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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Actin, cytoplasmic 2, or gamma-actin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTG1 gene. Gamma-actin is widely expressed in cellular cytoskeletons
Actin,_cytoplasmic_2
Family of proteins that form microfilaments
metabolic processes in the cytoplasm, thereby overcoming cytoplasmic viscosity. The energy source for actin dynamics in normal physiological conditions is mitochondria
Actin
Flow of the cytoplasm inside the cell
along the actin filaments dragging the organelles with them, the cytoplasmic fluid becomes entrained and is pushed/pulled along. Cytoplasmic flow rates
Cytoplasmic_streaming
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
P60709 (Actin, cytoplasmic 1) at the PDBe-KB. Vandekerckhove J, Leavitt J, Kakunaga T, Weber K (Dec 1980). "Coexpression of a mutant beta-actin and the
Beta-actin
Filament in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Actin filaments (also known as microfilaments) are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are
Actin_filament
Motor protein
as a co-factor for the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein-1. It is built around a short filament of actin related protein-1 (Arp1). Dynactin was identified
Dynactin
Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
protein of microfilaments are actin. The G-actin monomer combines to form a polymer which continues to form the microfilament (actin filament). These subunits
Cytoskeleton
Protein found in humans
full-length cDNA clones for human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-actin mRNAs: skeletal but not cytoplasmic actins have an amino-terminal cysteine that is subsequently
Actin,_alpha_skeletal_muscle
All of the contents of a cell including organelles but excluding the nucleus
sub-structures, and various cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless. The cytosol or cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm
Cytoplasm
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
for monomeric actin as represented in the following reaction: F-actin ↔ G-actin + Thymosin β4 ↔ G-actin/Thymosin β4 Release of G-actin monomers from thymosin
Thymosin_beta-4
Structural filaments in prokaryotes
called the Z-ring that constricts during cell division, similar to the actin-myosin contractile ring in eukaryotes. The Z-ring is a highly dynamic structure
Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton
Protein
filamentous polymers of the protein actin. A polymer of a second protein, tropomyosin, is an integral part of most actin filaments in animals. Tropomyosins
Tropomyosin
in cell biology to describe enucleated cells that retain functional cytoplasmic components. Cytoplasts play a crucial role in Cell fusion, reprogramming
Cytoplast
and divergence between cytoplasmic and muscle-specific actin capping proteins: Insights from the crystal structure of cytoplasmic Cap32/34 from Dictyostelium
CapZ
Protein complexes at cell junctions
adherens junction is defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton. They can appear as bands encircling the cell
Adherens_junction
Small particle, often in plants
and the insulin secretory granules are transported across the cell via actin filaments and microtubules. In 1957, André and Rouiller first coined the
Granule_(cell_biology)
Group of autoantibodies
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophils
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Anti-neutrophil_cytoplasmic_antibody
Class of enzymes
of cytoplasmic dynein, Dynein-2, contributes to the assembly of cilia and flagella by mediating retrograde intraflagellar transport. Cytoplasmic dynein
Dynein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
ACTA2 (actin alpha 2) is an actin protein with several aliases including alpha-actin, alpha-actin-2, aortic smooth muscle or alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA
ACTA2
Chemical compound
recruits the less polymerized forms of cytoplasmic actin as well as filamin into stable "islands" of aggregated actin polymers, yet it does not interfere
Phalloidin
Protein domain
domain, a central helical domain and a C-terminal tail domain, which binds F-actin. The amino-acid sequence of the FERM domain is highly conserved among ERM
FERM_domain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(FLNB), also known as Filamin B, beta (truncated actin binding protein 278 homolog), is a cytoplasmic protein which in humans is encoded by the FLNB gene
Filamin-B
Protein filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells
myofibrils in muscle cells. The main proteins involved are myosin, actin, and titin. Myosin and actin are the contractile proteins and titin is an elastic protein
Myofilament
Macromolecular protein complex
Arp2/3 complex (Actin Related Protein 2/3 complex) is a seven-subunit protein complex that plays a major role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton
Arp2/3_complex
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Bruyneel E, Mareel M, Vandekerckhove J, et al. (May 2003). "The Nucleo-cytoplasmic actin-binding protein CapG lacks a nuclear export sequence present in structurally
Macrophage-capping_protein
Family of motor proteins
