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Argument that a language understandable by only one person is incoherent
The private language argument argues that the idea of a "private language"—i.e., a language that is understandable by only a single individual—is incoherent
Private_language_argument
1982 exegesis by Saul Kripke
Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language is a 1982 book by philosopher of language Saul Kripke in which he contends that the central argument of Ludwig Wittgenstein's
Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language
Words and contextual actions which provide a complete meaning
A language-game (German: Sprachspiel) is a philosophical concept developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein, referring to simple examples of language use and the
Language_game_(philosophy)
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
Saul Kripke's 1982 book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language contends that the central argument of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
Instances of subjective experience
that Wittgenstein's private language argument effectively disproves it. Scruton writes, The belief that these essentially private features of mental states
Qualia
Person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers
pragmatics Language game (philosophy) – Words and contextual actions which provide a complete meaning Private language argument – Argument that a language understandable
Referent
Debate in the philosophy of mind
because of Ryle's regress and the homunculus argument. Recently, reliance on the private language argument and the "homunculus objection" has itself come
Direct_and_indirect_realism
Linguistic theory
The picture theory of language, also known as the picture theory of meaning, is a theory of linguistic reference and meaning articulated by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Picture_theory_of_language
Statement that attaches a meaning to a term
original This theory of meaning is one of the targets of the private language argument Locke, Essay, Bk. III, Ch. iii, 3 Philosophical Investigations
Definition
Definition by example
famous argument from Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations (which deal primarily with the philosophy of language), the private language argument, in
Ostensive_definition
Early-20th-century development in Western philosophy
is the focusing of philosophy primarily on the relations between language, language users, and the world. The Linguistic Turn constitutes a significant
Linguistic_turn
1953 work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
presented the exact nature of the argument is disputed. First, he argues that a private language is not really a language at all. This point is intimately
Philosophical_Investigations
Presupposition Primum non nocere Principle Principle of double effect Private language argument Problem of induction Problem of mental causation Problem of other
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
Austrian philanthropist (1882–1958)
Eidinow, John (2002). Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of A Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers. New York, NY: Ecco / Harper Collins Publishers
Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein
Margaret_Stonborough-Wittgenstein
1950 book by Ludwig Wittgenstein
is really not fragmentary in nature, but a sustained and identifiable argument against the misleading view that colours are features of places in the
Remarks_on_Colour
Book by Ludwig Wittgenstein
starting point the 'here is one hand' argument made by G. E. Moore and examines the role of knowledge claims in human language, particularly of "certain ('gewisser')
On_Certainty
Philosophical idea popularized by Ludwig Wittgenstein
characteristic common to all of them. This argument later became widely know under the heading of "language games." More broadly, Wittgenstein's philosophy
Family_resemblance
Hypothesis of philosopher Jerry Fodor
language of thought (SOVLOT). Inferential role semantics – Context-based approach to semantics Private language argument – Argument that a language understandable
Language of thought hypothesis
Language_of_thought_hypothesis
British analytic philosopher (1919–2001)
philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, philosophical logic, philosophy of language, and ethics. She was a prominent figure of analytical Thomism, a fellow
G._E._M._Anscombe
1921 philosophical work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
written in an austere and succinct literary style, containing almost no arguments as such, but consists of 525 declarative statements, which are hierarchically
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus
English philosopher (1910–1989)
and Other Essays (1963), Ayer heavily criticised Wittgenstein's private language argument. Ayer's sense-data theory in Foundations of Empirical Knowledge
A._J._Ayer
Argument for the existence of God
argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend
Ontological_argument
Book by Ludwig Wittgenstein
dogmatic nor systematic, he does provide arguments that point toward a more self-critical view of language. For example, he does not think that "understanding"
Blue_and_Brown_Books
View that philosophical problems are distortions of natural language
definitions of these terms, because this is necessarily a redefinition, and the argument may unravel into self-referential nonsense. Rather, philosophers must explore
Ordinary_language_philosophy
Philosophical paradox introduced by Nelson Goodman
new area. In his book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, Saul Kripke proposed a related argument that leads to skepticism about meaning rather
New_riddle_of_induction
Individual's unique use of language
part of an individual's idiolect. Linguistics portal Idioglossia Private language argument Referential indeterminacy Sociolect Harper, Douglas. "-lect".
