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Varieties of the Basque language
However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in
Basque_dialects
Language of the Basque people
other dialects and are spoken at two extreme points of the Basque linguistic region. All the same, for most Basque speakers, speaking different dialects does
Basque_language
Proposed language family including Basque and Aquitanian
uncertain. It is debated whether Aquitanian (or one of its dialects) is the direct ancestor of Basque (in which case it would not constitute a language family
Vasconic_languages
Standard variety of Basque, heavily based on Central Basque
Basque-language version throughout the Basque Country. Heavily based on the literary tradition of the central areas (Gipuzkoan and Lapurdian dialects)
Standard_Basque
Reconstructed predecessor of Basque
Common Basque, which is derived by comparing dialects of modern Basque. Common Basque is their reconstructed common ancestor. Proto-Basque is based
Proto-Basque_language
Flag and symbol of Basque nationalism
The flag of the Basque Country (Basque: ikurrin, with the definite article, ikurrina, pronounced /ˌi'kuri'ɲa/ in Southern Basque dialects, or /ˌi'kuri'na/
Flag_of_the_Basque_Country
Occitano-Romance variety spoken in France and Spain
altogether; according to the substrate theory, this is due to the Basque dialects' lack of an equivalent /f/ phoneme, causing Gascon hèsta [ˈhɛsto] or
Gascon_dialect
Dialect of Basque
Alavese (Basque: Arabako euskara, Spanish: vasco alavés) is an extinct dialect of the Basque language spoken formerly in Álava, one of the provinces of
Alavese_dialect
Region in southwestern France
The French Basque Country (French: Pays basque français; Occitan: País Basc francés; Basque: Frantses Euskal Herria), or Northern Basque Country (French:
French_Basque_Country
Dialect of Basque
of two dialects in older classifications, Lower Navarrese and Labourdin. It differs somewhat from Upper Navarrese spoken in the Peninsular Basque Country
Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect
Dialect of Basque
one of the four dialects known as the literary dialects of Basque (Biscayan, Lapurdian, Souletin and Gipuzkoan). It was used in Basque literature from
Gipuzkoan_dialect
Latin-based alphabet
main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. It doesn't even represent syllable breaks in the other dialects, although it can stop the aforementioned
Basque_alphabet
Dialect of Basque
provinces of the Basque Country of Spain. It is named as Western in the Basque dialects' classification drawn up by linguist Koldo Zuazo, since it is not only
Biscayan_dialect
Dialect of Basque spoken in France
(Basque: Zuberera) is the Basque dialect spoken in Soule, France. Souletin is marked by influences from Occitan (in particular the Béarnese dialect),
Souletin_dialect
Dialect of Basque
the list of living dialects. "Dialects – Mediateka". Retrieved 2025-12-12. "Ekialdeko nafarra (Euskalkia)". Ahotsak.com (in Basque). Archived from the
Eastern_Navarrese_dialect
Local cuisine of the Basque region
Basque cuisine refers to the cuisine of the Basque Country and includes meats and fish grilled over hot coals, marmitako and lamb stews, cod, Tolosa bean
Basque_cuisine
Dialect of Basque
fierce suppression of Basque culture. Upper Navarrese and Eastern Navarrese are no closer to each other than they are to Gipuzkoan. Basque dialects v t e
Upper_Navarrese_dialect
Ethnic group native to the Basque Country
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. Basques are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture, shared genetic
Basques
Cultural and historic land of the Basque people
The Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria; Spanish: País Vasco; French: Pays basque) is the home of the Basque people. The Basque Country is located in
Basque Country (greater region)
Basque_Country_(greater_region)
The Basques are an indigenous ethno-linguistic group primarily inhabiting the Basque Country, a region that spans northeastern Spain and southwestern France
History_of_the_Basques
Extinct Basque dialect
Roncalese (in Basque: erronkariera, in Roncalese dialect: Erronkariko uskara) is an extinct Basque dialect once spoken in the Roncal Valley in Navarre
Roncalese_dialect
Autonomous community and province of Spain
during the first years of the twenty-first century. Apart from dialects, sub-dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in
Navarre
Basque linguist
sociolinguistics. Since 1998, Zuazo's work on the Basque dialects has drawn a new classification and a new map of these dialects—this has been a revolution in a field
Koldo_Zuazo
des basques and also Histoire générale de la nation basque, where he compares the Basque dialects from France with those of Guipúzcoa and Álava. The first
Jean_Philippe_de_Bela
Language of the ancient Aquitani people
comparison with the Basque words andere, ume, and zahar. Hualde suggests that Basque may have evolved from one of the Aquitanian dialects, though it remains
Aquitanian_language
literary dialects, Lapurdian was by far the most commonly used dialect of the 17th century. Some referential figures of 20th century Basque literature
Basque_literature
