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Sasanian period anthology of sacred literature of Zoroastrianism
The Sasanian Avesta or Great Avesta refers to the anthology of Zoroastrian literature produced during the Sasanian period. They are said to have been written
Sasanian_Avesta
Zoroastrian compendium of sacred literature
resulting texts were then compiled into the multi-volume edition of the Sasanian Avesta. This edition was lost after the Islamic conquest of Iran, and only
Avesta
Zoroastrian religious literature
The Husparam nask is the seventeenth nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work itself is lost, but its content can be reconstructed from references
Husparam_nask
Zoroastrian religious text
Zoroastrian community. In the Sasanian Avesta, which is now lost, the Staota Yesnya formed the Stod Yasn nask. In the extant Avesta, it is preserved in the
Staota_Yesnya
Texts related to the Iranian religion
āta(x)š Pursišnīhā Vaēθā Nask The Sasanian Avesta was the collection of Zoroastrian writing collected during the Sasanian period. It is now mostly lost but
Zoroastrian_literature
Zoroastrian religious literature
nask is the eighth nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work itself is lost and no texts in the extant Avesta can be clearly identified as having belonged
Barish_nask
Character from the Iranian nation history
provided in the Chihrdad nask. This book was one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta, but is no longer extant. Its content is, however, summarized in the
Iraj
Zoroastrian religious manuscripts
later Sasanian Empire period. The oldest surviving manuscripts of this tradition date from the late Middle Ages. The individual texts of the Avesta were
Avestan_manuscripts
Zoroastrian religious literature
was, according to the Denkard, the fourteenth nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work itself is lost, but based on later references, several of
Bagan_yasht
Iranian mythical king and hero from the Pishdadian dynasty
details vary, his portrayal is broadly similar in the Zoroastrian sacred book Avesta, Middle Persian texts, and the 11th century Persian national epic Shahnameh
Fereydun
Zoroastrian divinity of covenant, light, and oath
2006, p. 165-176. Prods Oktor Skjærvø, « Avesta and Zoroastrianism Under the Achaemenids and Early Sasanians », dans Daniel T. Potts (dir.), The Oxford
Mithra
Zoroastrian religious term
studies. It is a fragment from the seventeenth volume of the lost Sasanian Avesta and is extant through two different manuscripts. The Nerangestan consists
Nerangestan
Zoroastrian religious literature
(volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work is no longer extant, but the Hadoxt nask fragments as well as possibly other parts of the extant Avesta are considered
Hadoxt_nask
Zoroastrian religious literature
The Bag nask is the third nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work is no longer extant, but its content can be reconstructed from lengthy references
Bag_nask
Zoroastrian exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations
commentaries of Avestan texts. These translations were produced in the late Sasanian period. Zand glosses and commentaries exist in several languages, including
Zend
Last pre-Islamic Iranian empire (224–651 AD)
During the Sasanian period, many cities with the name "Iran-khwarrah" were established. This was because Sasanians wanted to revive Avesta ideology. Many
Sasanian_Empire
Ethnic group from the early history of the Iranian peoples
𐬙𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: tūriia) is the ethnonym of a group mentioned in the Avesta, i.e., the collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. In those texts
Turya_(Avesta)
Zoroastrian collection of texts within the Avesta
Videvdad or Juddevdad, is the only volume of the Sasanian Avesta to be still present in the extant Avesta collection. It is assumed that its use within the
Vendidad
Character from the Iranian nation history
in the extant Avesta, but his story was probably described in the Chihrdad nask. This book was one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta, but is no longer
Tur_(Shahnameh)
Founding house of the Sasanian Empire (224–651)
The Sasanian dynasty, also known as the Sassanids or the House of Sasan, was the last pre-Islamic Persian dynasty or the royal house to establish hegemony
Sasanian_dynasty
Zoroastrian religious hymn
been part of the, now lost, Bagan yasht, one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta, created during that time. Like with the other yashts, the meter of
Frawardin_Yasht
Sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism
often than any other text in the Avesta. The oldest translations were produced by Zoroastrian priests. The Sasanian Avesta already contained a translation
Gathas
Retrieved 2026-09-05. "AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 15". www.avesta.org. Retrieved 2026-09-05. "JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS iii. SASANIAN LEGAL SYSTEM".