motility processes in eukaryotes. They are ATP-dependent and responsible for actin-based motility. The first myosin (M2) to be discovered was in 1864 by Wilhelm
Myosin
Multiprotein complex that forms a point of contact or adhesion in animal cells
junctions share the characteristic of anchoring cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments. Similarly to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, their transmembrane
Cell_junction
Concept and model of cell membrane structure
molecule tracking techniques. The actin-based membrane skeleton (MSK) meshwork is directly situated on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. Membrane
Fences and pickets model of plasma membrane structure
Fences_and_pickets_model_of_plasma_membrane_structure
Species of amoeba
transformations, cytoplasmic streaming, and calcium-mediated reactions. The Arp2/3 complex plays a crucial role in regulating actin polymerization and
Amoeba_proteus
Mammalian protein found in humans
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), or Actin nucleation-promoting factor WAS is a 502–amino acid protein expressed in cells of the hematopoietic
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
Wiskott–Aldrich_syndrome_protein
Channel in cell walls of plants and some algae
synthesized between two newly divided plant cells. These eventually become the cytoplasmic connections between cells. At the formation site, the wall is not thickened
Plasmodesma
Cytoskeletal structure
needed] Also, unlike actin or tubulin, intermediate filaments do not contain a binding site for a nucleoside triphosphate. Cytoplasmic IFs do not undergo
Intermediate_filament
Protein family
involved in the attachment of the actin-based microfilaments to the plasma membrane. Vinculin is located at the cytoplasmic side of focal contacts or adhesion
Vinculin_family
Protein and coding gene in humans
known, it is primarily associated with cytoskeleton regulation, mostly actin stress fibers formation and actomyosin contractility. It acts upon several
Transforming_protein_RhoA
Structures projecting from cells
Cellular extensions also known as cytoplasmic protrusions and cytoplasmic processes are those structures that project from different cells, in the body
Cellular_extensions
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Nadir Mario (April 2003). "Association of emerin with nuclear and cytoplasmic actin is regulated in differentiating myoblasts". Biochem. Biophys. Res
ACTG2
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
functional gelsolins. Gelsolin is a cytoplasmic, calcium-regulated, actin-modulating protein that binds to the barbed ends of actin filaments, preventing monomer
Gelsolin
Microscopic protrusion of a cell membrane that increases surface area substantially
has a dense bundle of cross-linked actin filaments, which serves as its structural core. 20 to 30 tightly bundled actin filaments are cross-linked by bundling
Microvillus
Structure in plant cells
consisting of mostly actin and myosin, form a helical structure which allows the transport of molecules through the cytoplasmic sleeve. The desmotubule
Desmotubule
Protein domain
concentrations in focal adhesions. It is capable of linking integrins to the actin cytoskeleton either directly or indirectly by interacting with vinculin
Talin_(protein)
RNA sequence
The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) is a sequence element found in the 3' untranslated region of messenger RNA. While several sequence elements
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element
Cytoplasmic_polyadenylation_element
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
having an N-terminal cytoplasmic extension of 409 amino acids rich in glutamine, which mediates the binding of p130 to F-actin and tight cell-cell junctions
Angiomotin
Protein found in humans
rate of actin in vivo. This gene encodes the actin depolymerizing protein that severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (G-actin). Two
Destrin
Mammalian protein found in humans
plaques that is involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell–cell
Vinculin
Actin-binding protein
Profilin is an actin-binding protein involved in the dynamic turnover and reconstruction of the actin cytoskeleton. It is found in most eukaryotic organisms
Profilin
Mode of locomotion in eukaryotic cells
liquid sol state. Cytoplasm consist largely of actin and actin is regulated by actin-binding protein. Actin binding proteins are in turn regulated by calcium
Amoeboid_movement
Cell type with functions of both muscular and fibrous connective tissue
that are identifiable by their expression of α-smooth muscle actin within their cytoplasmic stress fibers. In the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts
Myofibroblast
Polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton
in the retrograde transport of vesicles and is also known as cytoplasmic dynein. MAP-2 proteins are located in the dendrites and in the body of neurons
Microtubule
Protein-coding gene in humans
intracellular actin-modulating protein that binds and depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent
Cofilin_1
Actin-binding protein
Villin-1 is a 92.5 kDa tissue-specific actin-binding protein associated with the actin core bundle of the brush border. Villin-1 is encoded by the VIL1
