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First 640 KB of RAM under DOS
In DOS memory management, conventional memory, also called base memory, is the first 640 kilobytes of the memory on IBM PC or compatible systems. It is
Conventional_memory
Short and simple version of a method
interface code left in conventional memory by self-relocating resident drivers which move most of themselves into upper memory, the high memory area, expanded
Method_stub
Type of computer memory
with registered memory, conventional memory is usually referred to as unbuffered memory or unregistered memory. When registered memory is manufactured
Registered_memory
Techniques employed to give access to more than 640 kibibytes
physical memory in a machine could be organized as a combination of base or conventional memory (including lower memory), upper memory, high memory (not the
DOS_memory_management
MSDOS-like operating system
a chunk of memory at the start of the memory map in order for programs to load above this barrier (but with less usable conventional memory then). By default
DR-DOS
System of bank switching in DOS memory management
DOS memory management, expanded memory is a system of bank switching that provided additional memory to DOS programs beyond the limit of conventional memory
Expanded_memory
RAM area of an IBM AT or compatible computer
their /MH option), thereby freeing up even more conventional memory and upper memory for conventional DOS software to work with. TASKMAX seems to have
High_memory_area
Physical memory region on IBM PC compatibles
loads the fundamental memory managers into conventional memory, and thereafter everything else into the UMA. Conventional memory glutton programs such
Upper_memory_area
MS-DOS disk caching program
in conventional memory (the first 640 kilobytes of memory which is critical to MS-DOS) by running in upper memory area (the 384 kilobytes of memory located
SmartDrive
Software program expanding DOS memory
allows DOS programs to eliminate the 640 KB conventional memory limit by addressing up to 64 MB of extended memory on Intel 80386 and above machines. Functioning
DOS/4G
1995 Microsoft operating system version
out of conventional memory while doing so, preventing the program from launching. Windows 3.x allocated fixed segments in conventional memory first. Since
Windows_95
COM that is used to load a program into the upper memory area (UMA) instead of conventional memory. The command was introduced with MS-DOS 5.0 / PC DOS
LOADHIGH
Section of computer memory in PC compatibles
system kernel, which takes care of memory management and copying memory between conventional and extended memory, by temporarily switching the processor
Extended_memory
General-purpose programming language
Rust enforces memory safety (i.e., that all references point to valid memory) without a conventional garbage collector; instead, memory safety errors
Rust_(programming_language)
Type of computer memory
type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) designed to use less power than conventional memory. It is commonly used in smartphones, tablet
LPDDR
Memory manager produced by Quarterdeck Office Systems
Unreal mode Protected mode Conventional memory Extended memory (XMS) Expanded memory (EMS) High Memory Area (HMA) Upper Memory Block (UMB) DOS Protected
QEMM
Semiconductor memory supply crisis
global computer memory supply shortage started in 2025 due to supply constraints and rapid price escalation in the semiconductor memory market, particularly
2025–present global memory supply shortage
2025–present_global_memory_supply_shortage
Processing data technology
bitwise operations on two rows) to conventional memory modules (e.g., DIMM modules); or Adding processing capability to memory controllers so that the data
In-memory_processing
Memory segmentation on Intel x86
x86 memory segmentation is a term for the kind of memory segmentation characteristic of the Intel x86 computer instruction set architecture. The x86 architecture
X86_memory_segmentation
Memory addressing limitation in 32-bit computers
to the memory limits of the early Intel 8088 IBM PC memory architecture (see Conventional memory). Similar situations have often arisen in the history
PCI_hole
DOS device driver
load the DOS kernel code into the High Memory Area (HMA) to increase the amount of available conventional memory by specifying DOS=HIGH in CONFIG.SYS.