Punishment in Sasanian culture
Punishment_in_Sasanian_culture
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (1938), part 6, CHAPTER XLVI, DOWNFALL OF THE SASANIANS, AND THE AFTERMATH". www.avesta.org. Retrieved 17 May 2025. Hinnel, J (1997), The Penguin
Zoroaster
National history of pre-Islamic Iran
elements about the Arsacids and Sasanians into a coherent national myth of Greater Iran. Based on the references found in the Avesta, the core of the national
Iranian_national_history
Mythical king and hero of Turan
The oldest mention of Afrasiab is found in the Avesta, where he is called Fraŋrasyan. Although the Avesta does not present his story in a single coherent
Afrasiab
Avestan name of the Zoroastrian divinity of "Obedience" or "Observance"
of the Avesta proper. Yasht 11 has survived in a fragment of the Hadhokht Nask, which is today part of the Khordeh Avesta, the "little Avesta." In Yasna
Sraosha
Zoroastrian deava
paper, thirteen different hypotheses to its origin are presented. In the Avesta, Indar is named Indra and appears only two times, both of which in the Vendidad
Indar
Zoroastrian religious literature
nask is one of the lost nasks (volumes) of the Sasanian Avesta. Although no texts in the extant Avesta can be clearly identified as having belonged to
Damdad_nask
Historical region in Central Asia
in Avesta have been studied by Manfred Mayrhofer in his comprehensive book on Avesta personal name etymologies. From the 5th century CE, the Sasanian Empire
Turan
Zoroastrian legal text
Nigadum nask was one of the so called legal nasks (volumes) of the Sasanian Avesta. No parts of it are known to have survived, but later references show
Nikatum_nask
Liturgical language of Zoroastrianism originating in the Old Iranian period
derived from Avesta, which is the name of the written collection of the Avestan texts. This collection was created during the Sasanian Empire period
Avestan
Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (1938), part 6, CHAPTER XLVI , DOWNFALL OF THE SASANIANS, AND THE AFTERMATH". www.avesta.org. Retrieved 17 May 2025. Maneck 1997, pp. 182ff. William
Ahura_Mazda
Zoroastrian religious text
may originate from the Hadoxt nask, one of the volumes of the lost Sasanian Avesta. The text of the Hadoxt nask fragments is extant through only two manuscript
Hadoxt_nask_fragments
Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
in the Avesta, above). The bird motif on Sasanian-era fire altars are also believed to represent Bahram. Bahram was the name of six Sasanian kings: Bahram
Verethragna
Mythological Iranian king
reference is made to the lost Chihrdad nask (one of the 21 volumes of the Sasanian Avesta). Apparently, this volume dealt with how the world and mankind were
Keyumars
Zoroastrian liturgy
seen as fragments of the Sasanian Avesta. Since liturgies, like the Yasna and the Visperad, do not appear in the Sasanian Avesta, they were interpreted
Long_Liturgy
Zoroastrian religious texts
Khordeh Avesta, meaning Little Avesta, refers to diverse Zoroastrian anthologies comprising short devotional texts and daily prayers aimed primarily at
Khordeh_Avesta
Zoroastrian religious text
the Vishtasp-sast nask, one of the lost nasks, i.e., volumes, of the Sasanian Avesta. The name of the text is used inconsistently in the sources. For instance
Vishtasp_Sast
Lost ancient Persian literature
nask[pronunciation?] or Kitradād nask is one of the lost nasks (volumes) of the Sasanian Avesta and survives only as summaries preserved in later Zoroastrian writings
Chihrdad
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demon of drought
explanation of the heliacal setting of Sirius is only alluded to in the Avesta: In Yasht 18.5-6, Apaosha is contrasted with the bringers of prosperity