Sloe-flavoured liqueur
Upper Navarrese form of basaran, from Basque basa 'wild' and aran 'sloe'. It also occurs in the various Basque dialects as baxaran, basarhan, baixaran and
Patxaran
Eighth letter of the Latin alphabet
orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, a
H
Basque and Spanish writer and linguist
2008) was a Basque and Spanish writer and linguist, collector of Basque dialects, Jesuit theologian. He made a significant contribution to Basque philology
Gotzon_Garate_Goihartzun
Important set of words in the Basque language
irregularities in its finite conjugation. In western and central dialects and in standard Basque, izan is used as its participle, i.e. the same participle as
Basque_verbs
European languages prior to the Bronze Age
ancestor, of modern Basque. Proto-Basque – the ancestral form of Basque reconstructed from the attested Basque dialects. Basque (Euskara) – the only
Paleo-European_languages
Romance language spoken in northeast Iberia
remnants being the dialects of the Aragonese language still spoken in northern Aragon. Navarro-Aragonese has 6 different dialects: Community of Villages
Navarro-Aragonese
Critically endangered Basque dialect
the Basque dialect of the Salazar Valley of Navarre, Spain. In English it is also known as Zaraitzu Basque, the Zaraitzu dialect or Salazar dialect; in
Salazarese_dialect
Language that uses pitch changes for accent
Turkish, Japanese, Limburgish, Norwegian, Swedish, Western Basque, Yaqui, certain dialects of Korean, Shanghainese, and Livonian. Pitch-accent languages
Pitch-accent_language
that he used his native Basque, i.e. Lapurdi Labortano. According to Louis Lucien Bonaparte, the three dialects of the French Basque Country were once united
16th-century Basque literature
16th-century_Basque_literature
Romance language of Western Europe
Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects, and Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan
Occitan_language
Music of the Basque region and people
Basque music refers to the music made in the Basque Country, reflecting traits related to its society/tradition, and devised by people from that territory
Basque_music
Historical change in the Spanish language
across certain dialects, particularly in parts of Andalusia, Extremadura, and Latin America. It is also maintained in transitional dialects such as Cantabro
Evolution of Latin /f/ in Spanish
Evolution_of_Latin_/f/_in_Spanish
Basque separatist group (1960–2018)
for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ('Basque Homeland and Liberty' or 'Basque Country and Freedom' in Basque), was an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization
ETA_(separatist_group)
Grammar of the Basque language
This article provides a sketch of Basque grammar. Basque is the language of the Basque people of the Basque Country or Euskal Herria, which borders the
Basque_grammar
Basque dance is the folk dance by the Basque people of the Basque Country. From one part of the Basque country to another the music, steps and costumes
Basque_dance
the Slavic convention. There are several systems in the different Basque dialects. In Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino), which is mainly based on a medieval version
Names_of_the_days_of_the_week
in Navarre. There are six main Basque dialects and a standard variety, Standard Basque. In the Basque Country, Basque is the official language in the
Official_languages_of_Spain
Surname list
Etxeberria (Basque pronunciation: [etʃeβeri.a], modern Basque spelling) is a Basque language placename and surname from the Basque Country in Spain and
Etxeberria
Language with Basque syntax and Romani vocabulary
Erromintxela (Basque pronunciation: [eromintʃela] ) is the distinctive language of a group of Romani living in the Basque Country, who also go by the
Erromintxela_language
The Basque Country is a cross-border cultural region that has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, festivals, and music. The Basques
Culture_of_the_Basque_Country
localised dialects are of difficult filiation: Fala; Cantabrian and Extremaduran, two Astur-Leonese dialects also regarded as Spanish dialects; Eonavian
Languages_of_Spain
Hypotheses of Basque ethnic origins
The origin of the Basques and the Basque language is a controversial topic that has given rise to numerous hypotheses. Modern Basque, a descendant or close
Origin_of_the_Basques
Basque priest, writer and musician (1864–1951)
Gipuzkoan dialect as the balance of power had by then shifted from the Northern Basque dialects to the South, with the majority of Basque speakers now
Resurrección_María_de_Azkue
Dialect of Gascon
outside the limits of Béarn, not only in a part of Gascony, but also in some Basque territories. The French language exerted an increasing influence on Béarn
Béarnese_dialect
Sports competitions of the Basque people
Basque rural sports, known as Deportes Rurales in Spanish or Herri Kirolak in Basque, is the term used for a number of sports competitions rooted in the
Basque_rural_sports
Group of ancient peoples of south-western Gaul
related to Basque and is generally taken for an early form or close relative of it. Many of the region's divine names show the same Basque affinity, alongside
