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Zoroastrian religious literature
The Bagan yasht was, according to the Denkard, the fourteenth nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work itself is lost, but based on later references
Bagan_yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
lost, Bagan yasht, one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta, created during that time. Like with the other yashts, the meter of the Frawardin Yasht is a
Frawardin_Yasht
Collection of Zoroastrian hymns
of yashts, drawn from the Bagan yasht nask, was expanded by hymns contained in the regular Khordeh Avesta. None of the yashts have a named author. Instead
Yashts
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Aban Yasht was placed with a number of other yashts in the Bagan yasht, where it formed the second chapter. This work is now lost but the Aban Yasht survived
Aban_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
other yashts, it is considered to have been part of the, now lost, Bagan yasht, one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta. As such, the Mihr Yasht may have
Mihr_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
of the Bagan yasht. Finally, it is considered to be a relatively late composition. As a result, it is counted among the so called Minor Yashts. Despite
Ardwahisht_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
the E1 manuscript, the Hom Yasht was listed as the 20th yasht. Most of the yashts were originally part of the Bagan yasht, one of the, now lost, volumes
Hom_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Bahram Yasht also known as Wahram Yasht is the fourteenth hymn of the 21 Yashts. It is named after and dedicated to the praise of Verethragna, the
Bahram_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
other sources, however, either the Srosh Yasht Hadoxt, or the Srosh Yasht se shabag, was part of Bagan yasht nask, where it may have formed its eighth
Srosh_Yasht_Hadoxt
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Yasht was part of the so-called Bagan yasht nask, where it formed the 12th chapter. Although this Sasanian edition of the Avesta is lost, the yashts which
Ram_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
text with the structure established by other yashts. During Sasanian period it was part of the Bagan yasht where it may have formed the 9th chapter. In
Rashn_Yasht
Compilation of the geographical references in Avesta
Avestan portion of the text, in particular in the Vendidad and several of the Yashts. The identification of these Avestan places with real locations is often
Avestan_geography
Mythical king and hero of Turan
According to the Aban Yasht, he sacrificed to Anahita to obtain the royal glory of the Kayanians. According to the Gosh Yasht and Zamyad Yasht; however, Anahita
Afrasiab
Zoroastrian religious hymn
is one of the few hymns which is not derived from the Bagan yasht. However, unlike those yashts but like most others, it does not have a translation into
Hordad_Yasht
Ethnic group from the early history of the Iranian peoples
in the so called Legendary Yashts, namely the Aban Yasht, the Gosh Yasht, the Ram Yasht, the Den Yasht, and the Zamyad Yasht. They are called legendary
Turya_(Avesta)
Zoroastrian religious hymn
places it instead as the 20th yasht. Similar to the Hom Yasht, it does not originate from the Bagan yasht, like most other yashts, but must have been drawn
Vanand_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
other sources, however, either the Srosh Yasht Hadoxt or the Srosh Yasht se shabag may have been part of Bagan yasht nask, where they may have formed its
Srosh_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
the Gosh Yasht probably began jointly with several other yashts by being part of the Bagan yasht, one of the volumes of the lost Sasanian Avesta. Descriptions
Gosh_Yasht
Zoroastrian benevolent divinity
with the star Sirius, called Tishtar, in Modern Persian. In the Tishtar Yasht, incorporated by Ferdowsi in the Shahnameh, Tishtrya is involved in a cosmic
