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Proposed quantum computer implementation
A trapped-ion quantum computer (TIQC) is one proposed approach to a large-scale quantum computer. Ions, or charged atomic particles, can be confined and
Trapped-ion_quantum_computer
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
have constructed small-scale quantum computers using trapped ions and superconductors. In 1998, a two-qubit quantum computer demonstrated the feasibility
Quantum_computing
Device for trapping charged particles
static electric field and static magnetic field. Paul traps are used in trapped ion quantum computers and realizing atomic clocks, including the most precise
Ion_trap
US information technology company
develops general-purpose trapped ion quantum computers and accompanying software to generate, optimize, and execute quantum circuits. IonQ was co-founded by
IonQ
Quantum physics of light and matter in a cavity
excited atom), or as an interface between an atom or trapped ion quantum computer and optical quantum communication. Other interaction durations create entanglement
Cavity quantum electrodynamics
Cavity_quantum_electrodynamics
Computing company founded in 2014
a quantum computing company formed by the merger of Cambridge Quantum and Honeywell Quantum Solutions. The company's H-Series trapped-ion quantum computers
Quantinuum
Type of quantum computer built out of Rydberg atoms
atom quantum computer is a type of quantum computer built using Rydberg atoms; this type has many commonalities with trapped-ion quantum computers. As
Neutral_atom_quantum_computer
Simulators of quantum mechanical systems
crystals and quantum spin liquids. Ion trap based system forms an ideal setting for simulating interactions in quantum spin models. A trapped-ion simulator
Quantum_simulator
Universal Ion Trap Quantum Computation with decoherence free qubits is realized. The first chip-scale quantum computer is reported. Ions are trapped in an
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
junctions) Trapped ion quantum computer (qubit implemented by the internal state of trapped ions) Neutral atom quantum computer (qubit implemented by internal
List of proposed quantum registers
List_of_proposed_quantum_registers
Basic unit of quantum information
Information implemented the dual-type qubit scheme in trapped ion quantum computers using the same ion species. In 2025, the Innsbruck team managed to simulate
Qubit
Type of quantum computer
braids act as the logic gates of the computer. The primary advantage of using quantum braids over trapped quantum particles is in their stability. While
Topological_quantum_computer
Hensinger, Winfried K. (February 2017). "Blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer". Science Advances. 3 (2) e1601540. arXiv:1508.00420. Bibcode:2017SciA
List of companies involved in quantum computing, communication or sensing
List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing,_communication_or_sensing
Quantum Computing Division/Software
Microsoft applied a qubit virtualization system to Quantinuum's trapped ion quantum computer to create 12 logical qubits, the most reliable logical qubits
Microsoft_Azure_Quantum
Information held in the state of a quantum system
optical quantum computer, an ion in a trapped ion quantum computer, or it might be a large collection of atoms as in a superconducting quantum computer. Regardless
Quantum_information
Quantum logic gate
represents the central ingredient of the Cirac–Zoller proposal for a trapped-ion quantum computer. The key idea of the Cirac–Zoller proposal is to mediate the
Cirac–Zoller controlled-NOT gate
Cirac–Zoller_controlled-NOT_gate
Process in quantum computing
encoded in topological quantum error-correction codes has first been realized using 10 ions in a trapped-ion quantum computer. 2021 also saw the first
Quantum_error_correction
Type of quantum circuit construction
trapped ion quantum computing. Jozsa, Richard (2005). "An introduction to measurement based quantum computation". NATO Science Series, III: Computer and
Quantum_gate_teleportation
Research center on quantum computing
within quantum computing and related fields. In 2010, researchers produced microfabricated planar ion traps for theoretical use in a trapped ion quantum computer
Georgia Tech Quantum Institute
Georgia_Tech_Quantum_Institute
Remote quantum processors for computation
providers offering access to a variety of quantum hardware modalities, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, neutral atoms, and photonic systems
Cloud-based_quantum_computing
Molecular ion
of H+2 or HD+ ions were trapped in a quadrupole ion trap under ultra-high vacuum, sympathetically cooled by laser-cooled beryllium ions, and probed using
Dihydrogen_cation
ROOM-TEMPERATURE QUANTUM COMPUTER". AQT. Retrieved 21 Feb 2023. Pogorelov, I.; Feldker, T.; Et, al. (2021-06-07). "Compact Ion-Trap Quantum Computing Demonstrator"
List_of_quantum_processors
Criteria for a usable quantum computer
different challenges of constructing quantum devices. Some of these proposals involve using superconducting qubits, trapped ions, liquid and solid state nuclear
DiVincenzo's_criteria
Interdisciplinary research area
faster on a quantum computer. Furthermore, quantum algorithms can be used to analyze quantum states instead of classical data. The term "quantum machine learning"
Quantum_machine_learning
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
also be performed on a quantum computer, the term quantum algorithm is generally reserved for algorithms that seem inherently quantum, or use some essential
