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Spectral line splitting in magnetic field
The Zeeman effect (Dutch: [ˈzeːmɑn]) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused
Zeeman_effect
Dutch physicist (1865–1943)
Zeeman effect. Pieter Zeeman was born on 25 May 1865 in Zonnemaire, Netherlands, the son of Wilhelmina (née Worst) and Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman,
Pieter_Zeeman
Spectral line splitting in electrical field
an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence
Stark_effect
Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics
The charge-to-mass ratio of an electron may also be measured with the Zeeman effect, which gives rise to energy splittings in the presence of a magnetic
Mass-to-charge_ratio
Dutch physicist (1853–1928)
1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for their discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He derived the Lorentz transformation
Hendrik_Lorentz
Energy level of a quantum system
{\displaystyle {\vec {m}}} of the atom with the applied field is known as the Zeeman effect. Taking into consideration the orbital and spin angular momenta, L {\displaystyle
Degenerate_energy_levels
Quantum mechanical property
structure (of order α 4 m c 2 {\displaystyle \alpha ^{4}mc^{2}} ) or the Zeeman effect in the presence of a large magnetic field Relativistic correction Spin-orbit
Orbital_motion_(quantum)
Theoretical model describing the optical response of bound charges
_{0}^{2}-\omega ^{2}\right)^{2}+\omega ^{2}/\tau ^{2}}}.} Soon after Zeeman's discovery of the Zeeman effect, Lorentz used the oscillator model to give a theoretical
Lorentz_oscillator_model
Different states of quantum systems
with an infinite principal quantum number, in effect so far away so as to have practically no more effect on the remaining atom (ion). For various types
Energy_level
Similar behavior of quantum systems to droplets bouncing on a fluid
including particle diffraction, quantum tunneling, quantized orbits, the Zeeman Effect, and the quantum corral. Besides being an interesting means to visualise
Hydrodynamic_quantum_analogs
Potential energy of a magnetised body in an external magnetic field
Pieter Zeeman, primarily known for the Zeeman effect. In SI units, it is given by E Z e e m a n = − μ 0 ∫ V M ⋅ H E x t d V {\displaystyle E_{\rm {Zeeman}}=-\mu
Zeeman_energy
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Zeeman or zeeman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Zeeman may refer to: "Zeeman (Je Verlangen Is De Zee)", Dutch rendering of the 1960-61 German-language
Zeeman
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
detectable as a splitting of spectral lines, which can be thought of as a Zeeman effect product of two effects: the apparent magnetic field seen from the electron
Spin–orbit_interaction
Physics measurement techniques
presence of a magnetic field splits the atomic energy levels due to the Zeeman effect. This leads to broadening or splitting of spectral lines. Analyzing
Plasma_diagnostics
Investigative astrophysics technique
spectral lines formed in the stellar atmosphere (the Zeeman effect). The periodic modulation of Zeeman signatures during the stellar rotation is employed
Zeeman–Doppler_imaging
Details in the emission spectrum of an atom
magnetic fields are applied, the spin–orbit coupling contributes to the Zeeman effect. There is one last term in the non-relativistic expansion of the Dirac
Fine_structure
Number describing angular momentum along an axis
quantum numbers shift in energy in a magnetic field according to the Zeeman effect. The four quantum numbers conventionally used to describe the quantum
Magnetic_quantum_number
Type of spectroanalytical procedure
ISBN 978-1-78262-492-9. de Loos-Vollebregt, M. T. C.; de Galan, L. (1978). "Theory of Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry". Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy
Changes to light reflected from a magnetized surface
magneto-optic Kerr effect was discovered in 1877 by John Kerr. Faraday effect Fresnel equations John Kerr Thin-film optics Voigt Effect Zeeman Effect Shinagawa
Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
