Searches , social queries for ARTIFICIAL CELL
Search references for ARTIFICIAL CELL. Phrases containing ARTIFICIAL CELL
See searches and references containing ARTIFICIAL CELL!
Search references for ARTIFICIAL CELL. Phrases containing ARTIFICIAL CELL
See searches and references containing ARTIFICIAL CELL!ARTIFICIAL CELL
Engineered component of a biological cell
artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells
Artificial_cell
Type of artificial cell
A SpudCell is a type of artificial cell claimed as partially capable of metabolism and assisted reproduction. The work was initially reported as a preprint
SpudCell
Haploid sex cell
gamete (/ˈɡæmiːt/ GAM-eet ), reproductive cell, or sex cell, is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that
Gamete
Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering
therapies and diagnostic tools. A living "artificial cell" has been defined as a completely synthetic cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients
Synthetic_biology
Genetically engineered T cell
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells)—also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors—are receptor
CAR_T_cell
Academic journal
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes articles on the development of artificial cells
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
Artificial_Cells,_Nanomedicine,_and_Biotechnology
Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are engineered platforms designed to mimic the function of natural antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in stimulating
Artificial antigen-presenting cell
Artificial_antigen-presenting_cell
Fictional character from Dragon Ball
Gero, a main member of the Red Ribbon Army, Cell is an evil artificial life form created using the DNA and cells from several significant strong characters
Cell_(Dragon_Ball)
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled. Robert Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665 led to the proposal of the cell theory. Initially
Cell_membrane
Mathematical function conceived as a crude model
neurophysiological observations, but without regard to realism. Artificial neurons can also refer to artificial cells in neuromorphic engineering that are similar to
Artificial_neuron
Engineered organ replacement
"From artificial red blood cells, oxygen carriers, and oxygen therapeutics to artificial cells, nanomedicine, and beyond". Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes
Artificial_organ
Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells
also used interchangeably with other terms such as "artificial cell", "minimal cell", "synthetic cell" to describe similar things developed in a laboratory
Protocell
Intelligence in machines
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning
Artificial_intelligence
Alternative method of immunotherapy
Artificial white blood cells are typically membrane bound vesicles designed to mimic the immunomodulatory behavior of naturally produced leukocytes. While
Artificial_white_blood_cells
cell is an "artificial cell" created by Moritz Traube in order to study the processes of living cells, including growth and osmosis. The Traube cell is
Traube_cell
Canadian inventor, physician, and physiologist (born 1933)
undergraduate at McGill University in 1957, Chang invented the world's first artificial cell. Often often worked from his dormitory in McGill's Douglas Hall, using
Thomas_Chang
Systems for people with disabilities
functionality of the pancreas is provided by islet cells which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion
Automated insulin delivery system
Automated_insulin_delivery_system
properties. Single-cell nanoencapsulation is also a chemical strategy that creates "cell-in-shell" structures by forming artificial nanoshells (typically
Single-cell_nanoencapsulation
Biological process
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which
Cell_division
English biologist (1911–1984)
on the chemistry of enzymes and proteins and tried to construct an artificial "cell". Stein, W. D. (1986). "James Frederic Danielli. 13 November 1911 –
James_Danielli
Cell that displays antigen bound by MHC proteins on its surface
involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells. Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories:
Antigen-presenting_cell
Substance that is used in place of biological blood
A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. In some
Blood_substitute
Device for artificial gestation
ecto-uterine environment. Artificially grown placenta: There is potential to grow a placenta using human endometrial cells. In 2002, it was announced
Artificial_womb
Simulation software for modeling neurons
with both artificial cells and neurons. Artificial cells essentially function as point processes, implemented into the network. Artificial cells require
Neuron_(software)
who introduced the term "artificial cells" to define this concept of bioencapsulation. He suggested that these artificial cells produced by a drop method
Cell_encapsulation
American chemist
University of California, San Diego (UCSD). His research interests include artificial cells, lipid membranes, and bioconjugation. Devaraj attended college at the
