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Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a semipermeable biological
Cell_membrane
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
Specialized subunit within a cell
given cell varies depending upon the function of that cell. The cell membrane and cell wall are not organelles. Other related structures: cytosol endomembrane
Organelle
Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
exterior of a biological cell. By convention it is written as Vm=Vinside−Voutside, thus a negative membrane potential means the cell interior is negative
Membrane_potential
Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell
and the blood. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids
Red_blood_cell
Basic unit of life forms
A biological cell basically consists of a semipermeable cell membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains genetic material. Most cells are only visible
Cell_(biology)
Proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes
on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cell membrane and can either penetrate the membrane (transmembrane) or associate
Membrane_protein
Type of membrane
acid tails. The plasma membrane that surrounds all biological cells is an example of a phospholipid bilayer. The plasma membrane is very specific in its
Semipermeable_membrane
Class of ligand activated receptors localized in surface of plama cell membrane
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell
Cell_surface_receptor
Ability of cell membranes to deform elastically
A cell membrane defines a boundary between a cell and its environment. The primary constituent of a membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms in a
Elasticity_of_cell_membranes
Type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane
integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All transmembrane proteins
Integral_membrane_protein
Laboratory technique in electrophysiology
isolated living cells, tissue sections, or patches of cell membrane. The technique is especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons
Patch_clamp
Cell theory has its origins in seventeenth century microscopy observations, but it was nearly two hundred years before a complete cell membrane theory
History of cell membrane theory
History_of_cell_membrane_theory
Biological membrane structure
thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all
Lipid_bilayer
Cell organelle that processes proteins
mainly toward the nucleus of the cell and SER towards the cell membrane or plasma membrane of the cell. The outer (cytosolic) face of the RER is studded with
Endoplasmic_reticulum
Thin fibrous layer between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue in animals
cell layer such as endothelium, and anchors it to the underlying connective tissue (stroma). A basement membrane also surrounds some individual cells
Basement_membrane
Power generation technology
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), also known as polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, are a type of fuel cell being developed mainly
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
Proton-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell
Enclosing or separating membrane in organisms acting as selective semi-permeable barrier
A biological membrane or biomembrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates
Biological_membrane
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
cell nucleus (from Latin nucleus or nuculeus 'kernel, seed'; pl.: nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually
Cell_nucleus
Cell membrane of a muscle fibre
flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath), also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fibre or a cardiomyocyte. It consists
Sarcolemma
Primary cell of the nervous system
across the cell membrane. Stimuli cause specific ion-channels within the cell membrane to open, leading to a flow of ions through the cell membrane, changing
Neuron
System of communication
freely across the bi-lipid layer of the plasma membrane, so their action is mediated by a cell membrane bound receptor. On the other hand, liposoluble
Cell_signaling
Movement of molecules to lower concentration
out of the cell and the cell shrinks. In doing so, the cell becomes flaccid. In extreme cases, the cell becomes plasmolyzed – the cell membrane disengages
Osmosis
Protein complex
The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes
Complement membrane attack complex
Complement_membrane_attack_complex
Outermost layer of some cells
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes
Cell_wall
Static membrane potential in biology
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic
Resting_potential
Protective outer structure of bacterial cells
The cell envelope comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium. In gram-negative bacteria an outer membrane is also included. This
Cell_envelope
Membranes in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional
Endomembrane_system
Cellular molecule transport mechanism against the concentration gradient
biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against
Active_transport
Quality of being toxic to cells
mechanistic features. Apoptosis (type I cell death) is characterized by nuclear condensation, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and the formation of apoptotic
Cytotoxicity
Bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test
layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (safranin or
Gram-positive_bacteria
Membrane-bound organelle in cells containing fluid
(/ˈvækjuːoʊl/) is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially
Vacuole
Viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane
In biology, membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane or a synthetic lipid membrane. The particular types of lipids
Membrane_fluidity
Membrane protein involved in transportation
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules such as another protein, across
Membrane_transport_protein
Abnormal red blood cell with a spiked cell membrane
abnormal form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to thorny projections. A similar term is spur cells. Often they may be confused
