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Memory segmentation on Intel x86
x86 memory segmentation is a term for the kind of memory segmentation characteristic of the Intel x86 computer instruction set architecture. The x86 architecture
X86_memory_segmentation
Division of computer's primary memory into separately relocatable segments or sections
Memory segmentation is an operating system memory management technique of dividing a computer's primary memory into segments or sections. In a computer
Memory_segmentation
Computer memory addressing model
See x86 memory segmentation for details. saves RAM by moving the segment address, this allows short jumps that require fewer bytes. Within the x86 architectures
Flat_memory_model
Family of backward-compatible assembly languages
register The x86 architecture in real and virtual 8086 mode uses a process known as segmentation to address memory, not the flat memory model used in
X86_assembly_language
Computer fault caused by access to restricted memory
computing, a segmentation fault (often shortened to segfault) or access violation is a failure condition raised by hardware with memory protection, notifying
Segmentation_fault
Family of instruction set architectures
microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address. The term "x86" came into being
X86
Function of computer operating systems
terminates. Base and bounds Memory overcommitment Memory protection Region-based memory management x86 memory segmentation Known as TSO regions Madnick
Memory management (operating systems)
Memory_management_(operating_systems)
Computer memory management technique
non-hardware-assisted x86 virtualization solutions combined paging and segmentation because x86 paging offers only two protection domains whereas a VMM, guest
Virtual_memory
First 640 KB of RAM under DOS
Long mode RAM limit Transient Program Area (TPA) Upper memory area (UMA) x86 memory segmentation 3 GB barrier Norton, Peter (1986). Inside the IBM PC,
Conventional_memory
Way to control memory access rights on a computer
rings. The x86 architecture has multiple segmentation features, which are helpful for using protected memory on this architecture. On the x86 architecture
Memory_protection
Dynamic memory management in the C programming language
dynamic memory allocation can frequently be a source of bugs. These can include security bugs or program crashes, most often due to segmentation faults
C_dynamic_memory_allocation
System of bank switching in DOS memory management
Extended memory (XMS) High memory area (HMA) Overlay (programming) Upper memory area (UMA) Global EMM Import Specification (GEMMIS) x86 memory segmentation Address
Expanded_memory
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
four-level paging mechanism. In 64-bit mode, x86-64 supports significantly larger amounts of virtual and physical memory compared to its 32-bit predecessors,
X86-64
Type of computer fault
most architectures, these are much rarer than segmentation faults, which occur primarily due to memory access violations: problems in the logical address
Bus_error
Hardware that translates virtual addresses to physical addresses
available address space. x86-64, the 64-bit version of the x86 architecture, almost entirely removes segmentation in favor of the flat memory model used by almost
Memory_management_unit
Hardware-assisted virtualization on x86/x86-64 CPUs
x86 virtualization is the use of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities on an x86/x86-64 CPU. In the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved
X86_virtualization
RAM area of an IBM AT or compatible computer
compatible computer. In real mode, the segmentation architecture of the Intel 8086 and subsequent processors identifies memory locations with a 16-bit segment
High_memory_area
Set of memory models of the x86 CPU
In computing, the x86 memory models are a set of six different memory models of the x86 CPU operating in real mode which control how the segment registers
X86_memory_models
Way for programs to access kernel services
a different segment than the current code segment) which uses x86 memory segmentation and the resulting lack of portability it causes, and the existence
System_call
Reference to a specific memory location
limited to a mere 256 bytes of memory addressing. The 16-bit Intel 8088 and Intel 8086 supported 20-bit addressing via segmentation, allowing them to access
Memory_address
Memory data structure in Intel processors
Global Descriptor Table (GDT) is a core part of Intel's x86 architecture that helps manage how memory is accessed and protected. Introduced with the Intel
Global_Descriptor_Table
Layer of protection in computer systems
purposes of security and elegance. Call gate (Intel) Memory segmentation Protected mode – available on x86-compatible 80286 CPUs and newer IOPL (CONFIG.SYS
Protection_ring
Fault initiated by x86 processors due to an access violation
In terms of the x86 architecture, general protection faults are specific to segmentation-based protection when it comes to memory accesses. However
General_protection_fault
Computer memory management scheme
system's kernel. In CPUs implementing the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) for instance, the memory paging is enabled via the CR0 control register
Memory_paging
16-bit microprocessor
x 1 byte). This address space is addressed by means of internal memory "segmentation". The data bus is multiplexed with the address bus in order to fit
Intel_8086
version with an 8-bit bus. 286 first x86 processor with protected mode including segmentation based virtual memory management. Performance improved by
List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures
Storage segment
support memory address spaces larger than the native size of the internal address register would allow, early CPUs implemented a system of segmentation whereby
Data_segment
Operational mode of x86-compatible CPUs
operational mode of x86-compatible central processing units (CPUs). It allows system software to use features such as segmentation, virtual memory, paging and
Protected_mode
