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Synthetic proto-cells model
Jeewanu (Sanskrit for "particles of life") are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure and seem to have some functional properties;
Jeewanu
Engineered component of a biological cell
synergetic communication between the artificial and biological domains. Jeewanu protocells are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure
Artificial_cell
Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells
help astrobiologists understand how the first living cells originated. Jeewanu protocells are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure
Protocell
Matter with biological processes
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Life
Domain of microorganisms
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Bacteria
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Protist
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Eukaryote
Biological process
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Cell_division
Pathogenic small single-stranded circular RNA
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Viroid
Biological kingdom
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Animal
Oldest cultured human cell line (1951)
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
HeLa
Proposed alternative scenarios related to abiogenesis
about the complexity of cell structures. A further protocell model is the Jeewanu. First synthesized in 1963 from simple minerals and basic organics while
Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios
Kingdom of organisms
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Plant
Pathogenic type of misfolded protein
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Prion
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Virus
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Fungus
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
Phylogenetic group described in January 2024
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Obelisk_(biology)
DNA sequence that jumps/transposes within a genome
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Transposable_element
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Transcription_(biology)
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Mitochondria
Life that has no cellular structure
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Non-cellular_life
Domain of organisms
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Archaea
Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering
Protocell#Artificial models – Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells Jeewanu – Synthetic proto-cells model Hypothetical types of biochemistry – Possible
Synthetic_biology
Cancer capable of infecting other individuals
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Clonally_transmissible_cancer
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Earliest_known_life_forms
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Self-replication
Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis and store starch
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Plastid
Tumor cell
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Cancer_cell
DNA that does not code for proteins
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Non-coding_DNA
not been proved" as no confirmatory reports by other scientists exist. Jeewanu Protocell Kalinenko VO (1963). "Biopodobnyye struktury" [Bio-Like Structures]
Bio-like_structure
Small DNA molecule within a cell
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Plasmid
Biological process
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
DNA_replication
Cellular process of protein synthesis
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Translation_(biology)
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Hydrogenosome
Unique single-celled organism of uncertain taxonomy
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Parakaryon
Type of RNA molecules
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Ribozyme
Realm of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Singelaviria
Realm of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Riboviria
Nonliving crystallizations of minerals and organic molecules
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Nanobacterium
Adjacent repeated pattern of nucleotides within DNA
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Tandem_repeat
Unclassified/poorly understood genetics
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Biological_dark_matter
Viral parasites of giant viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Virophage
Aqueous phase rich in macromolecules
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Coacervate
RNA family
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Retron
Mobile genetic elements
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Integrative and conjugative element
Integrative_and_conjugative_element
Realm of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Duplodnaviria
Circular single-stranded RNA(s) dependent on viruses for replication
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Virusoid
DNA-based cloning vector
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Phagemid
Prion that infects fungal hosts
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Fungal_prion
Realm of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Varidnaviria
Family of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Finnlakeviridae
Rock and sediment microstructure
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Nanobe
RNA molecule chain
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Spiegelman's_Monster
Subviral agent which depends on a helper virus for its replication
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Satellite_(biology)
Virus-derived DNA in another organism
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Endogenous_viral_element
Type of hybrid plasmid
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Fosmid
Iron–sulfur world, and protocell hypotheses.[citation needed] Abiogenesis Jeewanu Protocell Proto-mitochondrion Fox SW, Klaus D (1977). Molecular Evolution
Proteinoid
Genetic element
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Retroposon
Branch of virology
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Synthetic_virology
Family of satellites
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Tolecusatellitidae
Defective viral particles
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Defective interfering particle
Defective_interfering_particle
Realm of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Ribozyviria
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Diversity-generating retroelement
Diversity-generating_retroelement
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Transpoviron
Sequence in a genome
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Origin_of_replication
Type of hybrid plasmid
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Cosmid
Catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Telomerase reverse transcriptase
Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase
Family of retrotransposons
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Retrozyme
Cell organelle in a few species
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Mitosome
Genus of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Betasatellite
DNA region replicating from a single origin
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Replicon_(genetics)
Realm of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Adnaviria
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Sulphobes
Synthetic viral vector
†Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell SpudCell Non-cellular
Helper_dependent_virus
Family of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Halspiviridae
Family of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Thaspiviridae
Family of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Ovaliviridae
Genus of viruses
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Deltasatellite
Mitochondria Plastid Nitroplast Fosmid Integrative and conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements
Model_lipid_bilayer
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