Neal_Devaraj
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical type of artificial intelligence that matches or surpasses human capabilities across virtually all
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
Fictional bioengineered android from ''Blade Runner''
records destroyed, he will never know. Artificial gene synthesis Bottom-up engineering of living artificial cell Interview with David Peoples in Sacrificial
Replicant
Synthetic proto-cells model
Jeewanu are cited as models of protocells for the origin of life, and as artificial cells. Jeewanu is derived from Sanskrit जीव jīvá, meaning "life", and अणु
Jeewanu
Structure in biology and artificial intelligence
complex nervous systems – a population of nerve cells connected by synapses. In machine learning, an artificial neural network is a mathematical model used
Neural_network
Hypothetical artificial red blood cells
Respirocytes are hypothetical, microscopic, artificial red blood cells that are intended to emulate the function of their organic counterparts, so as to
Respirocyte
Artificial cell compartments
Wang, Liang; Liu, Jing (8 September 2024). "Human neural stem cell-derived artificial organelles to improve oxidative phosphorylation". Nature Communications
Synthetic_organelles
used to make an artificial cell if hemoglobin and other components are added. The first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang. Cell (biology) Liposome
Polymersome
Genus of fishes in South America
Lavan designed artificial cells that would be able to replicate the electrical behaviour of electric eel electrocytes. The artificial electrocytes would
Electric_eel
Field of study
"wet" artificial life focus on engineering live minimal cells from living bacteria Mycoplasma laboratorium and in building non-living biochemical cell-like
Artificial_life
Process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes
of cells and of DNA fragments. The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear
Cloning
Computer composed of organic material
wetware computer is an organic computer (which can also be known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) composed of organic material "wetware"
Wetware_computer
Biological membrane structure
electrofusion in cell biology. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-43043-5. Salehi-Reyhani A, Ces O, Elani Y (July 2017). "Artificial cell mimics as simplified
Lipid_bilayer
Materials and devices mimicking natural muscles
changes. Artificial cell Electronic nose Electronic skin Mirvakili, Seyed M. (2013). Niobium Nanowire Yarns and Their Application as Artificial Muscle (M
Artificial_muscle
Kidney other than the natural organ
mainly with bio-artificial kidneys featuring cells that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissue. The first successful artificial kidney was developed
Artificial_kidney
Artificial stopping of the cell cycle
Induced cell cycle arrest is the use of a chemical or genetic manipulation to artificially halt progression through the cell cycle. Cellular processes
Induced_cell_cycle_arrest
Biological property of materials
Jin; Choi, Insung S. (2025-05-22). "Single-Cell Nanoencapsulation: Chemical Synthesis of Artificial Cell-in-Shell Spores". Chemical Reviews. doi:10.1021/acs
Cytocompatibility
Fertility preservation treatment
risk of reintroducing malignant cells after cancer recovery, particular in those with previous leukaemia. Artificial ovaries could be an effective alternative
Artificial_ovary
Mechanical device which replaces the heart
An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used as a bridge to heart transplantation, but ongoing research
Artificial_heart
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
or similar copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be
Self-replication
Public university in Montreal, Canada
McGill in 1965 by Gordon & McLean. The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang while an undergraduate student at the university
McGill_University
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a membrane
In cell biology, a vesicle is an organelle within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)
Roh JH, Lee JK, et al. (2025-05-22). "Single-Cell Nanoencapsulation: Chemical Synthesis of Artificial Cell-in-Shell Spores". Chemical Reviews. 125 (13):
Cytoprotection
Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfields have been used in applications throughout industry and academia. Machine learning has been used for various
Applications of artificial intelligence
Applications_of_artificial_intelligence
Hypothetical agent surpassing human intelligence
present-day human intelligence is to be surpassed. Some argue that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) will probably result in general reasoning systems that
Superintelligence
Device used to produce electricity from light
solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts. Photovoltaic cells may operate under sunlight or artificial light
Solar_cell
Medical intervention
(and get trapped therein), but formed elements (the blood cells) brush past the artificial cells just as they brush past each other. In this way, the microporous