Apaosha
Iranian king
Dschemschid and Dschamschid. Source: In the second chapter of the Vendidad of the Avesta, the omniscient Creator Ahura Mazda asks Yima, a good shepherd, to receive
Jamshid
Negative entity in Zoroastrianism
Yasna 32.13, the abode of the wicked is acishtem manah. In the Younger Avesta, Akem Manah is unambiguously a demonic entity, an auxiliary of Angra Mainyu
Aka_Manah
Zoroastrian Daeva of corpse matter
catalyst for its decomposition. Nasu appears in various texts within the Avesta, notably the Vendidad, as the Vendidad gives particular focus to demons
Nasu_(Zoroastrianism)
Zoroastrian legal text
Sakatum nask or Sagadum nask was one of the legal nasks (volumes) of the Sasanian Avesta. No parts of it are known to have survived, but later references show
Sakatum_nask
Zoroastrian religious literature
Warshtmansr nask or Varshtmansr nask is the second nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. Like most other nasks, it is no longer extant, but its content can
Warshtmansr_nask
Figure in Zoroastrianism
myth. In Zoroastrian tradition, which builds on allusions found in the Avesta, Vishtaspa is a righteous king who ruled from Bactria (present-day Afghanistan)
Vishtaspa
Zoroastrian mythical sea
Helmut; Ichaporia, Pallan R. (1998). Zamyad Yasht: Yasht 19 of the Younger Avesta. Text, Translation, Commentary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447040262
Vourukasha
Iranian goddess
praised in the Aban Yasht, one of the Zoroastrian hymns contained in the Avesta, under the name Aradvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī Sūrā Anāhita). In Middle Persian
Anahita
Evil figure in Iranian legend
in Iranian mythology[disambiguation needed] and historiography. In the Avesta and Zoroastrian tradition, Zahāk (going under the name Aži Dahāka) is considered
Zahhak
Zoroastrian religious literature
The Sudgar nask is the first nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. Like most other nasks, it is no longer extant, but its content can be reconstructed
Sudgar_nask
the Zoroastrian holy book, the Avesta, and in several other Zoroastrian texts, and was practiced during the Sasanian era. In the Venidad section, a section
Capital punishment in Zoroastrianism
Capital_punishment_in_Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrian mythological location
"AVESTA: YASNA (English): Chapters 54-72". "AVESTA: VENDIDAD 19-22 (Avestan)". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-01-17. "AVESTA:
Chinvat_Bridge
Mythological homeland of the early Iranians
the place where Zarathustra received the religion from Ahura Mazda. The Avesta also names it as the first of the "sixteen perfect lands" that Ahura Mazda
Airyanem_Vaejah
spiritual sense, Zoroastrian texts written after the oldest parts of the sacred Avesta (such as the Vendidad) introduced additional teachings and restrictions
Women_in_Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrian benevolent divinity
from the archaic context in which Tishtrya appears in the texts of the Avesta, this divinity is almost certainly of Indo-Iranian origin. Tir is associated
Tishtrya
Zoroastrian religious text
Wishtasp-sast or Vishtasp-sast nask was the 10th nask (volume) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work is now lost, but according to later references, it contained
Wishtasp-sast_nask
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Sasanian period. Like most other yashts, it is considered to have been part of the, now lost, Bagan yasht, one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta.
Mihr_Yasht
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demoness of "lasciviousness."