Quantum_algorithm
Universal reversible logic gate, applied in quantum computing
{\displaystyle 6n-12} CNOT gates. It has been suggested that trapped Ion Quantum computers may be able to implement an n-qubit Toffoli gate directly. The
Toffoli_gate
Metric for a quantum computer's capabilities
Quantum volume is a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of square quantum circuits
Quantum_volume
Sub-field of quantum physics and optics
BB84 protocol) Photonic Quantum Computing – Using photons as qubits to store and process quantum information. Trapped Ion Quantum Computing – Uses lasers
Quantum_optics
Quantum measurement phenomenon
(2003). Bederson, B.; Walther, H. (eds.). Quantum Measurements and New Concepts for Experiments with Trapped Ions. Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
Quantum_Zeno_effect
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
(non-quantum) algorithms. However, beating classical computers may require quantum computers with millions of qubits due to the overhead caused by quantum
Shor's_algorithm
Technological development using the laws of quantum mechanics
quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others. Quantum
Quantum_engineering
Quantum computing implementation
Alternatives to superconducting qubits include trapped ions, and neutral atoms. Ongoing research in superconducting quantum computing includes device-level improvement
Superconducting quantum computing
Superconducting_quantum_computing
Computer programming for quantum computers
platform, e.g. ion traps or superconducting qubits. Blackbird is a quantum instruction set and intermediate representation used by Xanadu Quantum Technologies
Quantum_programming
Principle of quantum mechanics
relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state. A double slit
Quantum_superposition
Networks connecting quantum processors
multispecies trapped-ion node network, photons entangled with a parent atom are used to entangle different nodes. Also, cavity quantum electrodynamics
Quantum_network
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
but not proven, to be secure against a cryptanalytic attack by a quantum computer. Most widely used public-key algorithms rely on the difficulty of one
Post-quantum_cryptography
Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
In quantum computing, a quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical version of ordinary computer memory. Whereas ordinary memory stores information as binary
Quantum_memory
Quantum logic gate
{\displaystyle \pi /2} rotation of the nuclear spin around the z axis. Trapped ion quantum computers: Cirac–Zoller controlled-NOT gate Mølmer–Sørensen gate In May
Controlled_NOT_gate
Computational benchmark
In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that
Quantum_supremacy
American physicist
and quantum information science, especially quantum computing. He directs one of the leading research and development efforts in ion trap quantum computing
Christopher_Monroe
Device to store or transfer information in quantum computing
is the quantum analog of a classical bus. There are several physical systems that can be used to realize a quantum bus, including trapped ions, photons
Quantum_bus
Computing by new or unusual methods
electronic hardware or alternative physical media such as biomolecules or trapped-ion quantum computing devices. It also includes the study of understanding biological
Unconventional_computing
Quantum Mechanics in Neural Networks
Since the technological implementation of a quantum computer is still in a premature stage, such quantum neural network models are mostly theoretical
Quantum_neural_network
Proposed spin-based quantum computer implementation
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing (NMRQC) is one of the several proposed approaches for constructing a quantum computer, that uses the spin states
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_quantum_computer
Australian theoretical quantum physicist
Wunderlich, C; Hensinger, W (2017). "Blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer". Science Advances. 3 (2) e1601540. arXiv:1609.06628. Bibcode:2017SciA
Simon_Devitt
responsible for the power of quantum computers. Mølmer–Sørensen gate (or MS gate), is a two qubit gate used in trapped ion quantum computing. It was proposed
Glossary_of_quantum_computing
Experimental technology level
non-Clifford gates fault-tolerantly. Their trapped-ion architecture has demonstrated the industry's highest quantum volumes and longest coherence times, positioning
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing
Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_computing
Location of a discrete degeneracy between two electronic states
from femtoseconds to milliseconds. A novel 2023 quantum experiment, involving trapped-ion quantum computer, slowed down interference pattern of a single
Conical_intersection
Quantum physics-based metaheuristic for optimization problems
speculated that in a quantum computer, such simulations would be much more efficient and exact than that done in a classical computer, because it can perform
Quantum_annealing
Unit of quantum information
analogous to the classical radix-2 bit. There is ongoing work to develop quantum computers using qutrits and qudits in general. A qutrit has three orthonormal
Qutrit
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
on alternative physical media such as biomolecules (DNA, RNA), or trapped-ion quantum computing devices. Dually, one can view processes occurring in nature