Idiolect
View on the purpose of philosophy
opposed to putting forth positive theses and developing constructive arguments." Quietism by its nature is not a philosophical school as understood in
Quietism_(philosophy)
Philosophical concept of Ludwig Wittgenstein
within which language and meaning operate. Wittgenstein in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP) was concerned with the structure of language, responding
Form_of_life
Philosophical metaphor about learning
theory of language is correct, and it is impossible to represent logical form, then the theory, by trying to say something about how language and the world
Wittgenstein's_ladder
Type of machine learning model
Hung-Yu (2019). "Probing Neural Network Comprehension of Natural Language Arguments". ACL: 4658–4664. doi:10.18653/v1/P19-1459. Lin, Stephanie; Hilton
Large_language_model
American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)
"Kripkenstein", in his Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. The book contains his rule-following argument, a paradox for skepticism about meaning. Much
Saul_Kripke
Parameter in a function with a default value
programming, a default argument is an argument to a function that a programmer is not required to specify. In most programming languages, functions may take
Default_argument
British philosopher (1909–1997)
eye", without the use of language – a recognition greatly sharpened in the 20th century by Wittgenstein's private language argument. For Berlin, values are
Isaiah_Berlin
Capacity of individuals to make free choices
human behavior. Ludwig Wittgenstein's talk of rule-following and private language arguments in his Philosophical Investigations has also made its way into
Agency_(sociology)
Philosophy using an idealized language
Ideal language philosophy is contrasted with ordinary language philosophy. From about 1910 to 1930, analytic philosophers like Bertrand Russell and Ludwig
Ideal_language_philosophy
British philosopher (1916–2013)
Davidson & Harman (edc.) Semantics of natural language (1972) Logic Matters, 1972 Reason and Argument, 1976 "Saying and Showing in Frege and Wittgenstein
Peter_Geach
Austrian philosopher and author of novels, satires (1849–1923)
scepticism derived from a critique of human knowledge and of philosophy of language. He became editor of the Berliner Tageblatt in 1895, but is remembered
Fritz_Mauthner
Analytical philosophical view expounded by Bertrand Russell
developed a form of logical atomism that focused on an ideal phenomenalistic language, particularly in his discussions of J. O. Urmson's work on analysis. The
Logical_atomism
South African philosopher and academic (born 1942)
Lecture), published by the University of Kansas "One Strand in the Private Language Argument", Grazer Philosophische Studien 33/34 (1989), 285–303 "Mathematical
John_McDowell
American philosopher
of moral philosophy, animal ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of language, philosophy and literature, and the thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gottlob
Cora_Diamond
1956 work by philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein
H. Leitgeb), 2008 Rodych, Victor (2005). "Misunderstanding Gödel: New Arguments about Wittgenstein and New Remarks by Wittgenstein". Dialectica. 57 (3):
Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics
Remarks_on_the_Foundations_of_Mathematics
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
the same logical form in a given language. The logical form of an argument is called the argument form of the argument. The importance of the concept of
Logical_form
British philosopher (born 1939)
philosopher. His principal expertise is in the philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophical anthropology. He is known for his detailed exegesis
Peter_Hacker
Revelation of intelligibility
Being and Time, L. Wittgenstein's private language argument in Philosophical Investigations); Dialectical arguments, where the premises argued from are
World_disclosure
private secretary to Karl Kraus. After the end of World War I, Engelmann maintained an active career as an architect in Europe and designed private houses
Paul_Engelmann
American philosopher (1911–1990)
Moore's 'Here is a hand' argument) lay the foundation for the renewed interest in common sense philosophy and ordinary language philosophy. He was among
Norman_Malcolm
British philosopher
Wittgenstein, Winch himself was increasingly neglected and the challenge his arguments presented to much contemporary philosophy was sidestepped or ignored.