Villin-1
Actin projections on the leading edge of lamellipodia of migrating cells
are slender cytoplasmic projections that extend beyond the leading edge of lamellipodia in migrating cells. Within the lamellipodium, actin ribs are known
Filopodia
Type of protein
bind to β-catenin and can also bind filamentous actin (F-actin). β-Catenin binds directly to the cytoplasmic tail of classical cadherins. Additional catenins
Catenin
Protein-coding gene in humans
structure of filamin A, alpha includes an actin binding N terminal domain, 24 internal repeats and 2 hinge regions. Actin-binding protein, or filamin, is a 280-kD
Filamin-A
Mammalian protein found in humans
Actin nucleation-promoting factor WASL, also known as Neural Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WASL gene
Actin nucleation-promoting factor WASL
Actin_nucleation-promoting_factor_WASL
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gene. Radixin is a cytoskeletal protein that may be important in linking actin to the plasma membrane. It is highly similar in sequence to both ezrin and
Radixin
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Alpha-actinin-3, also known as alpha-actinin skeletal muscle isoform 3 or F-actin cross-linking protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN3
Alpha-actinin-3
regulating various cellular processes ranging from organization of the actin cytoskeleton, transcription, and cellular adhesion to regulating the cell
IQGAP1
Protein found in humans
the cytoplasmic C termini of junctional transmembrane proteins and link them to the actin cytoskeleton [supplied by OMIM]. Tight junction protein 2 has
Tight_junction_protein_ZO-2
Actin binding structural protein
Formin-2 (FMN2) is an actin binding structural protein and has a localized expression pattern in the developing and adult forms of the central nervous
Formin-2
Chemical compound
inhibit network formation by actin filaments. Due to this, it is often used in cytological research. It inhibits cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation
Cytochalasin_B
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Filamin-C (FLN-C) also known as actin-binding-like protein (ABPL) or filamin-2 (FLN2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLNC gene. Filamin-C
Filamin-C
Enzyme found in humans
Threonine–tRNA ligase 1, cytoplasmic, also called threonyl-tRNA synthetase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TARS1 gene. Like its relatives
Threonine–tRNA ligase 1, cytoplasmic
Threonine–tRNA_ligase_1,_cytoplasmic
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SPTA1 gene. Spectrin is an actin crosslinking and molecular scaffold protein that links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and functions
Spectrin,_alpha_1
Class of molecular proteins
protrusion of actin-rich structures at the cell surface. Myosin V is involved in vesicle and organelle transport. Myosin XI is involved in cytoplasmic streaming
Motor_protein
Tensin binds to actin filaments and contains a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain at the C-terminus, which interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of β integrins
Tensin
Protein found in humans
Cortactin (from "cortical actin binding protein") is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to
Cortactin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
FERM domain (residues 86-400) that links the actin cytoskeleton to adhesion proteins. In addition to F-actin, the N-terminal region of talin-1 binds layilin
TLN1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
1993). "Study of localization of the protein-synthesizing machinery along actin filament bundles". Cell Biology International. 17 (4): 409–16. doi:10.1006/cbir
EEF2
Protein complex
exposing binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the actin filaments. Myosin's binding to actin causes crossbridge formation, and contraction of the muscle
Troponin
Tubular structure to conduct male gametes of plants to the female gametes
there are longitudinal actin cables in the shank region in order to regulate reverse-fountain cytoplasmic streaming. The F-actin controls the accumulation
Pollen_tube
Cytoskeletal protein
of spectrin subunits associating with short actin filaments at either end of the tetramer. These short actin filaments act as junctional complexes allowing
Spectrin
Protein found in humans
depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. Cofilin-2 is a member of the AC group
Cofilin-2
Protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin
Actinin is an actin-binding protein involved in both actin filament crosslinking and bundling. The functional protein is an anti-parallel dimer, which
Actinin
Human protein-coding gene
regulation of actin-containing cytoskeletal filaments. In epithelial cells, E-cadherin-containing cell-to-cell junctions are often adjacent to actin-containing
Cadherin-1
Family of actin-binding proteins
ADF/cofilin is a family of actin-binding proteins associated with the rapid depolymerization of actin microfilaments that give actin its characteristic dynamic
ADF/Cofilin_family
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
which acts as a link between the three main components of the cytoskeleton: actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In addition, plectin