Hemoperfusion
Growth of an organism in an artificial environment
Greek ἐκτός, "outside", and genesis) is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment, outside the body in which it would normally be found, such
Ectogenesis
Most common type of skin cancer
Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), also known as basal-cell cancer, basalioma, or rodent ulcer, is the most common type of skin cancer. It often appears as a
Basal-cell_carcinoma
in the usual way, the radiation dose that would rupture a simulated artificial cell membrane. He found that 3500 rads delivered in 2+1⁄4 hours (26 rad/min
Petkau_effect
German biophysicist
current research focuses around bottom-up approaches to building an artificial cell within a broader area of synthetic biology. In 2010, Schwille received
Petra_Schwille
Class of rule-based machine learning systems
optimization domains, and share properties with artificial neural networks. Dendritic cell algorithms: The dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) is an example of an immune
Artificial_immune_system
Group of methods in synthetic biology
assemble genes from nucleotides de novo. Unlike DNA synthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any
Artificial_gene_synthesis
Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells, tissues, or even whole organisms. Photostimulation can be used
Photostimulation
Computational model used in machine learning
In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
American chaos theory physicist
Foscari. The ECLT received its first funding from PACE (Programmable Artificial Cell Evolution), a project coordinated by John S. McCaskill and funded by
Norman_Packard
Class of artificial monoclonal antibodies
T-cell engager (TCE) or bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) is a class of artificial bispecific monoclonal antibodies that are investigated for use as anti-cancer
T_cell_engager
(BSc 1957, MD 1961, PhD 1965) – invented and developed world's first artificial cell Margaret Ridley Charlton – historian, pioneer librarian, and one of
List of McGill University people
List_of_McGill_University_people
increasingly in bottom-up synthetic biology for the construction of artificial cells. A model bilayer can be made with either synthetic or natural lipids
Model_lipid_bilayer
Australian chemist
ISBN 978-0-374-28851-8. PACE (Programmable Artificial Cell Evolution) ECCell (Electronic Chemical Cell) MICREAgents (Microscale Chemically Reactive
John_McCaskill
DNA that does not code for proteins
DNA and "have a perfectly good multicellular plant with lots of different cells, organs, tissue types and flowers, and you can do it without the junk. Junk
Non-coding_DNA
Field of technology
including the European Commission sponsored project, Programmable Artificial Cell Evolution (PACE), that in part co-sponsored the European Centre for
Living_technology
Biological process
replication can also be performed in vitro (artificially, outside a cell). DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to start DNA
DNA_replication
Artificial process that uses sunlight energy to drive chemical synthesis
advantage of artificial photosynthesis would be that the solar energy could be converted and stored. By contrast, using photovoltaic cells, sunlight is
Artificial_photosynthesis
Albert, Vincent Noireaux. "A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an artificial cell assembly". Proceedings of the National Academy of the USA, V. 101,
Albert_J._Libchaber
Lineage of cells that evades senescence and continues dividing
An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism that would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation
Immortalised_cell_line
Biomedical engineering discipline
biochemical functions using cells within an artificially created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver). The term regenerative
Tissue_engineering
Science of synthetic life forms
exhibiting a very different genetic code. The long-term goal is to construct a cell that would store its genetic information not in DNA but in an alternative
Xenobiology
Network or circuit of neurons
or artificial neurons. These simple models accounted for neural summation (i.e., potentials at the post-synaptic membrane will summate in the cell body)
Neural_circuit
Bone-like material
patients. Host cells of varying classifications, such as lymphocytes and erythrocytes, display minimal immunological response to artificial grafts. Effective
Artificial_bone
Hypothetical event
disputed the plausibility of a technological singularity and associated artificial intelligence "explosion", including Paul Allen, Jeff Hawkins, John Holland
Technological_singularity
Nanotechnology foundry
cell with the complete cycle of metabolism. The idea of creating an artificial cell along with working nanofoundries is highlighted in the phenomena of
Nanofoundry
Prosthetic device
potential cell scaffolds for tissue engineered lungs. Stem cells could be added to these scaffolds to begin the creation of the artificial lung. Challenges
Artificial_lung
Network of cells that facilitate rhythmic heart contraction
pacemaker is the heart's natural rhythm generator. It employs pacemaker cells that produce electrical impulses, known as cardiac action potentials, which
