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Logical reasoning method
Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive argument, where perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that
Argument_from_analogy
Argument for the existence of God
watchmaker analogy or watchmaker argument is a teleological argument, an argument for the existence of God. In broad terms, the watchmaker analogy states
Watchmaker_analogy
Relation of resemblance between objects
beside resemblance. An analogy is a comparison between two objects based on similarity. Arguments from analogy involve inferences from information about a
Similarity_(philosophy)
Argument for the existence of God
presentation of the design argument with his version of the watchmaker analogy and the first use of the phrase "argument from design". From its beginning, there
Teleological_argument
Techniques used by historians
McCullagh says that an argument from analogy, if sound, is either a "covert statistical syllogism" or better expressed as an argument to the best explanation
Historical_method
difference of degree, not kind. Arguments from analogy are another type of inductive reasoning. In arguing from analogy, one infers that since two things
Models_of_scientific_inquiry
Method of logical reasoning
reasoning include generalization, prediction, statistical syllogism, argument from analogy, and causal inference. There are also differences in how their results
Inductive_reasoning
Form of figurative language
"word, speech, reckoning"]. Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving, as well as decision making, argumentation, perception, generalization
Analogy
Philosophical question
presentation of the design argument with his version of the watchmaker analogy and the first use of the phrase "argument from design". From its beginning, there
Existence_of_God
Method used to resolve issues on which there is no previous authority
Analogy in law is a method of resolving issues on which there is no previous authority by using argument from analogy. Analogy in general involves an inference
Analogy_(law)
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
argument. The matching critical questions are the standard ways of casting the argument into doubt. Argument by analogy may be thought of as argument
Argument
Philosophical argument that asserts an inconsistency with nonbelief and God's existence
The argument from nonbelief is a philosophical argument for the nonexistence of God that asserts an inconsistency between God's existence and a world
Argument_from_nonbelief
Logical fallacy
Wikiquote has quotations related to Argument from authority. An argument from authority (Latin: argumentum ab auctoritate, also called an appeal to authority
Argument_from_authority
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
Godwin's law (or Godwin's rule), short for Godwin's law of Nazi analogies, is an Internet proverb asserting: "As an online discussion grows longer, the
Godwin's_law
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
"Argumentation Schemes for Argument from Analogy". In Ribeiro, Henrique Jales (ed.). Systematic Approaches to Argument by Analogy. Argumentation library
Reason
Process of drawing correct inferences
analogical reasoning, knowledge can be transferred from one situation or domain to another. Arguments from analogy provide support for their conclusion but do
Logical_reasoning
Socratic dialogue by Plato
says the teacher cannot be held responsible for this. He makes an argument from analogy: Gorgias says that if a man who went to wrestling school took to
Gorgias_(dialogue)
Informal logical fallacy
Argument from incredulity, also known as argument from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic
Argument_from_incredulity
Sobriquet often associated with Afghanistan
regardless of the campaign. Nonetheless, the narrative allowed for argument from analogy and the thesis of "history repeating itself", which proved accepted
Graveyard_of_empires
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
which the conclusion is built. According to this analogy, two things can go wrong and turn an argument into a fallacy. It could be that the foundation
Informal_fallacy
Argument based on lack of statements
To make an argument from silence (Latin: argumentum ex silentio) is to express a conclusion that is based on the absence of statements in historical documents
Argument_from_silence
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. It
Argument_from_fallacy
completely ignoring a large number of failures. False analogy – an argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited. Hasty generalization (fallacy
List_of_fallacies
Argument for the existence of an immortal soul
The argument from desire is an argument for the existence of the immortality of the soul. The best-known defender of the argument is the Christian writer
Argument_from_desire
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
An argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components
Argument_map
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
incorrect because of being traditional. Appeal to novelty Argument from authority Argument to moderation Common sense Conservatism Herd mentality Inductive
Appeal_to_tradition
Set of distinct concepts or thought patterns
of the world and the universe from within a paradigm'. Algorithm – Sequence of operations for a task Argument from analogy – Logical reasoning method Basic
Paradigm
Logical fallacy
also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequence"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis (typically a belief) to
Appeal_to_consequences
Art of persuasion
[importance?] there are various argument strategies used in writing. He describes four of these as argument from analogy, argument from absurdity, thought experiments
Rhetoric
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
belief appeal to popularity appeal to the majority appeal to the masses argument from consensus authority of the many bandwagon fallacy common belief fallacy
Argumentum_ad_populum
Type of investigation
inquiry and the argument from analogy. This can be seen most clearly in the propositional lattice diagrams shown in Figures 3 and 4, where analogy exhibits a
Inquiry
Method of deriving conclusions
conclusion without guaranteeing its truth, such as the argument from authority and the argument from analogy. However, the term "rule of inference" is sometimes
Rule_of_inference
Type of logical fallacy
or the horse laugh) is an informal fallacy which presents an opponent's argument as absurd, ridiculous, or humorous, and therefore not worthy of serious
Appeal_to_ridicule