Tishtrya
Zoroastrian Daeva of wrath
opposition also reflects Aeshma's position as messenger of Angra Mainyu (Yasht 19.46), for in the hierarchy of divinities, Asha is the messenger of Spenta
Aeshma
Zoroastrian collection of texts within the Avesta
contain the text as it is performed in the liturgy, i.e., the text of the Yasht i Visperad plus the Vendidad. As a result, they contain all 72 chapters
Vendidad
Zoroastrian service and liturgical collection
enumerates the divinities, inviting them to the service. Yasna 2, the Barsom Yasht, presents libation and the barsom (a bundle of 23 twigs bound together,
Yasna
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Tishtar Yasht, also known as Tir Yasht, is the eighth hymn of the 21 Yashts. It is named after and dedicated to the praise of Tishtrya, a Zoroastrian
Tishtar_Yasht
Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
Chaldean / Babylonian Nergal, Egyptian Horus, Hellenic Ares and Heracles. Yasht 14, the hymn of praise to Verethragna, "though ill-preserved, contains what
Verethragna
Zoroastrian divinity of covenant, light, and oath
of the later Roman Mithras are present in the Avesta. The tenth book of Yashts shows the deity's close connections with the social and cosmic order, the
Mithra
Sasanian period anthology of sacred literature of Zoroastrianism
lost [...]". MacKenzie 2012. Skjærvø 1988b. Mirfakhraie 2022, "Vishtāsp Yasht presumably belongs to the second Nask of twenty-one Nasks of Sasanid Avesta
Sasanian_Avesta
Zoroastrian deava
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Indar
Zoroastrian religious hymn
this edition, the Den Yasht was part of the Bagan yasht, where it formed the 13th chapter. This work is now lost, but the Den Yasht survived as part of
Den_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
21 Yashts, the Xwarshed Yasht is the sixth hymn. Like most other yashts in the collection, it is considered to have been part of the Bagan yasht, where
Xwarshed_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious text
dedicated to Ahura Mazda, but only one yasht is dedicated to him. Second, the Amesha Spentas have collectivley only one yasht but a number of days are dedicated
Sih-rozag
National history of pre-Islamic Iran
references are found in the Avesta, in particular the so called legendary Yashts. The Zoroastrian perspective is also presented in 9th-10th century works
Iranian_national_history
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Ohrmazd Yasht is the first hymn of the Yashts. It is named after and dedicated to Ahura Mazda, the central divinity of Zoroastrianism. Ohrmazd is
Ohrmazd_Yasht
Primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology
less is called "Syrian rue". cf. Boyce 1975, p. 139 Yasht 35 Yasht 39 Yasna 29b Mah Niyayesh 3 Yasht 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, Gbd VIe.2-3, VII.5-6 etc. Siroza 1.12
Gavaevodata
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Zamyad Yasht also known as the Kayan Yasn is the nineteenth hymn of the 21 Yashts and is dedicated to the veneration of Zam. It belongs to the Legendary
Zamyad_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
called Minor Yashts. Like most of the yashts, it does not have a translation into Middle Persian. It probably once belonged to the Bagan yasht, where it
Ashtad_Yasht
Negative entity in Zoroastrianism
Manah is unambiguously a demonic entity, an auxiliary of Angra Mainyu. In Yasht 19.46, Aka Manah, Aeshma, Azi Dahaka and Spityura battle Vohu Manah, Asha
Aka_Manah
Most important liturgy of Zoroastrianism
as well as the litany to hauma (Y 9-11), the Fravarane (Y 12) and the Bagan yasht, a commentary on the three following mathras. Only when the Yasna begins
Yasna_(liturgy)
Character from the Iranian nation history
Iraj is found in the Avesta, where he appears as Airiia. In the Fravardin Yasht (Yt. 13.131), he is mentioned as the father of Manuchehr, although in later
Iraj
Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Ahura_Mazda
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demoness of "lasciviousness."