Yasht Hadoxt Tishtar Yasht Vanand Yasht Xwarshed Yasht Zamyad Yasht Sasanian Avesta Bag nask Bagan yasht Barish nask Chihrdad nask Damdad nask Duzd-sar-nizad
Jahi
Zoroastrian legal text
The Duzd-sar-nizad nask was one of the legal nasks (volumes) of the Sasanian Avesta, describing matters of Zoroastrian jurisprudence. No parts of it are
Duzd-sar-nizad_nask
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
1994. "AVESTA: KHORDA AVESTA: Part 1". avesta.org. Retrieved 2019-07-16. Kanga, Ervad Kawasji Eduljee. English Translation of Gujarati Khordeh Avesta. p. 1
Ashem_vohu
Ancient Iranian title
Iranian mythology by the Kayanians of the Avesta, later to be adopted by the Kushano-Sasanians, followed by the Sasanian monarchs of Iran. Some legendary rulers
Kay_(title)
Primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology
primordial bovine in Zoroastrian tradition, and may also be that in the Younger Avesta, the relationship between the two is unclear in the oldest texts. Although
Gavaevodata
Zoroastrian Daeva of wrath
Yasht Hadoxt Tishtar Yasht Vanand Yasht Xwarshed Yasht Zamyad Yasht Sasanian Avesta Bag nask Bagan yasht Barish nask Chihrdad nask Damdad nask Duzd-sar-nizad
Aeshma
Zoroastrian service and liturgical collection
(/ˈjʌsnə/; Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀) is the Avestan name of both a text within the Avesta collection and of the Yasna liturgy, Zoroastrianism's principal act of worship
Yasna
Aspect of ancient Iranian society
promoted it within their empire. The Sasanians standardized religious policies and practices laid out in the Avesta and made developments in the religion
Religion in the Sasanian Empire
Religion_in_the_Sasanian_Empire
Zoroastrian religious hymn
not included and its provenience is unknown. After the loss of the Sasanian Avesta, sometime between the 10th and 14th century, the surviving Avestan
Ardwahisht_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious text
The Spand or Spend nask was one of the Gathic nasks (volumes) of the Sasanian Avesta. The work itself is lost, but according to later descriptions it contained
Spand_nask
Collection of Zoroastrian hymns
were drawn from the Bagan yasht nask, one of the lost volumes of the Sasanian Avesta, whereas the others originated from a tradition of niyayesh-yashts
Yashts
Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster
authority, with the current version of the Avesta dating at oldest from the times of the Sasanian Empire. The Avesta was "composed at different times, providing
Zoroastrianism
Sacred utterance or prayer used in Zoroastrianism
represent an independent, parallel development. Avestan manthra appears in the Avesta as 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 (mąθra), whereas in the Middle Persian literature, it is written
Manthra_(Zoroastrianism)
Zoroastrian religious text
Despite its name, the Vaetha nask was not part of the 21 nasks of the Sasanian Avesta and its origins remain unclear. The Vaetha nask is not referenced in
Vaetha_nask
Legendary mountain in the Avesta
real-world mountains, more specifically Alborz mountain range in Iran. In the Avesta, Mount Hara is the home of Mithra. In later texts like the Bundahishn, it
Hara_Berezaiti
Zoroastrian religious term
during the Sasanian Empire. The Herbedestan formed one of the chapters of the Husparam nask, i.e., one of the volumes of the Sasanian Avesta. Whereas most
Herbedestan
Zoroastrian religious hymn
translations is made available through critical editions of either the whole Avesta or the Yasht collection. For example Darmesteter published in 1883 a translation
Aban_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Prière (Khorda Avesta). Paris: E. Leroux. Geldner, Karl F. (1889). Avesta. The Sacred Books of the Parsis II: Vispered and Khorda Avesta. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
Bahram_Yasht
Battle between Parthian and Sasanian dynasties in 224
climactic battle between the Arsacid and the Sasanian dynasties that took place on 28 April 224. The Sasanian victory broke the power of the Parthian dynasty
Battle_of_Hormozdgan
Mythological Iranian king
late Sasanian period, Hushang was the second king of the Pishdadian dynasty and the grandson of the first man and king Keyumars. In the Avesta, Hushang
Hushang
Seven zones of Earth in the Avesta
In the Avesta, reference is made to seven karshvar (Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀, romanized: karšvar, lit. 'delineated land' > Persian: kišvar), climes
Karshvar