Acanthocyte
Type of neuroepithelial cell
in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential. There are currently three known types of photoreceptor cells in mammalian
Photoreceptor_cell
A type of tissue
to the basement membrane via desmosomes. The intermediate cell layer is highly proliferative and, therefore, provides for rapid cell regeneration in response
Transitional_epithelium
Model of cell membranes
explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (a two-molecule-thick
Fluid_mosaic_model
Specialized anatomy and physiology of bacteria
bacterial cell and a typical human cell (assuming both cells are spheres) : The cell envelope is composed of the cell membrane and the cell wall. As in
Bacterial_cell_structure
Change in a cell's electric charge distribution
that the potential difference across the cell membrane briefly reverses polarity, with the inside of the cell becoming positively charged. The change in
Depolarization
Electrical properties of biological cells
is pressed against the cell membrane, to which it tightly adheres by an interaction between glass and lipids of the cell membrane. The electrolyte within
Electrophysiology
Measure of water potential across a semi-permeable cell membrane
partially-permeable cell membrane. Tonicity depends on the relative concentration of selective membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane which determines
Tonicity
Bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell
In cell biology, a bleb (or snout) is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. It is
Bleb_(cell_biology)
Nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses
Nuclear_envelope
Group of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiation
that their cell envelope consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner (cytoplasmic) membrane and an outer membrane. These bacteria
Gram-negative_bacteria
Class of chemical compounds
of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect
Glycolipid
Plasma membrane found in gram-negative bacteria
outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria form two lipid bilayers in their cell envelopes - an inner membrane (IM) that
Bacterial_outer_membrane
Method of measuring biological cell currents
the membranes of excitable cells, such as neurons, while holding the membrane voltage at a set level. A basic voltage clamp will measure the membrane potential
Voltage_clamp
Active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell
portals at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures at the cell plasma membrane, where secretory
Exocytosis
Breaking down of the membrane of a cell
from Greek λῠ́σῐς lýsis 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" /ˈlɪtɪk/ LIT-ik)
Lysis
Layer on the inner face of a cell membrane
specialized thin layer of cross-linked actomyosins attached to the cell membrane. In protists this part of the cytoskeleton is also known as the ectoplasm
Cell_cortex
Transport that does not require energy
Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy
Passive_transport
Medication for treating fungal infections
disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane. Similar to azoles, allylamines disrupt the fungal cell wall synthesis through inhibition of the
Topical_antifungal
Overview of and topical guide to cell biology
whose cells lack a membrane-bound cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria. Bacterial cells – A prokaryotic cell belonging
Outline_of_cell_biology
Type of white blood cell
secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates
B_cell
Neuron communication by electric impulses
quick changes in voltage across a cell membrane. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. This "depolarization"
Action_potential
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a membrane
membrane to release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. A vesicle released from the cell is
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)
Vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered
of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells. They are parts of the endocytic membrane transport pathway originating from the trans Golgi
Endosome
Lipid molecules on cell membrane
Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The three major classes
Membrane_lipid
Type of cell found in muscle tissue
striated, and the cells contain myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomeres as the skeletal muscle cell. The cell membrane is anchored to the cell's cytoskeleton
Muscle_cell
Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids
and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by
Lipid_metabolism
Theory that living organisms are made up of cells
proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and
Cell_theory
Family of waxy lipid molecules
bond. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, since they are component lipids that make up sphingomyelin
Ceramide
Models for cell membranes
structure of a cell membrane or what its components were; biologists and other researchers used indirect evidence to identify membranes before they could
Membrane_models
Water channel protein in cell membranes
that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells. The cell membranes of a variety of different
Aquaporin
Transportation of solutes through membranes
situated in cytoplasmic vesicles. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. Thermodynamically the flow of substances
Membrane_transport
Species of archaeon
vaginosis). The cell wall and cell membrane of Methanobrevibacter smithii determine susceptibility to antibiotics and statins. The cell wall is composed
Methanobrevibacter_smithii
In cell biology, ion trapping is the build-up of a higher concentration of a chemical across a cell membrane due to the pKa value of the chemical and
Ion_trapping
Protein family
Cell–cell fusogens are glycoproteins that facilitate the fusion of cell to cell membranes. Cell–cell fusion is critical for the merging of gamete genomes
Cell–cell_fusogens
State of unresponsiveness to repeated stimuli