paramagnetic molecule is placed in a magnetic field, an instance of the Zeeman effect. Most species which can be observed in the gaseous state are diamagnetic
Rotational_spectroscopy
Quantum number parameterizing spin and angular momentum
number scheme failed to explain the Zeeman effect in weak magnetic field strengths, the anomalous Zeeman effect. In December 1924, Wolfgang Pauli showed
Spin_quantum_number
Change in refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field
sub-millisecond photographs of nuclear explosions Optical heterodyne detection Zeeman effect Weinberger, P. (2008). "John Kerr and his Effects Found in 1877 and
Kerr_effect
German-American physicist
He is responsible for the Landé g-factor and an explanation of the Zeeman effect. Alfred Landé was born on 13 December 1888 in Elberfeld, Rhineland,
Alfred_Landé
Technique for detecting quantum objects
Like electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), ODMR makes use of the Zeeman effect in unpaired electrons. The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centre
Optically detected magnetic resonance
Optically_detected_magnetic_resonance
All magnetic phenomena have analogous electric phenomena and vice versa
permanent magnets; The Faraday effect is the dual of the Kerr effect; The Zeeman effect is the dual of the Stark effect; The hypothetical magnetic monopole
Duality (electricity and magnetism)
Duality_(electricity_and_magnetism)
is changed due to the Zeeman effect. When the spectral lines are absorption lines, the effect is called inverse Zeeman effect. Helium was first liquefied
List_of_Dutch_discoveries
Phenomenon in spectroscopy
than the Doppler width. Mössbauer effect Motional narrowing Stark effect Zeeman effect R. H. Dicke (1953). "The Effect of Collisions upon the Doppler Width
Dicke_effect
Optical phenomenon
{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} } . Zeeman effect QMR effect Magneto-optic Kerr effect Faraday effect Voigt Effect Photoelectric effect Garcia-Merino, J. A. (2016)
Magneto-optic_effect
Smallest unit of a chemical element
become split into three or more components; a phenomenon called the Zeeman effect. This is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic
Atom
Predecessor to modern quantum mechanics (1900–1925)
of quantum degeneracy. The theory would have correctly explained the Zeeman effect, except for the issue of electron spin. Sommerfeld's model was much
Old_quantum_theory
English chemist and physicist (1791–1867)
Timeline of hydrogen technologies Timeline of low-temperature technology Zeeman effect – Spectral line splitting in magnetic field UK: /ˈfærədeɪ/ FARR-ə-day
Michael_Faraday
Egyptian physicist (1898–1950)
On the Stark Effect for Strong Electric Fields (Phil. Mag. Vol. 44, p. 371) - (1922) On the Quantum Theory of Complex Zeeman Effect (Phil. Mag. Vol
Ali_Moustafa_Mosharafa
German physicist (1901–1976)
with a Habilitationsschrift (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect. In his youth, he was a member and Scoutleader of the Neupfadfinder
Werner_Heisenberg
Graphic of the solar magnetic field
magnetographs. These measurements are made by exploiting the Zeeman effect or, less frequently, the Hanle effect. The first magnetograph was constructed by George
Solar_magnetogram
effect (celestial mechanics) Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect (celestial mechanics) Yule–Simpson effect (probability) (statistics) Zeeman
List_of_effects
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
correctly describe the changes in atomic spectra in a magnetic field (the Zeeman effect). Bohr was well aware of this shortcoming (and others), and had written
Electron_configuration
Extension of the Bohr model
of quantum degeneracy. The theory would have correctly explained the Zeeman effect, except for the issue of electron spin. Sommerfeld's model was much
Bohr–Sommerfeld_model
Notation for conserved quantities in physics and chemistry
era arose from attempts to understand the Zeeman effect. Like the Stern-Gerlach experiment, the Zeeman effect reflects the interaction of atoms with a
Quantum_number
Unit of magnetic moment
moment Bohr radius Nuclear magneton Parson magneton Physical constant Zeeman effect "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants
Bohr_magneton
Magnetic field generated inside a star
of coronal loops. A star's magnetic field can be measured using the Zeeman effect. Normally the atoms in a star's atmosphere will absorb certain frequencies
Stellar_magnetic_field
Quantum mechanics principle
the same time he was trying to explain experimental results of the Zeeman effect in atomic spectroscopy and in ferromagnetism. He found an essential
Pauli_exclusion_principle
Quantum mechanical spectroscopic effect
states of a quantum system. In the presence of a magnetic field, the Zeeman effect is well known to split degenerate states. In quantum mechanics terminology
Zero-field_splitting
Elementary particle with negative charge
small molecules Spintronics Stern–Gerlach experiment Townsend discharge Zeeman effect Positron or antielectron is a antiparticle or antimatter counter part
Electron
German physicist
worked with Back to make the first measurement of nuclear spin and its Zeeman effect. Back retired in 1948, and died in Munich over a decade later. The crater
Ernst_Emil_Alexander_Back
Imaging by sections or sectioning using a penetrative wave
transmission tomography Ultrasound X-ray computed tomography X-ray CT, CAT scan 1971 X-ray microtomography X-ray microCT Zeeman-Doppler imaging Zeeman effect
Tomography
Spectroscopic technique based on change of nuclear spin state
resolution, the details of which are described by chemical shifts, the Zeeman effect, and Knight shifts (in metals). The information provided by NMR can
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Surname list
discoverer of the Zeeman effect Reinier Nooms (aka "Zeeman"), (c.1623–1664), a Dutch painter, etcher and engraver Christopher Zeeman (1925–2016), mathematician
Zeeman_(surname)
Physics developed since 1900
experiment Photoelectric effect Discovery of radioactivity Oil drop experiment Stern–Gerlach experiment Stark effect Zeeman effect Physics portal History
Modern_physics
Instrument for slowing and cooling a beam of hot atoms
In atomic physics, a Zeeman slower is a scientific instrument that is commonly used in atomic physics to slow and cool a beam of hot atoms to speeds of
Zeeman_slower
Form of spectroscopy based on the Stark effect
splits the atomic energy levels and is the electric field analog of the Zeeman effect. However, in the latter case, the applied electric field changes the
Stark_spectroscopy
Observable events that result from the interaction of light and matter
Thomson scattering Total internal reflection Twisted light Umov effect Zeeman effect, the splitting of a spectral line into multiple components in the
Optical_phenomenon
Public university in the Netherlands
academics of the university. In 1896, the Zeeman effect was discovered at the institution by Pieter Zeeman and shortly afterward explained by Hendrik
Leiden_University
Chemistry subfield
how external magnetic fields can prevent radical-pair recombination with Zeeman interactions, the interaction between spin and an external magnetic field
Spin_chemistry
Apparatus for trapping and cooling neutral atoms
J} is the magnitude of the total angular momentum vector. Due to the Zeeman effect, the J ≠ 0 {\displaystyle J\neq 0} states will each be split into 2
Magneto-optical_trap
German physicist (1865–1947)
Paschen-Back effect, which is the Zeeman effect's becoming non-linear at high magnetic field. He helped explain the hollow cathode effect in 1916. Paschen
Friedrich_Paschen
Antiparticle of the electron
relativity, and the then-new concept of electron spin to explain the Zeeman effect. The paper did not explicitly predict a new particle but did allow for
Positron
Relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation
existing formulas. Except for his followup paper deriving the Zeeman effect and Paschen–Back effect from the equation in the presences of a magnetic fields
Dirac_equation
Unit of information in a quantum computer
addressable transitions between Zeeman sublevels (see also Zeeman Effect), achieved by combining a large linear Zeeman shift with a state-dependent light
Qudit
2307/27757389. ISSN 0073-2672. JSTOR 27757389. Hentschel, Klaus (2009). "Zeeman Effect". In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.)