Greater Bundahishn. Bombay: Rahnumae Mazdayasnan Sabha. Yasna 10.15 Yasht 3.9 Yasht 17.57-58 Vendidad 18.62 Vendidad 18.64 Vendidad 18.64 Vendidad 21.1
Jahi
Sacred utterance or prayer used in Zoroastrianism
distinguished from the longer, commonly eight-syllabic hymns of praise (called Yasht in the Avesta) as well as the typically eleven-syllabic songs (called Gathas
Manthra_(Zoroastrianism)
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demon of drought
originally meant "not thriving". In the mythology described in the Tishtar Yasht (Yt. 8.21-29), Tishtrya, as a mighty white horse with golden ears and golden
Apaosha
Iranian mythical king and hero from the Pishdadian dynasty
as the appearance of others. According to stanzas 61 and 62 of the Aban Yasht, Paurva, a talented helmsman who was lost at sea and looking for his home
Fereydun
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
tribes such as the Medes, Persians, or even the Parthians. The Farvardin Yasht refers to some Iranian peoples that are unknown in the Greek and Achaemenid
Zoroaster
Evil figure in Iranian legend
on Iran?". Amwaj.media. Retrieved 2026-05-18. Zamyād Yasht, Yasht 19 of the Younger Avesta (Yasht 19.19). Translated by Helmut Humbach; Pallan Ichaporia
Zahhak
Early history of the Iranian peoples
Iranians. The Aban Yasht, the Gosh Yasht, the Ram Yasht, the Den Yasht, and the Zamyad Yasht—together called the "legendary yashts"—in particular contain
Avestan_period
Iranian goddess
Anahita /ɑːnəˈhiːtə/ is an Iranian goddess. She is praised in the Aban Yasht, one of the Zoroastrian hymns contained in the Avesta, under the name Aradvi
Anahita
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Mah Yasht is the seventh hymn of the Yashts. It is named after and dedicated to Mah, the Avestan term for the Moon. Mah is the Middle Persian name
Mah_Yasht
Historical region in Central Asia
to other neighboring tribes. According to Mary Boyce, in the Farvardin Yasht, "In it (verses 143–144) are praised the fravashis of righteous men and
Turan
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Ard Yasht or Arshishvang Yasht is the seventeenth hymn of the 21 Yashts. It is named after and dedicated to the praise of Ashi, the Zoroastrian divinity
Ard_Yasht
Zoroastrian compendium of sacred literature
Sakātum, the Juddēwdād, the Čihrdād and the Bagān Yašt nasks. The Bagān Yašt nask contained most of the Yashts of the extant Avesta (see below), whereas
Avesta
Avestan name of the Zoroastrian divinity of "Obedience" or "Observance"
the divinity is Yasht 11, which is a direct invocation of Soroush and bears his name in the title. Yasht 11 - like the other direct Yashts also - is not
Sraosha
Seven zones of Earth in the Avesta
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Karshvar
Zoroastrian religious text
is called in Middle Persian sources Stod Yasn (in the Denkard) and Stod Yasht (in the Rivayats). The first part of the term is derived from Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬋𐬙𐬀𐬭
Staota_Yesnya
Zoroastrian mythical sea
place of the Kar fish and the Wāsī pančā sadwarām. According to the Tishtar Yasht, it is the place where the fight between Tishtrya (rain god) and Apaosha
Vourukasha
Zoroastrian religious literature
are still extant as Yasna 19-21 are called Bagan Yasht. However, the name is also applied to the Bagan yasht; the 14. nask of the Sasanian Avesta. The
Bag_nask
Mythological homeland of the early Iranians
in the Vendidad and several of the Yashts. In the Yashts, Airyanem Vaejah is most prominently named in the Aban Yasht as the place where both Ahura Mazda
Airyanem_Vaejah
Character from the Iranian nation history
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Tur_(Shahnameh)
Zoroastrian religious manuscripts
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Avestan_manuscripts
Zoroastrian religious hymn
several divinities. Furthermore, unlike most other yashts, it is not derived from the Bagan yasht, but must have been drawn from another source. Finally
Haft_Amahraspand_Yasht
Subfield of linguistics
commentaire historique et philologique; Vol. II: La Loi (Vendidad); L'Épopée (Yashts); Le Livre de Prière (Khorda Avesta). Paris: E. Leroux. Darmesteter, James
Avestan_studies
Figure in Zoroastrianism
in Yasht 13. 100, Vishtaspa is proclaimed to have set his adopted faith "in the place of honor" amongst peoples. Passages in the Frawardin Yasht (Yt
Vishtaspa
Zoroastrian mythological location
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Chinvat_Bridge
Zoroastrian Daeva of corpse matter
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Nasu_(Zoroastrianism)
Iranian king
dynasty). This role is already alluded to in Zoroastrian scripture (e.g. Yasht 19, Vendidad 2), where the figure appears as Yima xšaēta (Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀⸱
Jamshid
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Ashem_vohu
Legendary mountain in the Avesta
texts, Mount Hara is mentioned several times in the Yasna and a number of Yashts. In verse Y. 57.19 the personification of Haoma is mentioned offering to
Hara_Berezaiti
Mythological Iranian king
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Keyumars
Figure from the Iranian national history
later texts found in the Young Avesta, Jamaspa also appears. In the Aban Yasht, he is grouped with people from the Gathas, and set apart from other, probably
Jamaspa
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Ahunavaiti_Gatha
First Zorastrian Canonical Formula
in the Avesta, the Ahuna vairya is described as the "most victorious" (Yasht 11.13), as the "veracious word" (Yasna 8.1), as the "sacred gift" (Yasna
Ahuna_vairya
Zoroastrian religious text
as Vishtasp Yasht, is the name of an Avestan text, which is extant through a number of manuscripts and was once used in the Vishtasp Yasht ceremony. It
Vishtasp_Sast
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Vahishtoishti_Gatha
Zoroastrian religious texts
short liturgies, like the Niyayishn, the Afrinagan, and several shorter Yashts. They have been labeled the Khordeh Avesta "in the proper sense of the term
Khordeh_Avesta
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Hom Yasht, is an Avestan text dedicated to the praise of Haoma. It consists of verses 9-11.11 of the Yasna and must not be confused with the Hom Yasht, which
Hom_Stom
Sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism
are still attested in the manuscripts, namely the Videvdad and Vishtasp Yasht liturgy, where the individual chapters of the Vendidad and Vishtasp Sast
Gathas
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
enigmatic "pronounced magical character" of the first two manthras. In Yasht 3.8, 11 and 15, the Airyaman ishya is described as the weapon with which
Airyaman_ishya
evening gāh (uzīrin gāh). Stanzas 11-16 are drawn from the Xwarshed Yasht, i.e., the yasht dedicated to Hvare-khshaeta. The second prayer is the Mihr niyayishn
Niyayishn
Zoroastrian religious text
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Vaetha_nask
Zoroastrian text within the Avesta
24 chapters do not have any internal unity, but are only used within the Yasht i Visperad liturgy, where they are individually inserted into the text of
Visperad
Zoroastrian liturgy
cermenonies like the Videvdad and Vishtasp Yasht. They have been connected to the text of the Bagan yasht nask and the Hadoxt nask, both volumes of the
Long_Liturgy
Zoroastrian hymns
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Yasna_Haptanghaiti
Collection of Zoroastrian prayers
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Afrinagan
Zoroastrian religious text
The Hadoxt nask fragments, also known as Hadoxt Yasht, are two Avestan texts, which are jointly extant through only two different manuscript traditions
Hadoxt_nask_fragments
Zoroastrian religious term
Avec Commentaire Historique Et Philologique; La Loi (Vendidad); L'Épopée (Yashts); Le Livre de Prière (Khorda Avesta). Paris: E. Leroux. Darmesteter, James
Nerangestan
Zoroastrian religious term
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Herbedestan
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Spentamainyu_Gatha
Zoroastrian religious text
with the names used in the sources, Jean Kellens uses the name Vishtasp Yasht for the nask (see below). The name itself has been interpreted as meaning
Wishtasp-sast_nask
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Ushtavaiti_Gatha
Fictional character
Arjāsp appears in the Avesta, namely in the Aban Yasht (Yt. 5.109), the Gosh Yasht (Yt. 9.30) and the Ard Yasht (Yt. 17.50). In these hymns, Arjāsp is always
Arjasp
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Vohukhshathra_Gatha
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Yenghe_hatam
Zoroastrian religious text and ceremony
Ashtad Yasht Bahram Yasht Den Yasht Frawardin Yasht Gosh Yasht Haft Amahraspand Yasht Hom Yasht Hordad Yasht Mah Yasht Mihr Yasht Ohrmazd Yasht Ram Yasht Rashn
Yasna_i_Rapithwin
Texts related to the Iranian religion
Gāh Āfrīnagān Sih-rozag Yašts (a group of 21 hymns, such as the Ohrmazd Yasht) Āfrīn ī Zardušt Aogəmadaecā Frahang ī ōīm Hadoxt nask Herbedestan Nerangestan
Zoroastrian_literature
Lost ancient Persian literature
strictly legal (dādīg) nasks [..] and the two disparate nasks, Čihrdād and Bagān Yašt". West 1892, chap. Introduction. MacKenzie 1991, "[T]he list of its
Chihrdad
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BAGAN YASHT
BAGAN YASHT
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BAGAN YASHT
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BAGAN YASHT
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