Peter_Winch
German-British ordinary language philosopher
Investigations, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1984), pp. 187–205. "What Does the Private Language Argument Prove?", The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 137 (Oct.,
Oswald_Hanfling
Austrian linguist (1938–2010)
political and feminist critique of language, rhetoric and argumentation theory, the application of linguistics to the language of literature, and evolutionary
Elisabeth_Leinfellner
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced
Fallacy
Film by Nicolas Winding Refn
Her Private Hell (also known as Her Private Hell by NWR) is a 2026 science fiction thriller film directed, co-written, and produced by Nicolas Winding
Her_Private_Hell_(2026_film)
British philosopher (born 1969)
Book 6:1 (2009), pp. 121–124. ISSN 1447-9516 'Wittgenstein's Private Language Argument and Self Consciousness', in Sats-Nordic Journal of Philosophy
Mark_Addis
Function with variable number of arguments
which accepts a variable number of arguments. Support for variadic functions differs widely among programming languages. There are many mathematical and
Variadic_function
2016 Canadian comedy-drama television series
Private Eyes (during production first known as The Code) is a Canadian comedy-drama television series based on the novel The Code by G.B. Joyce, created
Private_Eyes_(TV_series)
Transferring something from the public sphere to the private
privatized, with 5,476 having been sold during 1993–1998. At the end of 1998, only 2.4% of privatized companies had foreign participation. Arguments for
Privatization
Programming language
%% Private API %% --------------------------------------------------------------------- %% If fib_int/3 receives 0 as its first argument, then we're
Erlang_(programming_language)
Grammatical relationship between arguments
transitive verbs with the argument of intransitive verbs, leaving the object in transitive verbs distinct; other languages may have different strategies
Morphosyntactic_alignment
American musical artist
Dean Guitars in 1977 and DBZ Guitars in 2008 and today owns Dean Zelinsky Private Label started in 2012. Zelinsky was the second of three boys born to Robert
Dean_Zelinsky
Online debate platform
report stated the collaborative argument platform hosts more than 10,000 debates in various languages. It also hosts private debates. The website claims that
Kialo
Languages of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages
Languages_of_India
Formal argument for the existence of God
ontological proof is a formal argument by the mathematician Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) for the existence of God. The argument is in a line of development that
Gödel's_ontological_proof
Property owned by non-governmental legal entities
Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities. Private property is distinguishable from public
Private_property
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
Occasionally the argument has been made that war is a benefactor to society and that "war is good for the economy." A variant of this argument suggests that
Parable_of_the_broken_window
1998 film by Steven Spielberg
Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American war film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat. Set in 1944 in Normandy, France, during World
Saving_Private_Ryan
Prisons outsourced by governments
efficiency of operation place private prisons at an advantage over public prisons and support the argument for privatization, but some research casts doubt
Private_prison
General-purpose programming language
Ruby is a general-purpose programming language designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object,
Ruby_(programming_language)
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
Wolfram Language used in Mathematica allows the user to omit the multiplication symbol but requires square brackets to indicate the argument of a function;
Ambiguity
Structured system of communication
while a predicate that can take two arguments is called transitive. Many other word classes exist in different languages, such as conjunctions like "and"
Language
Spaceflight not by a government
Private spaceflight is any spaceflight development that is not conducted by a government agency, such as NASA or ESA. During the early decades of the
Private_spaceflight
Set of rules defining correctly structured C++ program
also accept arguments, like [[A("This is a parameter")]]. The following is an example of using some attributes in C++. class Integer { private: // indicates
C++_syntax
Library held by individual(s) or private organisations for members only
Private libraries are libraries that are privately owned and are usually intended for the use of a small number of people, or even a single person. As
Private_library
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
written: The one-sidedness fallacy does not make an argument invalid. It may not even make the argument unsound. The fallacy consists in persuading readers
Cherry_picking
Feature of some programming languages
In many languages, the special argument is indicated syntactically; for example, a number of programming languages put the special argument before a
Multiple_dispatch
Sequence of program instructions invokable by other software
arguments, to match. Different programming languages provide different conventions for passing arguments. In some languages, such as BASIC, a callable has different
Function (computer programming)
Function_(computer_programming)
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic (2006) by Madsen Pirie, p. 82: The objections of the Council's new bus timetable come only from private property
Genetic_fallacy
Object-oriented programming language
Smalltalk is a purely object-oriented programming language that was originally created in the 1970s for educational use, specifically for constructionist
Smalltalk
Private housing estate is a term used in Hong Kong for private mass housing—a housing estate built by a private developer, as opposed to a public housing
Private housing estates in Hong Kong
Private_housing_estates_in_Hong_Kong
Object-oriented programming language
example code above.[citation needed] Unlike other languages, having notions of "public", "protected", "private" and so on, Eiffel uses an exporting technology
Eiffel_(programming_language)
Dynamic programming language
all of a function's arguments to determine which method will be called. By default, Julia is run similarly to scripting languages, using its runtime,