Plectin
Protein cytoskeletal component
Tonofibrils are cytoplasmic protein structures in epithelial tissues that converge at desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. They consist of bundles of keratin
Tonofibril
Type of molecules within cells
signal by engaging TLR2". Journal of Immunology. 177 (2): 1272–81. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1272. PMID 16818787. Boeynaems JM, Communi D (May 2006)
Damage-associated molecular pattern
Damage-associated_molecular_pattern
Activation of tension-generating sites in muscle
The cytoplasmic calcium binds to Troponin C, moving the tropomyosin complex off the actin binding site allowing the myosin head to bind to the actin filament
Muscle_contraction
Protein found in humans
muscles and functions to anchor myofibrillar actin thin filaments and titin to Z-discs. Alpha-actinin-2 is a 103.8 kDa protein composed of 894 amino acids
Alpha-actinin-2
Muscle protein family
it binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex in place. Troponin I prevents myosin from binding to actin in relaxed muscle
Troponin_I
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
including the alpha and beta spectrins and dystrophins. Alpha actinin is an actin-binding protein with multiple roles in different cell types. In nonmuscle
Alpha-actinin-4
probing by a fine glass pipette via cytoplasmic strands, which contain actin filaments specialized to carry out cytoplasmic streaming. This is likely a response
Plant_nucleus_movement
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
member of the tropomodulin family of actin-regulatory proteins. The encoded protein caps the pointed end of actin filaments preventing both elongation
Tropomodulin_2
Class of proteins
a class of proteins that hold two actin filaments at large angles. Filamin protein in mammals is made up of an actin-binding domain at its N-terminus that
Filamin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
striated muscle-specific coiled coil dimer that functions to stabilize actin filaments and regulate muscle contraction. β-tropomyosin is roughly 32 kDa
TPM2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2001). "Iba1 is an actin-cross-linking protein in macrophages/microglia". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 286 (2): 292–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc
Allograft inflammatory factor 1
Allograft_inflammatory_factor_1
Constitutive promoter
protein colocalizes with filamentous actin (F-actin) and is just as abundantly expressed. eEF1A putatively binds actin and microtubules at synapses to modulate
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1
Eukaryotic_translation_elongation_factor_1_alpha_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
by the gene RND2. It contributes to regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular growth factors (Nobes et al.,
Rnd2
Protein-coding gene in humans
polarity and cell cycle progression. Rho GTPases are central to dynamic actin cytoskeletal assembly and rearrangement that are the basis of cell-cell
CDC42
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cardiac muscle alpha actin. This isoform differs from the alpha actin that is expressed in skeletal muscle, ACTA1. Alpha cardiac actin is the major protein
ACTC1
Biological structure
plant cells, and stromules interconnect plastids. Myopodia are actin-rich cytoplasmic extensions which have been observed in embryonic Drosophila. Similar
Tunneling_nanotube
Protein-coding gene in humans
humans is encoded by the NAA80 gene. It acetylates the N-terminus of mature actin. This gene encodes a member of the N-acetyltransferase family. N-acetyltransferases
NAA80
Neurologically significant human protein
neural and muscle tissue, anchoring neural intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton, and some isoforms are expressed in epithelial tissue, anchoring
Dystonin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
in endocytosis comes from binding studies looking at Hip-1 binding to actin. Actin binding by Hip-1 is altered depending on whether clathrin is also bound
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1
Huntingtin-interacting_protein_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Fimbrin is a homologue of the cytoplasmic phosphoprotein plastin and has domains homologous with calmodulin and actin gelation proteins". J. Cell Biol
Fimbrin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the cytoskeleton structure of red blood cells. In particular, it binds to actin, and induces bundling. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000158856 – Ensembl
Dematin
Liquid found in cells
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into
Cytosol
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
interaction between actin and myosin subfragment 1: evidence for three states of the thin filament". Biophysical Journal. 65 (2): 693–701. Bibcode:1993BpJ
Myosin-7
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
actin-binding domain, a poly-L-proline (PLP)-binding domain, and a phosphoinositide-binding domain. These domains enable PFN1 to interact with actin monomers
Profilin_1
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