Aquitani
Pre-Roman people of the northern Iberian Peninsula
ancestral to the historical Basque language in the western area, where he holds that the common ancestor of the later Basque dialects formed by convergence
Vascones
Basque art of improvised poetry
accommodate for dialect forms. For example, h is silent in Western dialects, so it is generally not written in old bertsos from those dialects, and ll ([ʎ])
Bertsolaritza
Official academic language regulatory institution for the Basque language
language, known as "Euskara Batua", or Unified Basque. Basque has been usually divided into 8 different dialects, varying in their level of mutual intelligibility
Euskaltzaindia
Ancient Basque-related peoples of the western Pyrenees
ancestor of the Basque dialects, Proto-Basque, is placed in about the 1st century BC. Common Basque, the stage from which the later dialects split, is dated
Vasco-Aquitanian_peoples
Province of Spain
a dialect of the Basque language spoken in most of the region, shows a considerable vitality and holds a prominent position among other dialects. A 2021
Gipuzkoa
northern half of Navarre. Within this area there are different dialects of Basque. A standard Basque language was developed in the 1960s aiming to minimise problems
National and regional identity in Spain
National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain
German hyperpolyglot and sinologist
Finnish, Tatar, and Ukrainian, and through Spanish he learned the Basque dialects of Gipuzkoan, Biscayan, Lapurdian, and Zuberoan. Besides German, Krebs
Emil_Krebs
Traditional Basque Country dessert
They initially called the desert a "frantxi-pan", which in the local basque dialect quickly evolved into "pantxineta". Since its inception, the desert has
Pantxineta
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
denoting /r/. The southern (Tosk) dialects, the base of Standard Albanian, changed /n/ to /r/, but the northern (Gheg) dialects did not: zëri vs. zâni 'the
Rhotacism
Variant of a language
Portuguese dialects Romanian dialects Russian dialects Slavic microlanguages Slovenian dialects Spanish dialects Sri Lankan Tamil dialects Swedish dialects Yiddish
Dialect
Basque linguist, cultural activist and Spanish Carlist politician
specialized in Basque paremiology and bibliography. He opposed academy-driven unification of Basque dialects and preferred to wait until standard Basque emerges
Julio_de_Urquijo_e_Ibarra
Cider house found in the Basque Country
In some Northern Basque dialects cider is called sagarno or sagarano but that only reflects a different development of the Proto-Basque root *ardano "wine"
Sagardotegi
Letter that is not pronounced
"chon", not "chono" or "chong". In Basque, during the 20th century ⟨h⟩ was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration
Silent_letter
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
French). Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023, INSEE (in Basque) Atlas of Basque dialects Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine published by Koldo
Arcangues
originated in some northern Spanish dialects and then was exported to the Americas. Spanish dialects spoken in the Basque Country, Navarre, La Rioja, and
Spanish dialects and varieties
Spanish_dialects_and_varieties
Spanish linguist
Basque Dialect of Getxo (1992) The Basque Dialect of Lekeitio (1994) Generative Studies in Basque Linguistics (1993) Towards a History of the Basque Language
José_Ignacio_Hualde
This is a list of Spanish words which are considered to be of Basque origin. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. [clarification
List of Spanish words of Basque origin
List_of_Spanish_words_of_Basque_origin
Occitan dialect
Languedocien-Nord-Cévenol Other dialects spoken in these areas include: Gascon, Catalan, Limousin, and Auvergnat, as well as the unrelated Basque language. The following
Languedocian_dialect
German and German dialects: spoken by about 300,000 people. Figure includes both standard German and other dialects of High German. See Alsatian
Languages_of_France
Basque priest (1506–1601)
much on his native Lapurdian dialect and the two other Northern dialects with very little regard to the Southern dialects. However, it must be remembered
Joanes_Leizarraga
Hypothesis about the presence of Basque speakers in north-eastern Iberia
Juan José Cepeda). Expansion of the Basque language in the Early Middle Ages. Homogeneity of the Basque dialects in the Early Middle Ages (pointed out
Late_Basquisation
Pronunciation of a vowel through the nose as well as the mouth
phonemic nasal vowels: Abenaki Acehnese Assamese Balochi Basque (Dialectal, only in the Souletin dialect) Bavarian Belize Kriol Bengali Breton Burmese Cape
Nasal_vowel
Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people
macrolanguage of the Romani people. Most Roma speak one of its dialects.Its largest dialects are Balkan Romani (about 600,000 speakers), Vlax Romani (500
Romani_language
Basque linguist (1915–1987
saw that it would be necessary to build Unified Basque on the most useful of the central Basque dialects. In the same way, he saw where the future could
Koldo_Mitxelena
12th-century French scholar, monk and pilgrim