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 531 to 579
This first written version of the Avesta is referred to as the Sasanian Avesta. Since the 5th century, the Sasanian monarchs had been made aware of the
Khosrow_I
Founder and Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 180 to 242
in Avesta and as "the name of the mythical land of the Aryans". In Ardashir's period, the title "Iran" was chosen for the region under the Sasanian rule
Ardashir_I
Zoroastrian religious hymn
L'Épopée (Yashts); Le Livre de Prière (Khorda Avesta). Paris: E. Leroux. Geldner, Karl F. (1896). Avesta The Sacred Books Of The Parsis. Vol. 2. Stuttgart:
Rashn_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
originally part of the Bagan yasht, one of the, now lost, volumes of the Sasanian Avesta. However, according to the notes in the E1 manuscript, the Hom Yasht
Hom_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
of the Ahunavaiti Gatha at Avesta.org based on the edition by Geldner English translation of the Ahunavaiti Gatha at Avesta.org based on the translation
Ahunavaiti_Gatha
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Prière (Khorda Avesta). Paris: E. Leroux. Geldner, Karl F. (1889). Avesta. The Sacred Books of the Parsis II: Vispered and Khorda Avesta. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
Mah_Yasht
Zoroastrian hymns
Until recently, the Yasna Haptanghaiti was only included in editions wider Avesta collection. The first critical edition was provided in 1852 by Westergaard
Yasna_Haptanghaiti
Zoroastrian religious hymn
is derived from the Hadoxt nask, one of the volumes of the now lost Sasanian Avesta. According to other sources, however, either the Srosh Yasht Hadoxt
Srosh_Yasht_Hadoxt
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian
Iranian_languages
Compilation of the geographical references in Avesta
Avesta and the attempt to connect them to real-world geographical sites. It is connected to but different from the cosmogony expressed in the Avesta,
Avestan_geography
Figure from the Iranian national history
leading horses, whereas Schwartz has argued for he who bridles horses. In the Avesta, Jamaspa first appears in the Gathas with his brother Frashaoshtra, both
Jamaspa
Personification of the "destructive spirit" in Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (1938), part 6, CHAPTER XLVI , DOWNFALL OF THE SASANIANS, AND THE AFTERMATH". www.avesta.org. Retrieved 2025-05-17. Haug, Martin (1884). West,
Ahriman
Zoroastrian religious hymn
yasht nask, where it formed the 12th chapter. Although this Sasanian edition of the Avesta is lost, the yashts which were contained in the Bagan yasht
Ram_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
yashts by being part of the Bagan yasht, one of the volumes of the lost Sasanian Avesta. Descriptions in later works indicate that it may have formed its sixth
Gosh_Yasht
Early history of the Iranian peoples
history when the collection of canonical texts of Zoroastrianism called the Avesta were produced. The period saw important developments to religious thought
Avestan_period
First Zorastrian Canonical Formula
is"). The Ahuna vairya is already a subject of theological exegesis in the Avesta itself, in particular in Yasna 19, where "this utterance is a thing of such
Ahuna_vairya
Iranian ethnic group
little-known Achaemenid origins (...), and the religious tradition, for which the Avesta was the chief source. Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus
Persians
Zoroastrian religious ceremony
drawn from the manthric nasks, i.e., the second group of nasks of the Sasanian Avesta. Moreover, the Vishtasp Yasht contains a number of dedications to the
Vishtasp_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious text and ceremony
Zoroastrianism. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 519–528. Anklesaria, Tehmuras Dinshaw (1888). Avesta, the sacred books of the Parsis: Part I, Yasna ba Nirang. Bombay: Fort Printing
Yasna_i_Rapithwin
Historical Zoroastrian consanguinious marriage
Naqsh-e Rostam. The nineteenth-century qaêtvadatha style (with q instead of Avesta x) and similar writings reappear in modern literature. The first part of
Xwedodah
Male given name
Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- ("good") + *ḱléwos ("fame"). The name has been attested in Avesta as Haosravangha (Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀 Haosrauuaŋha) and Haosravah
Khosrow_(name)
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