Julia_(programming_language)
Retreat of the state, advance of the private sector (Chinese: 国退民进; pinyin: guó tuì mín jìn), or state retreats and people advance, is an economic term
Retreat of the state, advance of the private sector
Retreat_of_the_state,_advance_of_the_private_sector
2025 Tamil film by Prasanth Pandiyaraj
trip for the newlyweds, but Laddu's antics lead to its cancellation. An argument ensues between Inba and Rekha, with Rekha feeling that Inba prioritizes
Maaman
Philosophical view that consiousness and the body are fundamentally different
"modal argument," or the "clear and distinct perception argument," and secondly the "indivisibility" or "divisibility" argument. The argument is distinguished
Mind–body_dualism
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
dilemmas are usually discussed in terms of deductive arguments, but they can also occur as defeasible arguments. The human liability to commit false dilemmas
False_dilemma
2022 saw the release of numerous notable Bangladeshi films that were originally scheduled for release in 2020 or 2021, but were postponed due to the COVID-19
List of Bangladeshi films of 2022
List_of_Bangladeshi_films_of_2022
American philosopher (1932–2025)
reputation. His most famous philosophical contribution is the "Chinese room" argument, which attempts to refute the possibility of "strong" artificial intelligence
John_Searle
2009 South Korean film
Private Eye (Korean: 그림자 살인; lit. 'Shadow Murder') is a 2009 South Korean neo-noir mystery thriller film directed by Park Dae-min. Seoul, 1910. Hong Jin-ho
Private_Eye_(film)
Typographical symbol (@)
more widely in email addresses and social media platform handles. Most languages have their own name for the symbol. Although not included on the keyboard
At_sign
Koreanic language of Jeju Province, South Korea
English, a language "taught only a few hours a week in school and in private tutoring institutions", than of Jeju. Historically, the Jeju language was seen
Jeju_language
Private sector participation in the provision of water services and sanitation
service quality were principal motives for water privatization. In these cases, the argument to privatize water is predicated on the belief that by adopting
Water_privatization
Indian politician
received widespread attention online, showed Wilson engaged in a heated argument and violent actions. Critics and opposition voices used the footage to
N._Marie_Wilson
Concept in logic
concept to Jaakko Hintikka, in his analysis of Descartes' cogito ergo sum argument. Hintikka concluded that cogito ergo sum relies on performance rather than
Performative_contradiction
Shadow library search engine
the plaintiffs failed to develop strong arguments. He identified "market dilution" as a convincing argument for financial harm not pursued by the plaintiffs
Anna's_Archive
Western Ibero-Romance language
studies". Gender and Language. 7 (1): 35–58. doi:10.1558/genl.v7i1.35. Examines the arguments for and against the use of inclusive language in (literary) translation
Galician_language
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
National Language. On April 12, 1940, Executive Order No. 263 was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools
Tagalog_language
1968 British film by Norman J. Warren
Her Private Hell is a 1968 British sexploitation film directed by Norman J. Warren and starring Lucia Modugno. It was written by Glynn Christian. The
Her_Private_Hell_(1968_film)
1976 Hong Kong film by Michael Hui
The Private Eyes is a 1976 Hong Kong comedy film written, directed by and starring Michael Hui and co-starring his brothers Samuel Hui and Ricky Hui as
The_Private_Eyes_(1976_film)
Multi-level marketing company
Isagenix International LLC is a privately held network marketing company that sells dietary supplements and nutritional super food products. The company
Isagenix
General-purpose programming language
(/ˌsiː ˈʃɑːrp/ see SHARP) is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, strong typing
C Sharp (programming language)
C_Sharp_(programming_language)
1930 play by Noël Coward
Private Lives is a 1930 comedy of manners in three acts by the English playwright Noël Coward. It concerns a divorced couple who, while honeymooning with
Private_Lives
Special function called to create an object
create an object. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables. A constructor
Constructor (object-oriented programming)
Constructor_(object-oriented_programming)
travel, tourism, insurance
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
Girl/Female
Tamil
Language
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name PIVANE means "weasel."
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Son of Satarupa
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Language
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Girl/Female
Indian
Lovable; Sweet Person
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Thai
History; Morning
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Tongue; Language
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Personal; Intrinsic; Hybrid; Private
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Langdale, Cumbria, named in Old Norse as ‘long valley’, from lang ‘long’ + dalr ‘valley’.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Langdal, Langdalen, Langdahl, habitational names from any of numerous farmsteads named Langdal(en), having the same etymology as 1.
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from the personal name Privat, Latin Privatus (from privatus ‘private citizen’, i.e. not a public official). This was the name of several early saints, including a bishop of Mende, martyred in the 3rd century.English : habitational name from a place in Hampshire, which probably gets its name from an unrecorded Old English word pryfet ‘privet’. This word is found from an early date in place names, for example Privett Farm in Standlynch, Wiltshire, which could be a source of the surname, but as a vocabulary element it is not recorded before the 16th century.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Armed with a dart.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Child Language
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Language
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Prayer
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Language
Biblical
armed with a dart
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful Language
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
PRIVATE LANGUAGE-ARGUMENT
travel, tourism, insurance