History_of_atomic_theory
American nuclear physicist (1905–2004)
1930 doctoral thesis under the supervision of Samuel Goudsmit on the Zeeman effect of the hyperfine structure of atomic levels. After graduate work at
Robert_Bacher
Italian physicist (1850–1920)
city, where he worked for the rest of his life on subjects such as the Zeeman effect, X-rays, magnetism and the results of Michelson's experiments. His most
Augusto_Righi
Indian space scientist (1929-2011)
interferometry to polarised brightness distributions and an early study of the Zeeman Effect in the 21 cm line emitted by a hydrogen atom. His measurements of polarisation
Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan
Acoustic non-reciprocal three-port device
an acoustic Y-circulator by exploiting the acoustic analogue of the Zeeman effect: the structure is composed of a ring cavity with a circulating fluid
Acoustic_circulator
defines the relationship between mechanical stress and strain. Zeeman effect The effect of splitting a spectral line into several components in the presence
Glossary_of_physics
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
and subtle effects, as well as complications from electron spin. The Zeeman effect – changes in spectral lines due to external magnetic fields; these are
Bohr_model
Relation satisfied by conjugate variables in quantum mechanics
inequivalence of these two formulations shows up in the Zeeman effect and the Aharonov–Bohm effect. All such nontrivial commutation relations for pairs of
Canonical commutation relation
Canonical_commutation_relation
states which are degenerate at zero magnetic field are split due to the Zeeman effect. There is also the closely analogous zero-field Stark level crossings
Hanle_effect
Russian-American physicist (1883–1966)
In 1922, he published 3 papers, on the explanations of the Stark effect, Zeeman effect and magnetic dipoles using Bohr's quantum theory. As well as quantum
Paul_Sophus_Epstein
Effect in quantum electrodynamics
potential, first approximation to the Lamb shift Shelter Island Conference Zeeman effect used to measure the Lamb shift Houston, W. V.; Hsieh, Y. M. (1934-02-15)
Lamb_shift
Study of magnetic properties of chemical compounds
Zeeman splitting occurs. Atoms with spins aligned to the field slightly outnumber the atoms with non-aligned spins. In the first-order Zeeman effect the
Magnetochemistry
Temporary spots on the Sun's surface
regions by analyzing variations in spectral line splitting due to the Zeeman effect; Doppler imaging showed differential rotation of spots for several stars
Sunspot
Variable star in the constellation Lacerta
Babcock decided to measure the magnetic field of HD 215441 using the Zeeman effect, and found an unusually strong field. The spectra demonstrated a mean
HD_215441
Adages and sayings named after a person
Those programs which cannot expand are replaced by ones which can. Zeeman effect: Splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence
List of laws named after people
List_of_laws_named_after_people
Phenomenon in atomic physics
tuned in an experiment by using an external magnetic field (via the Zeeman effect) or a laser. This means that the energetic spacing between the kinetic
Feshbach_resonance
British physicist (1891–1974)
In 1925, the concept of spin had allowed physicists to explain the Zeeman effect, but it also created unexplained anomalies. At the time it was believed
James_Chadwick
Methods of mathematical approximation
comprehend. This resulted in an explosion of applications, ranging from the Zeeman effect to the hyperfine splitting in the hydrogen atom. Despite the simpler
Perturbation_theory
Natural source of microwave radiation emission
linear fashion. This polarisation is due to some combination of the Zeeman effect, magnetic beaming of the maser radiation, and anisotropic pumping which
Astrophysical_maser
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
relativity and the then-new concept of electron spin, to explain the Zeeman effect. Drawing on the body of experimental evidence, Oppenheimer rejected
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
G-factor for electron with spin and orbital angular momentum
approximation g S = 2 {\displaystyle g_{S}=2} . Einstein–de Haas effect, Zeeman effect, g-factor (physics). Landé, Alfred (1921). "Über den anomalen Zeemaneffekt"
Landé_g-factor
Quantum mechanical equation of motion of charged particles in magnetic field
{\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}} and a magnetic field, like in the Zeeman effect. For an electron of charge − e {\textstyle -e} in an isotropic constant