Theoretical_computer_science
Rzz are 2-qubit gates that are implemented natively in some trapped-ion quantum computers, using for example the Mølmer–Sørensen gate procedure. Note
List_of_quantum_logic_gates
Danish physicist
Mølmer and Anders Sørensen proposed the Mølmer–Sørensen gate for trapped ion quantum computing, which was one of the first proposals for the implementation
Klaus_Mølmer
2023 book by Michio Kaku
Quantum Supremacy: How the Quantum Computer Revolution Will Change Everything is a non-fiction book by the American futurist and physicist Michio Kaku
Quantum_Supremacy
individual quantum bits, enabling operations such as single-qubit rotations and two-qubit entangling gates. For example, in trapped ion quantum computers, laser-driven
Optical_manipulation_of_atoms
Change of basis applied in quantum computing
as addition and multiplication. The quantum Fourier transform can be performed efficiently on a quantum computer with a decomposition into the product
Quantum_Fourier_transform
Model of quantum computing
Feynman used an early version of the quantum circuit notation in 1986. Most elementary logic gates of a classical computer are not reversible. Thus, for instance
Quantum_circuit
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
across various platforms, such as trapped ion, neutral atoms, superconducting qubits, and photonic quantum computers. The goals of these approaches include
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Basic circuit in quantum computing
In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate (or simply quantum gate) is a basic quantum circuit
Quantum_logic_gate
Research institute in Singapore
physicists, computer scientists and engineers to do basic research on quantum physics and to build devices based on quantum phenomena. Experts in quantum technologies
Centre for Quantum Technologies
Centre_for_Quantum_Technologies
Proposed semiconductor implementation of quantum computers
The spin qubit quantum computer is a quantum computer based on controlling the spin of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) in semiconductor
Spin_qubit_quantum_computer
Method of inferring the results of a computation without running a quantum computer
Counterfactual quantum computation is a method of inferring the result of a computation without actually running a quantum computer otherwise capable of
Counterfactual quantum computation
Counterfactual_quantum_computation
Axel Kuhn. Ion trapping, group led by Andrew Steane and David Lucas. Nuclear magnetic resonance, group led by Jonathan A. Jones. Quantum spin dynamics
Centre for Quantum Computation
Centre_for_Quantum_Computation
Property of computational resources needed
measurement protocols on quantum processors. Without magic, quantum computers cannot perform any computation that classical computers cannot already do, making
Magic_(quantum_information)
Austrian theoretical physicist
“quantum computer with cold trapped ions”. This was the first experimentally realistic and comprehensive proposal for a universal quantum computer. This
Peter_Zoller
Continuous (non-quantized) quantities in quantum information science
proposal is to modify the ion-trap quantum computer: instead of storing a single qubit in the internal energy levels of an ion, one could in principle use
Continuous-variable quantum information
Continuous-variable_quantum_information
Type of quantum information processing
Adiabatic quantum computation (AQC) is a form of quantum computing which relies on the adiabatic theorem to perform calculations and is closely related
Adiabatic_quantum_computation
Trapped-ion quantum gate
procedure for various multi-qubit quantum logic gates used mostly in trapped ion quantum computing. This procedure is based on the original proposition by
Mølmer–Sørensen_gate
Physical phenomenon
single atom and a trapped ion – among other quantum objects – and also using two photons. In 1997, two groups experimentally achieved quantum teleportation
Quantum_teleportation
Model of quantum computation
A quantum Turing machine (QTM) or universal quantum computer is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer. It provides a simple
Quantum_Turing_machine
Paradigm of quantum computer
Linear optical quantum computing or linear optics quantum computation (LOQC), also photonic quantum computing (PQC), is a paradigm of quantum computation
Linear optical quantum computing
Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Spanish theoretical physicist
focused on quantum optics, the quantum theory of information, and quantum many-body physics. His joint work with Peter Zoller on ion trap quantum computation
Ignacio_Cirac
Types of quantum information
correction and the quantum threshold theorem Quantum computing § Obstacles Superconductive quantum computing Josephson junction Trapped-ion quantum computing Semiconductor-based
Physical_and_logical_qubits
Cloud quantum computing platform
IBM Quantum Platform (previously known as IBM Quantum Experience) is an online platform allowing public and premium access to cloud-based quantum computing
IBM_Quantum_Platform
Method of quantum computing
The one-way quantum computer, also known as measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC), is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled
One-way_quantum_computer
Computational complexity of quantum algorithms
Quantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational
Quantum_complexity_theory
Quantum algorithm
both classical computers and quantum computers to find the ground state of a given physical system. Given a guess or ansatz, the quantum processor calculates
