundation
Variation_(linguistics)
Island in Massachusetts, US
landings on beaches to climbing cliffs and bombing practice. Linguist William Labov wrote his master's thesis on changes in the Martha's Vineyard dialect
Martha's_Vineyard
Most populous city in Pennsylvania, US
year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov's "ideas imbue every
Philadelphia
Attested sociolinguistic relationship between gender and language change
The gender paradox is a sociolinguistic phenomenon first observed by William Labov, who noted, "Women conform more closely than men to sociolinguistic
Gender paradox (sociolinguistics)
Gender_paradox_(sociolinguistics)
Degrees of separation from Paul Erdős
collaboration with such notable scholars as Noam Chomsky (Erdős number 4), William Labov (3), Mark Liberman (3), Geoffrey Pullum (3), or Ivan Sag (4). There
Erdős_number
Society. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 121. Thomas (2004), p. 305. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 248. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 254. Labov, Ash &
Southern accent (United States)
Southern_accent_(United_States)
Non-standard language usage
hypercorrection in terms of pronunciation (phonology). For example, William Labov noted that all of the English speakers he studied in New York City in
Hypercorrection
American linguist
degree in 1986. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania under William Labov, and later collaborated with him and Sharon Ash in the preparation of
Charles_Boberg
20th-century consciously learned American accent
Views on Voice. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 159. Knight, 1997, p. 171. Labov, William et al. (2006). "The restoration of post-vocalic /r/". The Atlas of North
Good_American_Speech
American singer
PhD at Columbia, he was trained by William Diver, founder of the Columbia School of Linguistics, and William Labov, founder of variationist sociolinguistics
Robert_A._Leonard
Sound change in some English dialects
in a state of transition. For example, based on research directed by William Labov (using telephone surveys) in the 1990s, younger speakers in Kansas,
Cot–caught_merger
Level of respect towards a language variety in a speech community
social stratification in English is William Labov's 1966 study of the variable pronunciation of r in New York City. Labov went to three New York City department
Prestige_(sociolinguistics)
Set of American English accents
Boston), New York City, and some areas of the South. Sociolinguists like William Labov and his colleagues note that non-rhoticity, "as a characteristic of
Northeastern_elite_accent
Variety of Canadian English
Shift in Toronto." Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 221. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
Standard_Canadian_English
American sociolinguist (born 1942)
linguistics in 1978 from Columbia University, where she was a student of William Labov. She is the author or co-author of three books on sociolinguistics,
Penelope_Eckert
Polish-American linguist (1926-1967)
for the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (LCAAJ), and William Labov. He also co-wrote with them the 1968 book-length paper "Empirical foundations
Uriel_Weinreich
Study of narrative structures
methodologies would include sociolinguistic studies of oral storytelling (William Labov) and in conversation analysis or discourse analysis that deal with narratives
Narratology
Variety of English language
p. 52. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5. Labov, p. 48.[incomplete short citation] Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006, p. 60. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (January
American_English
Scientific study of linguistic dialect
sociolinguistics in the 1960s, pioneered by William Labov, fundamentally transformed dialectology. Labov's 1963 study of Martha's Vineyard and his 1966
Dialectology
Analysis methods in linguistics
goes back to a theoretical approach developed by the sociolinguist William Labov in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and its mathematical implementation
Variable_rules_analysis
Small container for drinks
1984 original. Allan 2020, pp. 127–131. Wierzbicka 1984, pp. 205–255. Labov, William (1973). "The boundaries of words and their meanings". In Bailey, C.-J
Cup
conducting interviews with ordinary people as well as experts such as William Labov. In the United States, the documentary was broadcast in several parts
Do_You_Speak_American?
