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Common communications channel model
A binary symmetric channel (or BSCp) is a common communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter
Binary_symmetric_channel
Model of noisy digital information transfer and storage
In coding theory and information theory, a binary erasure channel (BEC) is a communications channel model. A transmitter sends a bit (a zero or a one)
Binary_erasure_channel
Algorithms to decode messages
over a noisy channel, such as a binary symmetric channel. C ⊂ F 2 n {\displaystyle C\subset \mathbb {F} _{2}^{n}} is considered a binary code with the
Decoding_methods
Limited memory technique for decoding free codes
metric is optimal given no other constraints (e.g. memory). For a binary symmetric channel (with error probability p {\displaystyle p} ) the Fano metric can
Sequential_decoding
Physical or logical connection used for transmission of information
channel performance measures such as bit rate, bit errors, delay, delay variation, etc. Examples of digital channel models include: Binary symmetric channel
Communication_channel
Communication channel with unknown parameters that can change over time
\textstyle i} . This channel was developed as an alternative to Shannon's Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC), where the entire nature of the channel is known, to
Arbitrarily_varying_channel
Topics referred to by the same term
state agency responsible for building codes Binary symmetric channel, a data transmission error model Binary Synchronous Communications, a computer networking
BSC
Error correction algorithm
information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel) Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima simplification. A modified
BCJR_algorithm
Non-linear digital filtering technique to remove noise
"Neural network recognition system for video transmitted through a binary symmetric channel". Computer Optics. 48 (4): 582–591. Bibcode:2024CoOpt..48..582B
Median_filter
Scientific study of digital information
channel capacity. A continuous-time analog communications channel subject to Gaussian noise—see Shannon–Hartley theorem. A binary symmetric channel (BSC)
Information_theory
Number of incorrect bits transmitted
the Bernoulli source. Examples of simple channel models used in information theory are: Binary symmetric channel (used in analysis of decoding error probability
Bit_error_rate
capacity 1 − H ( p ) {\displaystyle 1{-}{\mathsf {H}}(p)} of the binary symmetric channel with crossover probability p. For any p > 0 {\displaystyle p>0}
Z-channel (information theory)
Z-channel_(information_theory)
Class of error-correcting code
is transmitted across a "noisy channel" with some small probability of transmission error (a binary symmetric channel). If some other basis is used then
Linear_code
Soviet and Russian mathematician
g)$-Codes". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 8 (2): 107–109. VD Goppa (1974). "Binary Symmetric Channel Capacity Is Attained with Irreducible Codes". Probl. Peredachi
Valery_Goppa
Linear error-correcting code
communications channel. Specifically, a binary symmetric channel meaning that error corruption does not favor either zero or one (it is symmetric in causing
Hamming(7,4)
Linear error correcting code
codes, the maximum likelihood decoding of an LDPC code on the binary symmetric channel is an NP-complete problem, shown by reduction from 3-dimensional
Low-density_parity-check_code
Type of error correcting code
most reliable channels. It is the first code with an explicit construction to provably achieve the channel capacity for symmetric binary-input, discrete
Polar_code_(coding_theory)
Software Distribution – BETA – Big O notation – Binary symmetric channel – Binary Synchronous Transmission – Binary numeral system – Bit – BLISS – Blu-ray –
Index_of_computing_articles
Problem in information theory and communication
sources in DSC has been modeled as a virtual channel which is usually referred as a binary symmetric channel. Starting from DISCUS, DSC has attracted significant
Distributed_source_coding
Alternative to unique decoding in coding theory
proof is similar to that of Shannon's proof for capacity of the binary symmetric channel B S C p {\displaystyle BSC_{p}} where a random code is picked and
List_decoding
Indian computer scientist
Gaussian and binary-symmetric channels with an efficient encoder and decoder, thereby providing a new way to combat time-varying wireless channels. Balakrishnan's
Hari_Balakrishnan
Type of data encoding
data as described above. Symmetric differential quadrature phase shift keying (SDQPSK) is like DQPSK, but encoding is symmetric, using phase shift values
Phase-shift_keying
Application protocol that supports Reactive Streams
overhead. RSocket is a binary protocol for use on byte stream transports such as TCP and WebSocket. It enables the following symmetric interaction models
RSocket
Descriptor of computer vision
ICCV 2009 C. Silva, T. Bouwmans, C. Frelicot, "An eXtended Center-Symmetric Local Binary Pattern for Background Modeling and Subtraction in Videos", VISAPP
Local_binary_patterns
Type of data transmission method
character-strings and images), a delta can be defined in 2 ways, symmetric delta and directed delta. A symmetric delta between two sets includes enough information
Delta_encoding
Key agreement protocol