HIMEM.SYS
2013 video game
support claims that memory training helps people improve cognitive functioning. However, Neuroracer differs from conventional "memory training" apps, in
NeuroRacer
Form of computer memory
Random-access memory (RAM; /ræm/) is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data
Random-access_memory
Set of extended DOS memory management services
extended memory and freeing up conventional memory, DPMS not only allows very large drivers to load and take advantage of the available memory, but also
DOS_Protected_Mode_Services
Specialized data centers designed for artificial intelligence
memory chips. Because HBM consumes far more fabrication capacity than conventional memory—producing a single bit of HBM requires roughly three times the wafer
AI_data_center
Computer memory access architecture
interleaved memory is a design which compensates for the relatively slow speed of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) or core memory, by spreading memory addresses
Interleaved_memory
Maximum amount of RAM accessible by a computer
some third-party utilities could add memory at the top of the 640k conventional memory area, to extend memory up to the base address used by hardware
RAM_limit
Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane; Archived from the original Archived 30 May 2013 at
List_of_pharaohs
1992 Microsoft operating system version
introduction of the Windows Registry and add-ons, and it could utilize more memory than its predecessors. Microsoft also released special versions of Windows
Windows_3.1
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash
Flash_memory
Overview of and topical guide to computers
Flash Memory Interface Comparison of memory cards Computing with Memory Content-addressable memory Conventional memory Core rope memory DOS memory management
Outline_of_computers
Obsolete type of non-volatile computer memory
a conventional magnetic pickup, and then rewritten on the far edge to keep the memory cycling through the material. In operation, bubble memories are
Bubble_memory
Alloy which returns to a preset shape when heated
of a coil spring. Parts made of shape-memory alloys can be lightweight, solid-state alternatives to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic
Shape-memory_alloy
1990 Microsoft operating system version
memory. Since some PCs (notably Compaqs) did not place extended memory (XMS) at the 1MB line and instead left a hole between the end of conventional memory
Windows_3.0
Type of computer memory
random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell. A DRAM memory cell usually
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Virtual reality headset, 1995
later 500 KB free hard-drive space for drivers and utilities 20 KB conventional memory for drivers Optional: stereo sound card "Forte VFX1". VRWiki. Archived
VFX1_Headgear
MS-DOS software
286 and higher processors, thereby leaving only a 7 KB stub in conventional or upper memory (in comparison to MSCDEX, which occupies some 16 KB). Using EMS
MSCDEX
The relationship between autism and memory, specifically memory functions in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is an ongoing topic of research
Autism_and_memory
external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG
List_of_DOS_commands
command in PTS-DOS where it keeps a resident part, sometimes in conventional memory. Since most current history commands are shell built-ins, details
History_(command)
1981 American microcomputer model
variant further, for a total of 640 KB conventional memory, and possibly several megabytes of expanded memory beyond that, though on PC/XT-class machines
IBM_Personal_Computer
Large amount of random-access memory
big-memory systems depends on how the central processing units (CPUs) access the memory, via a conventional memory controller or via non-uniform memory access
Big_memory
Novel computer memory type
Racetrack memory or domain-wall memory (DWM) is an experimental non-volatile memory device under development at IBM's Almaden Research Center by a team
Racetrack_memory
Computer program that returns control to a non-multitasking OS without exiting
programs in DOS must be loaded into the first 640 KB of RAM (the conventional memory), even on computers with large amounts of physical RAM. TSRs are
Terminate-and-stay-resident program
Terminate-and-stay-resident_program
since the RPL code resides in unallocated memory (typically at the top of the available conventional memory). The RPL code hides and thereby protects
Remote_Initial_Program_Load
2003 film by Bong Joon Ho
Memories of Murder (Korean: 살인의 추억) is a 2003 South Korean neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Bong Joon Ho, from a screenplay by Bong and Shim Sung-bo
Memories_of_Murder
Text mode multitasking operating environment
80286-based PC. It can also use expanded memory add-ons to work around the 640 KB RAM limit of conventional memory on early PCs. DESQview really came into
DESQview
Device driver in MS-DOS
terminate-and-stay-resident programs to be "loaded high", preserving conventional memory. The technique probably first appeared with the development of CEMM
EMM386
Family of microcontrollers (MCU) commonly used in embedded systems
in favor of using the pins for a more conventional memory interface bus. The 8096 also had on-chip program memory lacking in the 8061. Ford created the
Intel_MCS-96
of the HfO 2 during write, creating a hybrid conventional and ferroelectric device that widened the memory window to an acceptable 10.5 volts. Ferroelectrics
Ferroelectric_flash_memory
File manager
execute, while those in the background would be suspended, with their conventional memory state saved to a temporary swap file on the disk. The user could
DOS_Shell
Process performed by firmware or software routines
This is why the motherboard BIOS ROM is in segment F000 in the conventional memory map. During the POST flow of a contemporary BIOS, one of the first
Power-on_self-test
Software memory problem finder
recompiled with special dynamic memory allocation libraries, whose APIs are mostly compatible with conventional dynamic memory allocation libraries, or else
Memory_debugger
Computing concept
pioneered the field of static dataflow architectures. Designs that use conventional memory addresses as data dependency tags are called static dataflow machines
Dataflow
Pseudo-static random-access memory technology introduced by MoSys Inc.