Intonation pattern in some varieties of English
the third principle of the gender paradox identified by sociolinguist William Labov, namely that "in linguistic change from below, women use higher frequencies
High_rising_terminal
Words requiring context to understand their meaning
component of the lens through which the audience perceives the narrative. William Labov argues that stories of personal experience can be divided into distinct
Deixis
Former set of American dialects
Virginia" "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English," by William Labov, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg, The Linguistics Laboratory in the Department
Older Southern American English
Older_Southern_American_English
American linguist
University) and linguistics (under Henry M. Hoenigswald and William Labov). He collaborated with Labov on an important study of sound changes in spoken languages
Richard_C._Steiner
Sign pointing to or indexing an object in its context
particles vary from phonological alterations such as the one explored by William Labov in his work on postvocalic /r/ employment in words that had no word
Indexicality
Linguistic feature arising through language contact rather than common descent
end of his career (e.g., for the influence of Tibetan on Tocharian). William Labov in 2007 reconciled the tree and wave models in a general framework based
Areal_feature
American academic
structure of oral narrative. In the book, Pratt uses the research of William Labov to show that common structures that can be found in both literary and
Mary_Louise_Pratt
Group of varieties of English spoken in New Jersey
(help) Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:122) Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:181) Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:160) Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:233) Labov, William; Ash,
New_Jersey_English
Variation between words used to describe the same type of object (e.g. "cup" or "mug")
situation in which different people vary in naming objects. For example, William Labov studied this effect using illustrations of different drinking vessels
Referential_indeterminacy
Stage of the Korean language
chain shifts involving five of these vowels: y > u > o > ʌ e > ə > ɨ William Labov found that this proposed shift followed different principles to all
Middle_Korean
Theory of sound changes in linguistics
reformulated and renamed by William Wang and coworkers studying varieties of Chinese in the 1960s and the 1970s. William Labov found evidence for both processes
Lexical_diffusion
American anthropologist (1876–1960)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Alfred_Kroeber
Branch of linguistics combining sociolinguistics and phonetics
sociolinguistics generally, began in the 1960s and 70s with the work of William Labov who found statistical correlations between the use of certain pronunciations
Sociophonetics
British educationalist (1919–2008)
their own critical reading of the sociolinguists Basil Bernstein and William Labov.[citation needed] These writings played a vital role in stimulating
Harold_Rosen_(educationalist)
Ethnic group
May 2021. Poplack (2000), p. ?. Poplack & Tagliamonte (2001), p. ?. William Labov, in the Foreword to Poplack & Tagliamonte (2001), says "I would like
Atlantic_Creoles
occurs. Point of interest in the Martha's Vineyard study, conducted by William Labov in 1961, were the linguistic variables (ay) and (aw) in the speech of
Apparent-time_hypothesis
Structure of a speech community
year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov's "ideas imbue every
Social network (sociolinguistics)
Social_network_(sociolinguistics)
Concept in dialectology analyzing phonemes across dialects of a language
varieties involved. The linguistic variable, a similar concept presented by William Labov, refers to features with variations that are referentially identical
Diaphoneme
2013). "GOOSE backing". Speech Talk blog. Retrieved 19 April 2023. William Labov: The Changing Patterns of Philadelphia English, retrieved 2022-09-26
English-language vowel changes before historical /l/
English-language_vowel_changes_before_historical_/l/
American linguist (1928–2006)
William Oliver Bright (August 13, 1928 – October 15, 2006) was an American linguist and toponymist who specialized in Native American and South Asian
William_O._Bright
American linguist, variation theory specialist
of variation theory, the approach to language science pioneered by William Labov. She has extended the methodology and theory of this field into bilingual
Shana_Poplack
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
ways as it does today. The principle is known in linguistics, after William Labov and associates, as the Uniformitarian Principle or Unifomitarian Hypothesis
Uniformitarianism
Language family
13th and 15th centuries, a chain shift involving five of these vowels. William Labov found that this proposed shift followed different principles to all
Koreanic_languages
Common speech variety of a specific population
to determining its intended sense. In variation theory, pioneered by William Labov, language is a large set of styles or registers from which the speaker
Vernacular
Hungarian-American polymath (1920–2001)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Thomas_Sebeok
Science of the sounds of language
as recording equipment, or even a simple pen and paper (as used by William Labov in his study of the pronunciation of English in New York department
Auditory_phonetics
American philologist (1866–1955)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Carl_Darling_Buck
Sociolect
the northeastern coast of the United States. According to linguist William Labov, "A thorough and accurate study of geographic differences in the English
New_York_Latino_English
Tale relating a personal experience
Continuity is the consistent existence of something over some time. William Labov defines personal narrative as “one verbal technique for recapitulating
Personal_narrative
Russian linguist (1896–1982)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Roman_Jakobson
Latvian-American linguist (1923–2018)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Morris_Halle
Variety of American English spoken in Texas
dialects : a word geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg Charles (2006). Atlas of North American English:
Texan_English
Dialect and accent of American English
of all free, white, non-immigrant residents of New Orleans. Linguist William Labov specifically argues that Jewish American bankers and cotton merchants
New_Orleans_English
American linguist and anthropologist (1912–2000)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Kenneth_Lee_Pike
American linguist (born 1940)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Barbara_H._Partee
Overview of and topical guide to linguistics
Paul Grice M.A.K. Halliday Louis Hjelmslev Roman Jakobson Sir William Jones William Labov George Lakoff Ronald Langacker Richard Montague Pāṇini Barbara
Outline_of_linguistics
American linguist (born 1940)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Arnold_Zwicky
American anthropologist and linguist (1927–2009)
and social context. Together with John Gumperz, Erving Goffman and William Labov, Hymes defined a broad multidisciplinary concern with language in society
Dell_Hymes
Sociological theory
an ethnomethodology study in American schools. Howard Becker (1971) William Labov (1973) conducted a study of sociolinguistics. Joan Smith (1998) Participant
Interactionism
American linguist (born 1946)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Marianne_Mithun
Science museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
astronomer is Derrick Pitts. On February 5, 1824, Samuel Vaughan Merrick and William H. Keating founded the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania
Franklin_Institute
American linguist (1906–1986)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Charles_F._Voegelin
American philologist (1855–1928)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Maurice_Bloomfield
American linguist (1929–2014)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Charles_J._Fillmore
American linguist (born 1945)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Joan_Bresnan
K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References External links William Labov (born 1927), American sociolinguist and dialectologist Jacques Lacan
List_of_sociologists
Grover Krantz Alfred L. Kroeber Theodora Kroeber Lars Krutak Adam Kuper William Labov George Lakoff Harold E. Lambert Edmund Leach Eleanor Leacock Murray
List_of_anthropologists
British phonetician (1925–2006)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Peter_Ladefoged
Principle that observable language change processes also operated historically
usually known as uniformitarianism. In linguistics, Uriel Weinreich, William Labov and Marvin Herzog appear to have been the first to expressly elaborate
Uniformitarian principle (linguistics)
Uniformitarian_principle_(linguistics)
American historian (1889–1971)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Kemp_Malone
American linguist and philosopher (born 1945)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Ray_Jackendoff
Norwegian-American sociolinguist (1906–1994)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Einar_Haugen
Canadian-American linguist (born 1949)
Rulon S. Wells (1976) Joseph H. Greenberg (1977) Peter Ladefoged (1978) William Labov (1979) Ilse Lehiste (1980) Fred W. Householder (1981) Dell H. Hymes
Mark_Aronoff
WILLIAM LABOV
WILLIAM LABOV
Boy/Male
German
Form of William; Resolute Protector
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of William, from a central French form in which W is replaced by G.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Swiss
Will Helmet; Resolute Protector; Will; Son of William
Male
Scottish
 Pet form of Scottish Gaelic Uilleam, WILLIE means "will-helmet." Compare with another form of Willie.