Computer architecture bit width
servers have moved on to 64 bits using architectures such as x86-64, with installed memory in entry-level computers often exceeding the 32-bit address
32-bit_computing
Concept in computer architecture
In memory addressing for computer architectures, segment descriptors are a part of the segmentation unit, used for translating a logical address to a linear
Segment_descriptor
Software library
non-x86 architectures The IA-32e (AMD64) mode cannot be used by guests (the host can still run in 64-bit mode), because of the use of segmentation which
Vx32
Programming tool for profiling, memory debugging and memory leak detection
the smallest possible CPU and memory overhead of all tools. Since Valgrind itself provides a trace back from a segmentation fault, the none tool provides
Valgrind
Software debugger
to work on macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows, and supports i386, x86-64, and ARM instruction sets. LLDB is the default debugger for Xcode 5 and
LLDB_(debugger)
Software that manages computer hardware resources
anyway. The use of virtual memory addressing (such as paging or segmentation) means that the kernel can choose what memory each program may use at any
Operating_system
Feature of specific microprocessor
mode is memory addressing which is totally different between protected mode and real mode. As mentioned, by working under VM86 mode the segmentation mechanism
Virtual_8086_mode
Real-time operating system
all other iRMX variants is the support for address segments (see x86 memory segmentation). The original 8086 family of processors relied heavily on segment
RMX_(operating_system)
Data structure that maps virtual addresses with physical addresses
a segmentation fault signal being sent to the offending program. The lookup may also fail if the page is currently not resident in physical memory. This
Page_table
Value indicating that a referenced dataset is invalid or doesn't exist
result in an attempted read or write from memory that is not mapped, triggering a segmentation fault or memory access violation. This may manifest itself
Null_pointer
Form of inter-process communication in computer systems
process when it makes an invalid virtual memory reference, or segmentation fault, i.e. when it performs a segmentation violation. SIGSTOP The SIGSTOP signal
Signal_(IPC)
Successor to the Intel 386
registers" (x86-terminology for general CPU registers used as address registers) as a linear 32-bit virtual address bypassing the segmentation logic. Virtual
I486
AMD brand for microprocessors
Ryzen (/ˈraɪzən/ RY-zən) is a brand of multi-core x86-64 microprocessors, designed and marketed by AMD for desktop, mobile, server, and embedded platforms
Ryzen
Core of a computer operating system
doing this is virtual addressing, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given physical address
Kernel_(operating_system)
Signal to a computer processor emitted by hardware or software
g., division by zero, invalid memory access, illegal opcode), although the term exception is more common for this. x86 divides interrupts into (hardware)
Interrupt
Object which stores memory addresses in a computer program
first case may, in certain platforms such as the Intel x86 architecture, be called a segmentation fault (segfault). The second case is possible in the current
Pointer (computer programming)
Pointer_(computer_programming)
Unexpected program exit due to an error
attempting to read or write memory that is not allocated for reading or writing by that application (e.g., segmentation fault, x86-specific general protection
Crash_(computing)
Line of CPUs designed for small size and low power consumption
cache.) Implements only a limited subset of the 32-bit x86 instruction set (e.g. segmentation, BCD/string instructions, AF/PF flags, XCHG are not supported)
Intel_Quark
Computer processor contained on an integrated-circuit chip
of memory segmentation, while the 80286 introduced a full-featured segmented memory management unit (MMU). The 80386 introduced a flat 32-bit memory model
Microprocessor
Concurrent execution of multiple processes
such as "segmentation fault". In a well designed and correctly implemented multitasking system, a given process can never directly access memory that belongs
Computer_multitasking
Microprocessor model
space of prior x86 processors. It was the first x86 processor to support virtual memory supporting up to 1 GB via segmentation. However, memory cost and the
Intel_80286
American cloud computing and virtualization company
The translated code gets stored in spare memory, typically at the end of the address space, which segmentation mechanisms can protect and make invisible
VMware
Tool to detect memory-related bugs
about 73% and memory usage by 240%. There is a hardware-accelerated ASan called HWAsan available for AArch64 and (in a limited fashion) x86_64. AddressSanitizer
Code_sanitizer
British minicomputer company
access to data mapped by the segment registers in various ways. The memory segmentation, together with two execution states (Normal State and non-interruptible
Computer_Technology_Limited
Web technology developed by Google
the x86 architecture's rarely used segmentation facility. Native Client sets up x86 segments to restrict the memory range that the sandboxed code can access
Google_Native_Client
Anomaly in computer security and programming
Writing data past the end of allocated memory can sometimes be detected by the operating system to generate a segmentation fault error that terminates the process
Buffer_overflow
3D computer graphics software
Pearce, Joshua M. (28 March 2024). "Synthetic-to-Real Composite Semantic Segmentation in Additive Manufacturing". Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
Blender_(software)
Computer architecture bit width
of physical memory as well. Architectures that survived evolved over time to support larger virtual address spaces using memory segmentation or other mechanisms
36-bit_computing
in the Netherlands, introduced the first form of software-based memory segmentation, freeing programmers from being forced to use actual physical locations