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
(sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging
Straw_man
Doomsday scenario on human births
humans to be born. By analogy, if one is a member of 50,000 people in a collaborative project, the reasoning of the doomsday argument implies that there
Doomsday_argument
Argument for the existence of God
argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend
Ontological_argument
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
arguments, causal argument, and arguments from analogy. Common deductive argument forms are hypothetical syllogism, categorical syllogism, argument by
Logical_form
Aquinas's arguments that there is a real God
the argument from "first mover"; the argument from universal causation; the argument from contingency; the argument from degree; the argument from final
Five_Ways_(Aquinas)
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
oranges" fallacy, a false analogy uses unsound comparisons. The straw man fallacy refers to the refutation of a standpoint in an argument that was never proposed
Fallacy
Concept from the 18th and 19th centuries
few individuals before becoming widespread. Buffon relied on an argument from analogy to contend that this process of degeneration occurred among humans
Social_degeneration
Philosophical argument for animal rights
The argument from marginal cases (also known as the argument from species overlap) is a philosophical argument within animal rights theory regarding the
Argument_from_marginal_cases
Informal logical fallacy
order to win an argument, especially in the absence of factual evidence. This kind of appeal to emotion is irrelevant to or distracting from the facts of
Appeal_to_emotion
Informal fallacy
Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false
Argument_from_ignorance
important example of a heuristic argument is Occam's razor. It is a speculative, non-rigorous argument that relies on analogy or intuition, and that allows
Heuristic_argument
Thought experiment in philosophy
completely explained by facts about the brain and body. Philosophical zombie arguments are used against forms of physicalism and in defense of the hard problem
Philosophical_zombie
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
Ad nauseam is a Latin term used to describe an argument or a discussion that has been extended to the figurative point of nausea. For example, "this has
Ad_nauseam
Analogy devised by Bertrand Russell
(2003) and The God Delusion (2006), Dawkins used the teapot as an analogy of an argument against what he termed "agnostic conciliation", a policy of intellectual
Russell's_teapot
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
discredit the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent's own personal behaviour and actions as being inconsistent with their argument, so that the opponent
Tu_quoque
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes a matter
Circular_reasoning
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
Room argument to deduce requirements from military command and control systems if they are to preserve a commander's moral agency. He drew an analogy between
Chinese_room
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
tone argument or tone policing is an informal fallacy or rhetorical tactic in which someone focuses on the tone or emotional expression of an argument rather
Tone_policing
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions that share
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Attacking the person rather than their argument
Ad hominem, short for argumentum ad hominem ('argument directed at the person'), is a rhetorical tactic of attacking the character, motive, or some other
Ad_hominem
Logic founded on unproven premises
when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which
Begging_the_question
Rhetorical argument
In a slippery-slope argument, a course of action is rejected because the slippery slope advocate believes it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in
Slippery_slope
Logical fallacy
invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party. Arguments may be termed reductio
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
Argument to moderation (Latin: argumentum ad temperantiam)—also known as the false compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground
Argument_to_moderation
Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God
positive argument against evolution, ID proposes an analogy between natural systems and human artifacts, a version of the theological argument from design
Intelligent_design
Argument against assuming the existence of God
The argument from poor design, also known as the dysteleological argument, is an argument against the assumption of the existence of a creator God, based
Argument_from_poor_design
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
in observable effects. In analogy with the mini-simulations that lattice-gauge theorists run today to build up nuclei from the underlying theory of strong
Simulation_hypothesis
English Anglican bishop (1692–1752)
works are the Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726) and The Analogy of Religion (1736). He is known for critiques of deism, Thomas Hobbes's
Joseph_Butler
Type of informal fallacy
conclusion should not be confused with formal fallacy, an argument whose conclusion does not follow from its premises; instead, it is that despite its formal
Irrelevant_conclusion
Topics referred to by the same term
used to make decisions efficiently Heuristic argument, a non-rigorous argument that relies on an analogy or intuition All pages with titles containing
Heuristic_(disambiguation)
Argument that a language understandable by only one person is incoherent
The private language argument argues that the idea of a "private language"—i.e., a language that is understandable by only a single individual—is incoherent
Private_language_argument
Socratic argument
Peritrope (Greek: περιτροπή) is Socrates' argument against Protagoras' view of subjective truth, as presented in Plato's book known as Theaetetus (169–171e)
Peritrope
Canadian academic and author (1942–2020)
(abductive reasoning), argument from sign, argument from analogy, argument from precedent, argument from an established rule, argument from evidence to a hypothesis
Douglas_N._Walton
English Christian philosopher (1743–1805)
counter examples drawn from monstrosity, imperfect forms of testimony and probability (see watchmaker analogy). Hume's arguments, however, were not widely
William_Paley
View of past as inferior to the present
Chronological snobbery is an argument that the thinking, art, or science of an earlier time is inherently inferior to that of the present, simply by virtue