Boy/Male
German American English
Will-helmet. Famous Bearers: poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) and William...
Female
English
English variant spelling of Roman Latin Jillian, GILLIAN means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)."
Boy/Male
Irish
cille means “â€associated with the church.â€â€ One St. Cillian left Ireland in about 650 AD with eleven companions and carried out his missionary work in the Rhine region of Germany where he became Bishop of Wurzburg after converting the local lord, Duke Gosbert of Wurzburg, to Christianity. Later Duke Gosbert married Geilana, his brother’s widow and Cillian declared the marriage invalid. While Gosbert was away on a military expedition, Geilana had Cillian beheaded when she found that Gosbert was going to leave her because their marriage was forbidden by the Church. The city of Wurzburg still celebrates a festival of mystery plays each year, known as Killianfest.
Female
English
Short form of English Lillian, LILLIA means "lily."
Boy/Male
German Teutonic Dutch
Will-helmet. Famous Bearers: poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) and William...
Male
English
 Pet form of English William, WILLIE means "will-helmet." Compare with another form of Willie.
Male
English
 Variant spelling of English Killeen, KILLIAN means "little warrior." Compare with another form of Killian.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Gilliam, which is itself a variant of William.
Male
German
 Variant spelling of German Kilian, KILLIAN means "little warrior." Compare with another form of Killian.
Male
English
English form of Norman French Willelm, WILLIAM means "will-helmet."
Female
Scottish
Variant spelling of Scottish Lilias, LILLIAS means "lily."
Boy/Male
Shakespearean American French Teutonic English German
Henry VI, 2' Sir John Stanley. 'Henry VI, Part III' Sir William Stanley. 'As You Like It' A...
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic form of German Wilhelm, UILLIAM means "will-helmet."
Male
Scottish
Scottish Gaelic form of German Wilhelm, UILLEAM means "will-helmet."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Gilliam.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Lilian, LILLIAN means "lily."
WILLIAM LABOV
WILLIAM LABOV
Girl/Female
Indian
Grooming and Bright
Girl/Female
African, Australian, Chinese, Zimbabwe
Merciful; Kindhearted
Boy/Male
Tamil
It is a one of Lord shiva`s name
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Spike.
Boy/Male
Norse
Swan.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Muslim
Beautiful, Graceful
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
The Prosperity of Allah
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, Indian, Irish, Modern
Meadow of Ash Trees; Dream; Petal
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Fourth Prayer of the day
WILLIAM LABOV
WILLIAM LABOV
WILLIAM LABOV
WILLIAM LABOV
WILLIAM LABOV
n.
Any book printed by William Caxton, the first English printer.
n.
A dam or mound to obstruct a water course, and raise the water to a height sufficient to turn a mill wheel.
a.
Of or relating to Sir William Herschel; as, the Herschelian telescope.
a.
Willing; ready to agree or consent.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Will
n.
Alt. of Willywaw
a.
Affording entrance; receptive; yielding; willing; open; prompt.
adv.
Willing; disposed.
v. t.
Free to do or to grant; having the mind inclined; not opposed in mind; not choosing to refuse; disposed; not averse; desirous; consenting; complying; ready.
a.
Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing.
v. t.
Received of choice, or without reluctance; submitted to voluntarily; chosen; desired.
n.
One who works at a willying machine.
a.
Willing to receive counsel or follow advice.
a.
Not willing; loath; disinclined; reluctant; as, an unwilling servant.
a.
Willing to yield or submit; responsive; tractable.
a.
Capable of being appeased or pacified; ready or willing to be pacified; willing to forgive or condone.
n.
The power of willing or determining; will.
n.
A girl; esp., a wanton; a gill.
n.
Willing acceptance.
v. t.
Spontaneous; self-moved.