List_of_operating_systems
Security features as used in OpenBSD operating system
harder to exploit: instead of memory being corrupted or an invalid access being ignored, they often result in a segmentation fault and abortion of the process
OpenBSD_security_features
Software security techniques
Security Symposium. StackGuard was introduced as a set of patches to the Intel x86 backend of GCC 2.7. StackGuard was maintained for the Immunix Linux distribution
Buffer_overflow_protection
In programming, detecting whether a variable is within given bounds before use
been underway since at least 2005 regarding methods to use x86's built-in virtual memory management unit to ensure safety of array and buffer accesses
Bounds_checking
American information technology company
behavioral analytics Asset discovery and classification Network segmentation and micro-segmentation Identity-based policy enforcement MACsec encryption support
Arista_Networks
Technique to increase usable memory
(called "extended memory"), which is not directly addressable in the Real Mode of x86 processors in which DOS runs. XMS allows extended memory to be copied
Bank_switching
Microprocessor produced by Western Digital
memory management unit was offered for the AM-100/T which allowed memory segmentation in 256 byte increments. Most instructions allocate six bits to specify
WD16
Range of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 70s
been implemented on machines built from Intel Xeon processors running the x86 instruction set as the native instruction set, with code running on those
Burroughs_Large_Systems
Microprocessor
internal data bus. The address bus is 24 bits wide and does not use memory segmentation, which made it easier to program for. Internally, it uses a 16-bit
Motorola_68000
Discontinued Intel microprocessor architecture
complex software systems without using some kind of bank switching, memory segmentation, or similar mechanism (which was built into the 8086, a few years
Intel_iAPX_432
binary formats (executables): Supported by Win32 subsystem in user-space on x86 Physical file systems: Intel 9xx/Gxx/Qxx Intel HD Graphics/Iris/UHD Graphics
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels
Intel microprocessor, released in 2023
Threadripper PRO 5000WX Chagall with up to 64 cores. Like Intel's Core product segmentation into i3, i5, i7 and i9, Sapphire Rapids-WS is labeled Xeon w3, w5, w7
Sapphire_Rapids
Series of CPUs by AMD
Duron is a line of budget x86-compatible microprocessors manufactured by AMD and released on June 19, 2000. Duron was intended to be a lower-cost offering
Duron
64-bit RISC instruction set architecture
DECmigrate. The Alpha has a 64-bit linear virtual address space with no memory segmentation. Implementations can implement a smaller virtual address space with
DEC_Alpha
Obsolete term for smaller laptops
Samsung Q1. Since 2007, the laptop computer market has seen an increased segmentation of microprocessor lines to different purposes and power levels, including
Subnotebook
Message-passing system for parallel computers
package, and sometimes make it necessary to run "module add mpi/openmpi-x86_64" or similar before mpicc and mpiexec are available. "MPI: A Message-Passing
Message_Passing_Interface
RAM on x86 machines strace – diagnostic utility for tracing system calls and signals Valgrind – debugging and profiling tool for detecting memory and threading
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
IBM data storage technology that uses PCI Express and NVMe
2012. Retrieved January 3, 2014. "IBM Introduces X6 Architecture, Optimizes x86-Based Servers for Cloud, Analytics". IBM. Archived from the original on January
Flash_Core_Module
Use of a GPU for computations typically assigned to CPUs
dependent on system configuration. GPU performance compared against multi-core x86 CPU socket. GPU performance benchmarked on GPU supported features and may
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units
Widely used standard for video compression
block sizes as large as 16×16 and as small as 4×4, enabling precise segmentation of moving regions. The supported luma prediction block sizes include
Advanced_Video_Coding
Computer data measurements and scales
412,928 bits (16 exbibytes) – maximum addressable memory using 64-bit addresses without segmentation. Maximum file size for ZFS filesystem. 268 295,147
Orders_of_magnitude_(data)
Operating system by Phoenix Technologies
Barde, Kaushik & Kamalvanshi, Ajay, "Loading operating systems using memory segmentation and ACPI based context switch", issued 2010-09-23 HyperSpace
HyperSpace_(software)
Use of widely distributed computer resources to reach a common goal
October 2016 Folding@home, which is not part of BOINC, achieved more than 101 x86-equivalent petaflops on over 110,000 machines. The European Union funded
Grid_computing
Programming language with English-like syntax
new features such as file organizations, the DELETE statement and the segmentation module. Deleted features included the NOTE statement, the EXAMINE statement
COBOL
Comparison between two programming languages
Related programming errors can lead to low-level buffer overflows and segmentation faults. The Standard Template Library provides higher-level RAII abstractions
Comparison_of_Java_and_C++
Chinese fabless semiconductor company
SPDIF Networking – 2 × RGMII interfaces (Gigabit Ethernet) with TSO (TCP segmentation offload ) network acceleration USB – USB 2.0 OTG and USB 2.0 host; USB3
Rockchip
Time and place where a retail transaction is completed
retailer, but usually includes a cash register (typically a specialized x86-based computer running Windows Embedded or Linux), a method for employee
Point_of_sale
Open-source deep learning library
setting the heap space, the garbage collection algorithm, employing off-heap memory and pre-saving data (pickling) for faster ETL. Together, these optimizations
Deeplearning4j
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X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
X86 MEMORY-SEGMENTATION
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