Pauli_equation
Solid-state electronics based on electron spin
down. Methods include putting a material in a large magnetic field (Zeeman effect), the exchange energy present in a ferromagnet or forcing the system
Spintronics
Spectral line of hydrogen state transition in UHF radio frequencies
field strength of interstellar space can be measured by observing the Zeeman effect on the 21-cm line; a task that was first accomplished by G. L. Verschuur
Hydrogen_line
Ratio of magnetic moment and angular momentum
moments are present in a single problem, for example in high resolution Zeeman effect studies of molecules. The negative-means-antiparallel convention has
G-factor_(physics)
Röntgen: X-rays 1896 – Henri Becquerel: Radioactivity 1896 – Pieter Zeeman: Zeeman effect 1897 – J. J. Thomson: Electron discovered 1900 – Max Planck: Formula
Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries
Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries
Materials which exhibit ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and/or ferroelasticity
formalism underlies the following diverse range of phenomena: The phonon Zeeman effect, in which phonons of opposite circular polarisation have different energies
Multiferroics
Variation in resonant frequency of identical atomic nuclei in a magnetic field
(NMR) Solid-state NMR TRISPHAT, a chiral shift reagent for cations Zeeman effect Silverstein; Bassler; Morrill (1981). Spectrometric Identification of
Chemical_shift
Relativistic wave equation in quantum mechanics
June. He focused on discussing the wave equation to study the Zeeman effect and Stark effect. He was also the first to publish the resulting fine structure
Klein–Gordon_equation
Elementary particles with a spin of 1/2
interactions that depend on the spin. One such effect that was important in the discovery of spin is the Zeeman effect—the splitting of a spectral line into several
Spin_1/2
Scientific background leading to the discovery of subatomic particles
electrons" should produce hyperfine spectral line splittings similar to the Zeeman effect, but no such effects were observed. It seemed that the magnetic moment
Discovery_of_the_neutron
present in radiation from coherent astronomical sources due to the Zeeman effect (e.g. hydroxyl or methanol masers). The large radio lobes in active
Polarization_in_astronomy
Irish theoretical physicist (1857–1942)
Birth of Microphysics edited by Jed Z. Buchwald, Andrew Warwick The Zeeman Effect and the Discovery of the Electron, Theodore Arabatzis, 2001. ”A Dynamical
Joseph_Larmor
Work by Henri Poincaré
on a perfectly immovable ether). Overall, Poincaré shed light on the Zeeman effect, caused by discontinuous emissions of electrons. The problem of discontinuous
The_Value_of_Science
Medical imaging technique
direction of the field. Protons align in two energy eigenstates (the Zeeman effect): one low-energy and one high-energy, which are separated by a very
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Chemical element with atomic number 48 (Cd)
coal fly ash using the stabilised temperature platform furnace and Zeeman-effect background correction". Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 3
Cadmium
American experimental physicist and writer
Zeeman effect solar cameras. They were applied with striking success to the investigation of magnetic and velocity fields on the Sun. With the Zeeman
Robert_B._Leighton
Deviation of electrons from their original trajectories
elastically scattered electrons from the trapped Cs being clearly visible. Zeeman effect Particle physics Low-energy electron diffraction Quantum electrodynamics
Electron_scattering
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
to atomic spectra observed in strong magnetic fields, known as the Zeeman effect. In 1924, Wolfgang Pauli used this large collection of empirical observations
Spin_(physics)
Atom of the element hydrogen
Dirac theory). However, some observed phenomena, such as the anomalous Zeeman effect, remained unexplained. These issues were resolved with the full development
Hydrogen_atom
Point defect in diamonds
magnetic field. If a magnetic field is oriented along the defect axis, the Zeeman effect splits the ms = +1 from the ms = -1 states. This technique is used to
Nitrogen-vacancy_center
Proposed quantum computer implementation
field, decoherence can occur in the form of the equation below (see Zeeman effect). This effectively changes the relative phase of the quantum state.
Trapped-ion_quantum_computer
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