random-access memory (SRAM) in embedded memory applications. Mosys uses a single-transistor storage cell (bit cell) like dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)
1T-SRAM
Text editor in MS-DOS and Windows 9x
version is limited to files smaller than 300 kB, depending on how much conventional memory is free. The FreeDOS version was developed by Shaun Raven and is
MS-DOS_Editor
Notable in-memory database system software includes: "Data models & modeling · ArangoDB v3.4.2 Documentation". docs.arangodb.com. Retrieved 2019-01-27
List_of_in-memory_databases
Type of low-level computer architecture
smaller than envisioned for full dataflow machines. Designs that use conventional memory addresses as data dependency tags are called static dataflow machines
Dataflow_architecture
serial interface between the memory controller and the advanced memory buffer (AMB). Conventionally, data lines from the memory controller have to be connected
Fully_Buffered_DIMM
material allow for a much greater capacitance per unit area than with conventional DRAM memory, thus potentially leading to smaller and cheaper integrated circuits
Molecular_memory
accessible), and had 256 kB of main memory. The main memory could be expanded to 640 kB -- the limit of conventional memory at the time. PCs in the first production
EC_1834
Type of computer memory
random-access memory (NVRAM) is random-access memory that retains data without applied power. This is in contrast to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and
Non-volatile random-access memory
Non-volatile_random-access_memory
Signal in the system bus of an x86-based computer system
the area for some of its storage needs, thereby freeing up more conventional memory for programs. That functionality was enabled by the DOS=HIGH or HIDOS=ON
A20_line
Humorous fictional type of computer memory
1973. Instead of the more conventional characteristic curves, the 25120 "fully encoded, 9046×N, Random Access, write-only-memory" data sheet included meaningless
Write-only_memory_(joke)
Series of pioneering microprocessors from the 1980s
behaved as a stack. In addition a workspace pointer pointed to a conventional memory stack, easily accessible via the instructions Load Local and Store
Transputer
Semiconductor memory technology
flash memory technology named NROM that took advantage of a charge trapping layer to replace the floating gate used in conventional flash memory designs
Charge_trap_flash
Type of computing error
Usually, only one cell of a memory is affected, although high energy events can cause a multi-cell upset. Conventional memory layout usually places one
Soft_error
Dynamic random-access memory included in a processor chip or package
performance and size, eDRAM is positioned between level 3 cache and conventional DRAM on the memory bus, and effectively functions as a level 4 cache, though architectural
EDRAM
1991 video game
because of the amount of conventional memory it needed (580K out of 640K) and would usually require either a boot disk or memory tweaking (or both) to load
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (arcade game)
Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day_(arcade_game)
Type of vivid, enduring autobiographical memory
A flashbulb memory is a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event. The term flashbulb memory suggests the surprise, indiscriminate
Flashbulb_memory
Paris-based software company
to 904KB of conventional memory by utilizing the memory virtualization features of i386 to remap the Upper memory area into the High memory area in addition
BVRP
High-speed internal memory for storage
Scratchpad memory (SPM), also known as scratchpad, scratchpad RAM or local store in computer terminology, is an internal memory, usually high-speed, used
Scratchpad_memory
Novel type of computer memory
Ferroelectric RAM (Fe-RAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but using a ferroelectric layer instead of a dielectric
Ferroelectric_RAM
MIDI interface device
card in DOS. This application is not a TSR (it does not take up conventional memory). S-MPU-IIAT (Super MPU II): for the IBM or compatible Plug and Play
MPU-401
Series of laptops by Compaq
evaluated it as the fastest-performing 386-class notebook in terms of conventional memory writes, file access in MS-DOS, and DOS API–initiated disk seeks;
Compaq_LTE_(1st_generation)
Operating mode of all x86-compatible CPUs
real locations in memory. Real mode is characterized by a 20-bit segmented memory address space (giving 1 MB of addressable memory) and unlimited direct
Real_mode
Type of computer memory used from 1955 to 1975
magnetic-core memory is a form of random-access memory. It predominated for roughly 20 years between 1955 and 1975, and is often just called core memory, or, informally
Magnetic-core_memory
Indian manufacturer and supplier of polyurethane foam mattresses