Natural_pacemaker
Cell produced by hematopoiesis
blood cell (also called a hemocyte or hematocyte) is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include
Blood_cell
Topics referred to by the same term
common meaning of "artificial pancreas" as diabetes mellitus is the most common disease of pancreatic dysfunction Pancreatic islet cell replacement technologies
Artificial pancreas (disambiguation)
Artificial_pancreas_(disambiguation)
To use embryos isolated from humanity in space
humans' whole genome sequencing, for implantation into a natural or artificial cell, creating a live human zygote 'from scratch'. This scenario would also
Embryo_space_colonization
Use of circular rotational force to mimic gravity
Artificial gravity is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force, usually by rotation. Artificial gravity, or
Artificial_gravity
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
illustration). Several cell function specific transcription factors (there are about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell) generally bind to specific
Transcription_(biology)
South American electric fish
S2CID 22364103. Xu, Jian; Lavan, David A. (November 2008). "Designing artificial cells to harness the biological ion concentration gradient". Nature Nanotechnology
Electrophorus_electricus
Theory that living organisms are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. Cell theory
Cell_theory
Technique used to identify individuals via DNA characteristics
complex artificial cells. Integrating genes required for transcription and translation into artificial genomic DNA could allow artificial cells to grow
DNA_profiling
Male reproductive cell
University claimed they had produced cells resembling mouse spermatids from mouse embryonic stem cells artificially. They injected these spermatids into
Sperm
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
consider in vitro cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells". Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 45 (8): 1769–1777. doi:10.1080/21691401
Quantum_dot
Type of neuron
Caswell Barry reported the first demonstration of grid-cell-like representations in artificial recurrent neural networks: when networks were trained to
Grid_cell
Artificial intelligence in healthcare refers to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to medical and healthcare data in areas including disease
Artificial intelligence in healthcare
Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare
Artificial intelligence (AI) in video games refers to the computational systems that control non-player characters (NPCs), generate dynamic game behavior
Artificial intelligence in video games
Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games
Type of genetic engineering
"Design, activity, and structure of a highly specific artificial endonuclease". Molecular Cell. 10 (4): 895–905. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00690-1. PMID 12419232
Genome_editing
Solitaire card game
planning". Artificial Intelligence. 143 (2): 219–262. doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(02)00364-8. Wikimedia Commons has media related to FreeCell. "OHSU scientists
FreeCell
Dutch biophysicist (born 1967)
to build the first artificial cell. In her laboratory, her team studies and builds parts of the cytoskeleton outside of the cell, where they can measure
Marileen_Dogterom
Growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation
Tissue_culture
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
cell nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus 'kernel, seed'; pl.: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually
Cell_nucleus
Genetic alteration of a cell by uptake of genetic material from the environment
a bacterial cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
Genetic_transformation
American video game developer
encouraged to upgrade to Unreal Engine 3. In 2006, Artificial Studios released CellFactor: Combat Training, then CellFactor: Revolution, a free downloadable game
Artificial_Studios
Process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions
temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others
Cell_culture
travel, tourism, insurance
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Sell 1.German : from Middle High German, Middle Low German selle ‘friend’, ‘companion’.French : habitational name from any of the various places called Selle, Selles, or La Selle, named with Latin cella ‘cell’, ‘cot’, ‘hut’, ‘stall’.Dutch (Van Selle) : habitational name for someone from Zelle in Herenthout, Antwerp.A Selle (or De Selle) from the Burgundy region of France was documented in Montreal in 1729.
Male
Gaelic
Old Gaelic occupational name transferred to forename use, derived from the word cealloir, CEALLAIR means "superior of a church cell."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Butter 1.English : occupational name for a servant working in a wine cellar, Norman French boterie (see Buttery), with the Middle English genitive -s.German : variant of Butter 2.
Male
Scottish
Modern form of Scottish Eallair, ELLAR means "superior of a church cell."