Variational quantum eigensolver
Variational_quantum_eigensolver
Restricted model of non-universal quantum computation
is a computational task particularly friendly to quantum computers as opposed to classical computers. As explained by Philip Ball, it "entails calculating
Boson_sampling
Activity involving calculations or computing machinery
origami on photolithography Harlander, M. (2011). "Trapped-ion antennae for the transmission of quantum information". Nature. 471 (7337): 200–203. arXiv:1011
Computing
Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics, information theory, and computer science
Quantum_information_science
Classification of quantum processors
platforms like trapped ions and neutral atoms. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing Threshold theorem Quantum advantage Quantum error correction
Fault tolerant quantum computing
Fault_tolerant_quantum_computing
Loss of quantum coherence
doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09687-4. Bruzewicz, C. D.; et al. (2019). "Trapped-ion quantum computing: Progress and challenges". Applied Physics Reviews. 6:
Quantum_decoherence
Computational complexity class of problems
complexity theory, bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time, with an
BQP
Type of state of an atom-electromagnetic field system
are the dominant uncertainties when running atomic clocks or trapped ion quantum computers. Atomic coherence can also apply to multi-level systems which
Atomic_coherence
Australian academic
and testing new quantum control techniques using quantum computing hardware built from trapped atomic ions. As the Director of the Quantum Control Laboratory
Michael_J._Biercuk
Type of quantum computer
The Kane quantum computer is a proposal for a scalable quantum computer proposed by Bruce Kane in 1998, who was then at the University of New South Wales
Kane_quantum_computer
Nonprofit applied research arm
researchers developed microfabricated planar ion traps using VLSI techniques for use in a trapped ion quantum computer. Also in 2010, researchers developed a
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute
Quantum search algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, is a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high
Grover's_algorithm
Quantum computing applied to natural language processing
as parameterised quantum circuits that can solve NLP tasks faster than any classical computer. It is inspired by categorical quantum mechanics and the
Quantum natural language processing
Quantum_natural_language_processing
Computer scientist
Physical-level quantum compilation - Developed optimized implementations of basic quantum gates and a compiling protocol for an ion trap quantum computer equipped
Dmitri_Maslov
Theorem in physics
number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some
Bell's_theorem
Electrical component for processing data
common types of quantum processors are superconducting processors, photonic processors, neutral atom quantum processors, trapped ion processors, topological
Processor_(computing)
Field of experimental physics
usually associated with quantum computing experiments. These include electron spin resonance (ESR), trapped ions, quantum dots, the phase/flux/charge
Pulse_programming
Quantum computing chip by Microsoft
Majorana 1 represents progress in its long-running project to create a quantum computer based on topological qubits. A follow-up device Majorana 2 was released
Majorana_1
Planned quantum technology campus in Chicago
fault-tolerant quantum computer. Other tenants include the DARPA-Illinois Quantum Proving Ground, IBM, Diraq, Quantum Machines, and Infleqtion. French quantum computing
Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park
Illinois_Quantum_and_Microelectronics_Park
Sorting algorithms for quantum computers
A quantum sort is any sorting algorithm that runs on a quantum computer. Any comparison-based quantum sorting algorithm would take at least Ω ( n log
Quantum_sort
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Atoms kept at temperatures close to absolute zero
Hubbard models. Ultracold atoms could also be used for realization of quantum computers. Samples of ultracold atoms are typically prepared through the interactions
Ultracold_atom
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
(July 2023). "A review on the role of graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots in secondary-ion battery electrodes". FlatChem. 40 100516. doi:10
Quantum_dot
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
but on quantum simulators rather than quantum processors: first a group at the University of Maryland obtained time crystals on trapped-ions qubits using
Time_crystal
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Wrapped
Surname or Lastname
Romanian
Romanian : from the personal name Ion (see John).English : probably a variant of John.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Wrapped
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Son of
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a trapper, from a derivative of Middle English trapp ‘trap’.German : nickname for a stupid person, from Middle High German trappe ‘bustard’ (of Slavic origin).German : topographic name for someone living by a step-like feature in the terrain, from Middle Low German treppe, trappe ‘step’, or by a flight of steps, standard German Treppe.Thomas Trapp (b. 1635) was in Edgartown, Martha’s Vineyard, MA, by 1659. He or his family probably came originally from Great Baddow, Essex, England.