Technology, which improves pressure relief and body support compared to conventional memory foam. The company introduced the Sleepwell Tarang Mattress, designed
Sheela_Foam_Limited
conventional Turing machines by introducing the capability for random access to memory positions. The inherent ability of RATMs to access any memory cell
Random-access_Turing_machine
Bangladeshi politician
essential soft skills and vocational education skills. Therefore, conventional memory-based, public exam-based assessments should be discarded, and new
Mohibul_Hassan_Chowdhoury
Discontinued Intel microprocessor architecture
programming, garbage collection and multitasking as well as more conventional memory management directly in hardware and microcode. Direct support for
Intel_iAPX_432
Concept in artificial intelligence research
behavior modules were finite-state machines and thus contained no conventional memory or learning. This is associated with reactive AI because reactive
Situated approach (artificial intelligence)
Situated_approach_(artificial_intelligence)
Storage of digital data readable by computers
Generally, the faster and volatile storage components are referred to as "memory", while slower persistent components are referred to as "storage". This
Computer_data_storage
American singer and actress (born 1992)
Tickets to her 2007 Best of Both Worlds tour sold out faster than any tour in memory ... It seemed like she was poised to become a more stable version of Britney
Miley_Cyrus
Leader of Russia since 1999
achievements, and victories. Our kinship ... is in the hearts and the memory of people living in modern Russia and Ukraine, in the blood ties that unite
Vladimir_Putin
Video game for a personal computer
much more memory than other software, often consuming all of conventional memory, while device drivers could go into upper memory with DOS memory managers
PC_game
PC sound card
require terminate-and-stay-resident programs (TSRs), minimizing its conventional memory footprint. The card loaded its own operating system into the onboard
Ensoniq_Soundscape_S-2000
Ongoing conflict since 2014
rhetoric is factually wrong, morally repugnant and deeply offensive to the memory of millions of victims of Nazism and those who courageously fought against
Russo-Ukrainian_war
Concept developed by neuroscientist Antonio Damasio
predecessors, and, unlike them, requires a vast use of conventional memory. Therefore, an injury to a person's memory center can cause damage to their extended consciousness
Damasio's theory of consciousness
Damasio's_theory_of_consciousness
Movie-making interactive program
Lab. CNET said "Nickelodeon Director's Lab needs a good deal of conventional memory, which may not be available on your PC. But your kids won't be thinking
Nickelodeon_Director's_Lab
Series of Microsoft operating systems
drivers can limit performance and stability due to their use of conventional memory and need to run in real mode which requires the CPU to switch in
Windows_9x
Random-access memory with processing elements integrated on the same chip
efficiently use memory bandwidth within a memory chip. The general technique of doing computations in memory is called processing-in-memory (PIM). The most
Computational_RAM
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
A memristor (/ˈmɛmrɪstər/; a portmanteau of memory resistor) is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux
Memristor
Events in the history of 16-bit x86 DOS-family disk operating systems
p. 29. Riley, Wallace B. (1973-08-02). "Special report: Semiconductor memories are taking over data-storage applications". Electronics. p. 75. Manes &
Timeline of DOS operating systems
Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems
Type of computer memory
Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory which stores data in magnetic domains. Developed in the mid-1980s
Magnetoresistive_RAM
Country in East Asia
Vladimir; Guill, Elizabeth (2017). "Transitional Justice and Collective Memory in Taiwan: How Taiwanese Society is Coming to Terms with Its Authoritarian
Taiwan
2D animation software
from that time, Animator was not restricted by the 640 kilobyte conventional memory limitation as it utilized a DOS extender by Phar Lap. Animator's
Autodesk_Animator
implementation. For example, the more conventional memory architecture of the PERQ lacked additional bits in the memory data path that might be employed for
Flex_machine
IDE for the BASIC programming language
time. After version 0.63, QB64 was able to compile itself so the conventional memory limitations no longer applied. Regarding the impetus for QB64, Galleon
QB64
IBM PC compatible home computer system
RAM (expandable to 768 KB to provide 128 KB for video and 640 KB conventional memory), a DB-25 unidirectional parallel port instead of the edge-connector
Tandy_1000
travel, tourism, insurance
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
CONVENTIONAL MEMORY
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