church' (modern elizara, elizera in some dialects) ereguia 'the king' (modern erregea, erregia in some dialects) gari 'wheat' (modern gari) iaona 'the master'
Aymeric_Picaud
Diacritic that consists of two dots placed over a letter
Aymara, a double dot is used on ⟨ä⟩ ⟨ï⟩ ⟨ü⟩ for vowel length. In the Basque dialect of Soule, ⟨ü⟩ represents [y] In the DMG romanization of Tunisian Arabic
Two_dots_(diacritic)
Variety of Peninsular Spanish
term for the dialects from the Northern half of Spain, including those from Aragón or Navarre, which were never part of Castile. These dialects can be distinguished
Castilian_Spanish
Imps of Basque mythology
of Basque mythology. Other names for them include irelsuzko/irelzuzko, irelu, irelixu/ireltxu, and iretxo. They are generally considered the Basque equivalent
Iratxoak
Mancomunidad in Navarre, Spain
to the Roncal Valley because of a particularity of Roncalese Basque. In other dialects the citation form of nouns has the article -a at the end, and
Roncal_Valley
perhaps best known for his monumental 1926 Dictionnaire Basque-Français of the Northern Basque dialects Labourdin, Lower Navarrese and Souletin. Auñamendi
Pierre_Lhande
Province of Spain
[ˈalaβa] ) or Araba (Basque pronunciation: [aˈɾaba]), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of
Álava
Spanish politician (1880–1951)
Eguilaz entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here Compare the map of Basque dialects, available es:Louis Lucien Bonaparte#/media/Archivo:Bonaparte euskalki
Marcelino_Ulibarri_Eguilaz
"Agur Jaunak" ("Greetings, Sir!"), is a Basque song which is sung at particular ceremonies to welcome someone recently arrived or to say goodbye to a friend
Agur_Jaunak
Galician-Portuguese Galician Eonavian Fala Portuguese Portuguese dialects Spanish (or Castilian) Spanish dialects and varieties Germanic languages Anglic English (Gibraltar)
Languages of the Iberian Peninsula
Languages_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula
1932) is a Spanish Basque literary historian and lexicographer. Txakartegi grew up hearing Biscayan and Gipuzkoan dialects of the Basque language, fully
Gorka_Aulestia_Txakartegi
Branch of the Iberian Romance languages
ago, they formed a dialect continuum covering the western, central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula—excepting the Basque and Catalan-speaking
West_Iberian_languages
In Basque literally Basque realm. The term traditionally in use in different Basque spoken dialects, it was first used in writing (in alavese Basque dialect)
Spanish names of the Basque Country
Spanish_names_of_the_Basque_Country
Province in Pays Basque, France
traditional Basque provinces, and identified as one of the territorial component parts of the Basque Country by many, especially by the Basque nationalists
Labourd
Set of varieties of Spanish language
north-south division is: northern dialects (Castilian Spanish (including Madrid Spanish), Leonese Spanish, Cantabrian Spanish, Basque Spanish, Aragonese Spanish
Peninsular_Spanish
Scientific study of linguistic dialect
Ancient Greek διάλεκτος, dialektos 'talk, dialect' and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of dialects and other forms of language variation, especially
Dialectology
Basque region from 5th to 8th centuries
of the Pyrenees, included both Aquitani and Basque-speaking peoples, often using highly regional dialects. It became the Duchy of Vasconia, a political
Vasconia
Region in northwestern Colombia; also the demonym for an inhabitant
consonant, like other Colombian dialects (rather than the fricative or approximant that is characteristic of most other dialects). Thus pardo [ˈpaɾdo], barba
Paisa_people
Change of a community's language over time
dialect, and Hakka dialects, but with a majority of Hong Kong's population being immigrants by the 1940s and 50s, these dialects rapidly vanished. Most
Language_shift
Former region in France
/ˌækwɪˈteɪn/, US: /ˈækwɪteɪn/; French: [akitɛn] ; Occitan: Aquitània [akiˈtanjɔ]; Basque: Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Occitan:
Aquitaine
Delateralization feature of Spanish dialects
pronunciation: [ɟʝeˈismo]; literally "Y-ism") is a distinctive feature of many dialects of the Spanish language, characterized by the loss of the traditional palatal
Yeísmo
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
with dialects) to nearly twenty—until the classification of Ryukyuan as separate languages within a Japonic language family rather than dialects of Japanese
Language_family
Process of word formation, by alteration to express grammatical categories
juxtaposed. Examples of tone change from Taishanese and Zhongshan dialect (both Yue dialects spoken in Guangdong Province) are shown below (The superscripted
Inflection
[f]. Others negate or downplay Basque phonological influence, claiming that these changes occurred in the affected dialects wholly as a result of factors
History of the Spanish language
History_of_the_Spanish_language
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BASQUE DIALECTS
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BASQUE DIALECTS
BASQUE DIALECTS
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BASQUE DIALECTS
BASQUE DIALECTS
BASQUE DIALECTS
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