an organ or cell is incapable of repeating a particular action, or (more precisely) the amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready
Refractory period (physiology)
Refractory_period_(physiology)
Type of red blood cell
cells are characterized by a disproportional increase in the ratio of surface membrane area to volume. This is also described as a "relative membrane
Codocyte
Cellular process
brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle
Endocytosis
Engineered component of a biological cell
artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells are
Artificial_cell
Viral agent that causes mumps
are formed adjacent to the cell membrane, where they then leave the cell by budding from its surface, using the cell membrane as the envelope. The mumps
Mumps_virus
Fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain
results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions (H+ & Na+), resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to maintain
Unsaturated_fat
Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of
Cytoskeleton
Class of lipids
component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. In eukaryotes, cell membranes also contain another
Phospholipid
Multiprotein complex that forms a point of contact or adhesion in animal cells
connexon. The connexon complexes stretches across the cell membrane and when two adjacent cell connexons interact, they form a complete gap junction channel
Cell_junction
Evolutionary theory
membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and also bacterial cell membranes; and that cardiolipin is found only in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Symbiogenesis
Communications in cell biology
signal to the target cell. Thus, a post-synaptic membrane belongs to the membrane receiving the signal, while a pre-synaptic membrane is the source of the
Cell–cell_interaction
Membrane proteins that adhere temporarily to membranes with which they are associated
to those of integral membrane proteins. The reversible attachment of proteins to biological membranes has shown to regulate cell signaling and many other
Peripheral_membrane_protein
Adaptation of the cell membrane lipid composition to maintain membrane fluidity
adaptation of the cell membrane lipid composition to keep the adequate membrane fluidity. The maintenance of proper cell membrane fluidity is of critical
Homeoviscous_adaptation
Protein complex on the surface of T cells that recognizes antigens
forming antiparallel β-sheets. The Constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while
T-cell_receptor
Cell structure
and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae. Cristae membranes are studded on the matrix
Inner_mitochondrial_membrane
Method in molecular biology to make pores in cell membranes
technique in which an electric field is applied to cells to briefly increase the permeability of the cell membrane. The application of a high-voltage electric
Electroporation
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
domain Eukaryota or Eukarya, which have a distinct cell nucleus (formed by a nuclear membrane), membrane-bound organelles and organization supported by a
Eukaryote
Species of bacteria
distinctive cell membrane system, including deep invaginations of its membrane that historically have been described as closed internal membranes that may
Gemmata_obscuriglobus
Form of programmed cell death
Formation of membrane protrusions: Some cell types, under specific conditions, may develop different types of long, thin extensions of the cell membrane called
Apoptosis
Damaging changes to a biological cell
sickle cell anemia The most notable components of the cell that are targets of cell damage are the DNA and the cell membrane. DNA damage: In human cells, both
Cell_damage
Change in a cell membrane potential causing it to become more negative
change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. Living cells typically have a negative resting potential. Animal excitable cells (neurons
Hyperpolarization_(biology)
Histological lexicon for (micro)anatomical structures
has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal, depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium. A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that
Anatomical terms of microanatomy
Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy
Combination in the membranes of cells
Lipid rafts are described as specialized structures, or as dynamic cell membrane microdomains. They are believed to be glycolipoprotein lipid microdomains
Lipid_raft
Cell division into two identical cells
cytokinesis, which divide the cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components
Mitosis
Cell membrane organelle
(/ˈlaɪsəˌsoʊm/) is a membrane-bound organelle that is found in all animal cells (except red blood cells), and rarely in plant cells. There are normally
Lysosome
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
spelled procaryote, is a cellular organism that lacks a distinct cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. In the earlier two-empire system, prokaryotes
Prokaryote
Type of eukaryotic cell present in green plants
hemicelluloses, and pectin and constructed outside the cell membrane. Their composition contrasts with the cell walls of fungi, which are made of chitin, of bacteria
Plant_cell
alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC), also known as anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), alkaline membrane fuel cells (AMFCs), hydroxide-exchange
Alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cell
Alkaline_anion-exchange_membrane_fuel_cell
Abnormal form of red blood cell
blood cell that has an abnormal cell membrane characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections. A more common term for these cells is burr
Echinocyte
Ion-exchange membrane specific for protons
when incorporated into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell or of a proton-exchange membrane electrolyser: separation
Proton-exchange_membrane
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
are vital for the functioning of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions across nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission;
Potassium
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