Chronological_snobbery
Philosophical claim about the class of language or knowledge of the "being" of God
The analogia entis (Latin for "analogy of being") is the philosophical claim that the class of relationship of the "being" of created things and the "being"
Analogia_entis
Argument by proponents of intelligent design
Irreducible complexity (IC) is the argument that certain biological systems with multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were
Irreducible_complexity
Logical fallacy
Specious reasoning is a form of argument or analysis that relies on lies, misdirection, or misinterpreted information to make its point. Assertions made
Specious_reasoning
Refutation of a logical fallacy
As with any logical fallacy, identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not necessarily imply that the resulting conclusion is false
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
between unrelated things Affirming the consequent – Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy) Association fallacy – Formal fallacy Cargo cult – New
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
The essence of this inductive fallacy lies on the overestimation of an argument based on insufficiently large samples under an implied margin of error
Faulty_generalization
Threat of force to make a conclusion accepted
Argumentum ad baculum (Latin for "argument to the cudgel" or "appeal to the stick") is a type of argument made when one attempts to appeal to force to
Argumentum_ad_baculum
Formal fallacy
of ad hominem arguments which attack the speaker rather than addressing the claims, but they are a distinct class of fallacious argument, and both are
Association_fallacy
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
balance False analogy List of fallacies Tu quoque Whataboutism Wronger than wrong Phillips, Harry; Bostian, Patricia (2014). The Purposeful Argument: A Practical
False_equivalence
Bias in the sampling of a population
polls are regarded as unscientific. Exclusion bias results from exclusion of particular groups from the sample, e.g. exclusion of subjects who have recently
Sampling_bias
Greek philosopher (c. 435 – c. 365 BC)
his opponents by drawing absurd consequences from their conclusions. He also rejected argument from analogy. His doctrinal heirs, the Stoic logicians, inaugurated
Euclid_of_Megara
Logical fallacy
\neg Q} (therefore, not-P implies not-Q) Arguments of this form are invalid. Informally, this means that arguments of this form do not give good reason to
Denying_the_antecedent
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance in which arguments or information are dismissed or validated based solely on their source
Genetic_fallacy
Logical paradox from vague predicates
follows: consider a heap of sand from which grains are removed individually. One might construct the argument from the following premises: 1,000,000
Sorites_paradox
Question containing an unjustified assumption
necessarily agreed to by the person who is asked the question does the argument containing them become fallacious. Hence, the same question may be loaded
Loaded_question
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an indicative conditional statement
Affirming_the_consequent
Value judgment that procreation is unethical
which is known as Benatar's asymmetry argument. Antinatalism as a philosophical concept is to be distinguished from antinatalist policies employed by some
Antinatalism
Type of logical fallacy
presumes that a speaker's argument is false or invalid and then explains why the speaker made that argument (even if said argument is actually correct) by
Bulverism
Evidence relying on personal testimony
requires statistical evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the
Anecdotal_evidence
British philosopher (1921–1984)
foundation of supertask theory. A note on truth. Analysis, 1949 The argument from analogy and our knowledge of other minds. Mind, 1951 Some Remarks on Synonymy
James F. Thomson (philosopher)
James_F._Thomson_(philosopher)
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
defense of ethical non-naturalism against ethical naturalism, Moore's argument is concerned with the semantic and metaphysical underpinnings of ethics
Naturalistic_fallacy
Platonic philosophical analogy
The analogy of the divided line (Ancient Greek: γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη, romanized: grammē dicha tetmēmenē) is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato
Analogy_of_the_divided_line
Logical fallacy
when the arguer satisfies the following conditions: not publicly retreating from the initial, falsified a posteriori assertion offering a modified assertion
No_true_Scotsman
Internet rage incitement technique
article described how Internet trolls post incendiary comments to provoke arguments on even banal topics, such as stating "NASCAR is about as much a sport
Rage-baiting
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
written: The one-sidedness fallacy does not make an argument invalid. It may not even make the argument unsound. The fallacy consists in persuading readers
Cherry_picking
is the opposite of the analogy. When analogy is allowed, e contrario is forbidden and vice versa.[citation needed] Arguments e contrario are often used
Argumentum_e_contrario
Formal fallacy of Bayesian inference
Hacking takes as his main example a certain response to the argument from design. The argument from design asserts, first, that the universe is fine tuned
Inverse_gambler's_fallacy
Theory of analogical reasoning
theories of analogy, by distinguishing analogy from literal similarity. Previous theories, like Amos Tversky's contrast theory, assumed that an analogy is stronger
Structure-mapping_theory
Metaphor originating from goal sports
Moving the goalposts (or shifting the goalposts) is a metaphor, derived from goal-based sports such as football and hockey, that means to change the rule
Moving_the_goalposts
Israeli system of racial segregation and discrimination
The apartheid analogy gained additional traction after Israel constructed the West Bank Barrier. In 2001, an NGO Forum ran separately from the World Conference
Israeli_apartheid
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
probabilityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Inductive argument – Method of logical reasoningPages displaying short descriptions of redirect
Base_rate_fallacy
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
2008). Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments. Cengage Learning. pp. 121–123. ISBN 978-0-495-09506-4. Fischer, D. H
Equivocation
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