derived key, can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric-key cipher. It is a variant of the Diffie–Hellman protocol using elliptic-curve
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
Two raised to an integer power
different possible keys in the obsolete 56 bit DES symmetric cipher. 260 = 1152921504606846976 The binary approximation of the exa-, or 1000000000000000000
Power_of_two
Cryptography attack
(report). INRIA. p. 19. Black, John; Urtubia, Hector (2002). Side-Channel Attacks on Symmetric Encryption Schemes: The Case for Authenticated Encryption. USENET
Padding_oracle_attack
2012 64-bit mainframe microprocessor by IBM
host channel adapters and peripherals. Even though each chip has 48 MB L3 cache shared by the 6 cores and other on-die facilities for symmetric multiprocessing
IBM_zEC12
Protocol
channels (groups) are protected by using symmetric channel keys. It is optionally possible to digitally sign all channel messages. It is also possible to protect
SILC_(protocol)
Ordering of binary values, used for positioning and error correction
The reflected binary code (RBC), also known as reflected binary (RB) or Gray code after Frank Gray, is an ordering of the binary numeral system such that
Gray_code
Open source amateur radio mode
text messaging, APRS, AX.25, 6LoWPAN, Winlink, and raw binary data transfer. Slow-speed side channel for short and repeated data transfers, e.g. GNSS position
M17_(amateur_radio)
Number of bits that differ between two strings
applied in case of the q-ary symmetric channel, while the Lee distance is used for phase-shift keying or more generally channels susceptible to synchronization
Hamming_distance
Block cipher
In cryptography, DFC (Decorrelated Fast Cipher) is a symmetric block cipher which was created in 1998 by a group of researchers from École Normale Supérieure
DFC_(cipher)
Steganography method
a group of five of the letters 'A' or 'B'. This replacement is a 5-bit binary encoding and is done according to the alphabet of the Baconian cipher (from
Bacon's_cipher
Approach to public-key cryptography
they can be used for encryption by combining the key agreement with a symmetric encryption scheme. They are also used in several integer factorization
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Type of data structure
list and a hash chain. Demonstrating that a leaf node is a part of a given binary hash tree requires computing a number of hashes proportional to the logarithm
Merkle_tree
Hybrid encryption in cryptography
associated public value g y {\displaystyle g^{y}} . Alice then computes a symmetric key k {\displaystyle k} using this information and a key derivation function
Integrated_Encryption_Scheme
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
up attacks against symmetric ciphers, doubling the key size can effectively counteract these attacks. Thus post-quantum symmetric cryptography does not
Post-quantum_cryptography
Family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines
line 2/4 (HDSL2, HDSL4), ANSI, 1,544 kbit/s symmetric over one pair (HDSL2) or two pairs (HDSL4) Symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL), specific proprietary
Digital_subscriber_line
Type of symmetric key cipher
A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher
Stream_cipher
(but just as strong) symmetric key. The slower asymmetric algorithm securely sends a symmetric session key, and the faster symmetric algorithm takes over
History_of_cryptography
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
integrity checks. There are two main types of cryptosystems: symmetric and asymmetric. In symmetric systems, the only ones known until the 1970s, the same secret
Cryptography
Error-correcting codes used in wireless communication
Erdal (2009). "Channel Polarization: A Method for Constructing Capacity-Achieving Codes for Symmetric Binary-Input Memoryless Channels - IEEE Journals
Reed–Muller_code
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
computing bits of pi in sequence, starting from some unknown point in the binary expansion, it may well satisfy the next-bit test and thus be statistically
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Alternative SSH server and client
vulnerabilities in SSH version 1. SCP is also implemented. SFTP support relies on a binary file which can be provided by OpenSSH or similar programs.[citation needed]
Dropbear_(software)
Encryption protocol
CipherSaber is a simple symmetric encryption protocol based on the RC4 stream cipher. Its goals are both technical and political: it gives reasonably
CipherSaber
Analog multiplexing technique used in early telephone systems
conversation a separate frequency band, it sampled the 24 channels in sequence and combined their binary digital values into a single digital bit stream. Line
Carrier_telephony
Standard for serial communication
in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional flow control. A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions
RS-232
Class of functions in cryptography
if its outputs are permutations on a set of items (described by length-n binary strings) that cannot be predicted with accuracy significantly better than
Pseudorandom_permutation
Method of encryption
would be to replace each letter with its binary representation, transpose that, and then convert the new binary string into the corresponding ASCII characters
Transposition_cipher
Cryptographic technique