Boy/Male
English Shakespearean
Lion. The lion is a figure in art and religious symbolism of many cultures; symbolizing...
Boy/Male
Welsh
Worthy lord. Derived from 'ior' and 'gwerth'. Legendary son of Maredudd.
Boy/Male
American, Australian
Little Son
Boy/Male
Muslim
Wrapped in, Enveloped
Girl/Female
British, English
Lion
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Wrapped
Boy/Male
Greek
Son of Apollo.
Male
Romanian
Basque and Romanian form of Greek Ioannes, ION means "God is gracious." In use by the Romani.
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : occupational name for a wine merchant or tavernkeeper, Middle English tapper (an agent derivative of tappen ‘to draw off’), Low German tappe ‘tap’.North German : nickname from Middle Low German tapper ‘capable’, ‘eager’, ‘courageous’.Swedish : soldier’s name from tapper ‘brave’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Wrapped in, Enveloped
Boy/Male
German American
The prefex 'Von' is equivalent of 'Van' in Dutch names and of 'de' in French names.
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, Hebrew
Son
Boy/Male
Australian, Celtic, French, Greek, Irish, Romanian
Moon Man; God is Good; Gift from God
Male
Basque
, Jehovah's gift or grace.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : metonymic occupational name for the owner of a tavern or a nickname for a drinker, from Low German tappe ‘tap’.German : variant of Tapp.English : variant spelling of Tapp.
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a steward or official, Middle English bail(l)i (Old French baillis, from Late Latin baiulivus, an adjectival derivative of baiulus ‘attendant’, ‘carrier’ ‘porter’).English : topographic name for someone who lived by the outer wall of a castle, Middle English bail(l)y, baile ‘outer courtyard of a castle’, from Old French bail(le) ‘enclosure’, a derivative of bailer ‘to enclose’, a word of unknown origin. This term became a place name in its own right, denoting a district beside a fortification or wall, as in the case of the Old Bailey in London, which formed part of the early medieval outer wall of the city.English : habitational name from Bailey in Lancashire, named with Old English beg ‘berry’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’.English : Anglicized form of French Bailly.English : The surname Bailey was established early on in North America by several different bearers; one of them, James Bailey, was one of the founders of Rowley, MA.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Lakshmi, The Goddess of wealth, Memorable
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Worship to God
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Parvati, The first sound of universe aum called as Pranavi
Girl/Female
Indian
Flame, Lamp
Boy/Male
Biblical
Ancient heaps.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Indian, Kannada
Good Hearted
Boy/Male
English French Gaelic
Of the nobility.
Female
English
Anglicized form of Latin Idonea, IDONY means "again to love."
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
TRAPPED ION-QUANTUM-COMPUTER
p. a.
Wrapped; covered; cloaked.
imp. & p. p.
of Tramp
n.
A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic.
n.
That in which anything is wrapped, or inclosed; envelope; covering.
n.
Quantity; amount.
n.
A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic.
a.
Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as, cloud-capped mountains.
n.
A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic.
pl.
of Quantum
n.
A homogeneous algebraic function of two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables, and called quadric, cubic, quartic, etc., according as it is of the second, third, fourth, fifth, or a higher degree. These are further called binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four, or more variables; thus, the quantic / is a binary cubic.
n.
A boy who opens and shuts a trapdoor in a gallery or level.
n.
A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary.
n.
One who traps animals; one who makes a business of trapping animals for their furs.
imp. & p. p.
of Wrap
a.
Covered or wrapped in flannel.
n.
Specifically, a loose outer garment; an article of dress intended to be wrapped round the person; as, a morning wrapper; a gentleman's wrapper.
imp. & p. p.
of Trip
a.
Having the top capped or covered with snow; as, snow-capped mountains.
imp. & p. p.
of Trap
imp. & p. p.
of Strap