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Telugu
Image; Creature; Artificial
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : nickname from Old French pied de fer ‘iron foot’, given perhaps to someone with an artificial foot or leg, or to a tireless walker or messenger.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin) and northern French
English (of Norman origin) and northern French : nickname for a bald man, from Anglo-Norman French cauf ‘bald’. Compare Chaffee.English : habitational name from a place in East Yorkshire called Cave, apparently from a river name derived from Old English cÄf ‘swift’.French : metonymic occupational name for someone employed in or in charge of the wine cellars of a great house, from Old French cave ‘cave’, ‘cellar’ (Latin cavea, a derivative of cavus ‘hollow’).French, possibly also English : topographic name for someone who lived in or near a cave, from the same word as in 3 in an older sense.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : topographic name, a variant of Sell 1.English and Scottish : occupational name for a saddler, from Anglo-Norman French seller (Old French sellier, Latin sellarius, a derivative of sella ‘seat’, ‘saddle’).English and Scottish : metonymic occupational name for someone employed in the cellars of a great house or monastery, from Anglo-Norman French celler ‘cellar’ (Old French cellier), or a reduction of the Middle English agent derivative cellerer.English and Scottish : occupational name for a tradesman or merchant, from an agent derivative of Middle English sell(en) ‘to sell’ (Old English sellan ‘to hand over, deliver’).German : probably a habitational name from a place named Sella near Hoyerswerda.
Male
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Caradog, CARADOC means "dearly loved." In Arthurian legend, this is the name of a Knight of the Round Table. He was husband to Tegau Eurfon (their love was called one of the three surpassing bonds of Britain). He was Arthur's chief elder at Celliwig, and had a horse named Luagor ("host-splitter"). Sir Caradoc was also known as Briefbras ("short arm"), the French translation of Welsh freichfras, meaning "strong arm."
Surname or Lastname
German
German : from Middle High German kellaere ‘cellarman’, ‘cellar master’ (Latin cellarius, denoting the keeper of the cella ‘store chamber’, ‘pantry’). Hence an occupational name for the overseer of the stores, accounts, or household in general in, for example, a monastery or castle. Kellers were important as trusted stewards in a great household, and in some cases were promoted to ministerial rank. The surname is widespread throughout central Europe.English : either an occupational name for a maker of caps or cauls, from Middle English kellere, or an occupational name for an executioner, from Old English cwellere.Irish : reduced form of Kelleher.Scottish : variant of Keillor.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Kent)
English (mainly Kent) : nickname from Middle English pÄ“, pÄ â€˜peacock’ (see Peacock).English : from an early medieval personal name, apparently masculine, but of uncertain origin; perhaps derived from 1, or, as Reaney suggests, a survival of Old English Pæga.French : habitational name from places called Le Pay, in Indre, Rhône, and Vendée. This may also be a variant of pays ‘region’, ‘country’, used to denote a local person.Irish (County Kilkenny) : apparently from the Old English female personal name Pega, taken to Ireland (Kilkenny) by English settlers. Peakirk in Northamptonshire, England, is named for St. Pega (died c. 719), who reputedly founded a cell there.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Kilner.German, Dutch, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant spelling of Kellner, in any of its senses: ‘cellarman’, ‘steward’, ‘overseer’, or ‘waiter’. In this spelling it is also found as a Czech name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name from modern German Kellner or Yiddish kelner ‘waiter’.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, German, Greek, Swedish
Heavenly; Moon
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : habitational name from Lyng in Norfolk, so named from Old English hlinc ‘hillside’, or from either of two places in Norfolk and Lincolnshire named Ling, from Old Norse lyng ‘ling’, ‘heather’. There is also a Lyng in Somerset, so named from Old English lengen ‘long place’.German : variant of Link.Chinese : from a word meaning ‘ice’. In ancient times, the imperial palace was able to enjoy ice in the summer by storing winter ice in a cellar, entrusting its care to an official called the iceman. This post was once filled during the Zhou dynasty (1122–221 bc) by a descendant of Kang Shu, the eighth son of Wen Wang, who had been granted the state of Wei soon after the establishment of the Zhou dynasty. Descendants of this particular iceman adopted the word for ice, ling, as their surname.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a hermit’s cell, from Middle English (h)ermite ‘hermit’ + stede ‘place’.William Armistead (born 1610, died before 1660) brought the name from Yorkshire, England, to VA in 1635.
Male
Scottish
Scottish contracted form of Gaelic Ceallair, EALLAIR means "superior of a church cell."
Surname or Lastname
Altered spelling of German Bayer or Beyer.German
Altered spelling of German Bayer or Beyer.German : habitational name for someone from Boye (near Celle-Hannover).English : variant of Bowyer.Danish : habitational name from a place so named. The surname is also found in Norway and Sweden, probably from the same source.
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
ARTIFICIAL CELL
travel, tourism, insurance