developed it in 1994. They demonstrated a visual secret sharing scheme, where a binary image was broken up into n shares so that only someone with all n shares
Visual_cryptography
Method for dividing a secret among multiple parties
sharing. Data is first encrypted with a randomly generated key, using a symmetric encryption algorithm. Next this data is split into N pieces using Rabin's
Secret_sharing
Process calculus
name a {\displaystyle a} . A binary relation R {\displaystyle R} over processes is a barbed bisimulation if it is a symmetric relation which satisfies that
Π-calculus
Discontinued source-available disk encryption utility
states that he has confirmed the integrity of the distributed Windows binaries of version 7.1a. A crowdfunding campaign attempting to conduct an independent
TrueCrypt
Hiding messages in other messages
governments to help track counterfeiters. The larger the cover message (in binary data, the number of bits) relative to the hidden message, the easier it
Steganography
Form of artificial neural network
{\displaystyle w_{ij}=w_{ji},\forall i,j} (connections are symmetric) The constraint that weights are symmetric guarantees that the energy function decreases monotonically
Hopfield_network
IEEE standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks
them preserve the DSSS approach: in the 868/915 MHz bands, using either binary or, optionally, offset quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK); in the 2450 MHz
IEEE_802.15.4
Computer security exploit technique
Roberto (2016). The QARMA Block Cipher Family (PDF). IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology (ToSC). Vol. 17 (published 2017-03-08). pp. 4–44. doi:10.13154/tosc
Return-oriented_programming
information entropy is the bit, or more correctly the shannon, based on the binary logarithm. Although bit is more frequently used in place of shannon, its
Quantities_of_information
Oscilloscope display of a digital data signal
overall shape should be symmetric about the horizontal axis and the spacing of all levels should be uniform. Many properties of a channel can be seen in the
Eye_pattern
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
local or future types. The PKCS#10 standard defines syntax, semantics, and binary format for CSRs for use with X.509. It is encoded in ASN.1 with DER format
Certificate_signing_request
Computer operating system
computers. It is a community-driven continuation of BeOS and aims to be binary-compatible with it, but is largely a reimplementation with the exception
Haiku_(operating_system)
American cryptographer (born 1947)
which they won the 2002 ACM Turing Award. He is also the inventor of the symmetric key encryption algorithms RC2, RC4, and RC5, and co-inventor of RC6. He
Ron_Rivest
Block cipher
cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute-force
DES-X
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
(DES), which was published in 1977. The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
2010 64-bit mainframe microprocessor by IBM
functionality. Even though the z196 processor has on-die facilities for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), there are 2 dedicated companion chips called the
IBM_z196
True when either but not both inputs are true
also including C++, C#, D, Java, Perl, Ruby, PHP, Python and Rust. The symmetric difference of two sets S {\displaystyle S} and T {\displaystyle T} , which
Exclusive_or
File format family developed by CRI Middleware
confused with the Audio format with the same extension and mostly contains the binary data for the HCA files. CRI ADX is a lossy audio format, but unlike other
ADX_(file_format)
two phases. In the first phase, the leaves are collected into complete binary trees, starting from left, and making each tree as large as possible. In
Hash_calendar
Simple encryption method
it is intended for use with arbitrary binary data. The function operates by combining each byte with the binary pattern 00101010 (decimal 42) using the
ROT13
Hypothetical examples of a planet and a moon supporting extraterrestrial life
dwarf star and a large moon (dubbed "Blue Moon") orbiting a gas giant in a binary star system. The scientific team of the series used a combination of accretion
Extraterrestrial_(TV_program)
Statistical distance measure
divergence, with some notable (and useful) differences, including that it is symmetric and it always has a finite value. The square root of the Jensen–Shannon
Jensen–Shannon_divergence
X-ray binary in Cygnus containing a stellar black hole
X-ray bursts lasting only for about 1 ms. Cygnus X-1 is a high-mass X-ray binary system located about 7,000 light-years away, that includes a blue supergiant
Cygnus_X-1
Asymmetric encryption algorithm developed by Robert McEliece
able to correct t {\displaystyle t} errors. The original algorithm uses binary Goppa codes (subfield codes of algebraic geometry codes of a genus-0 curve
McEliece_cryptosystem
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
of operation. Some block cipher modes (CBC and PCBC essentially) for symmetric-key encryption algorithms require plain text input that is a multiple
Padding_(cryptography)
Stream cipher
communications standards TDMA and CDMA. ORYX is a simple stream cipher based on binary linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) to protect cellular data transmissions
ORYX
Form of pseudorandom number generator
Gunther, Christoph-Georg (1989-03-28). "US4817145A - Generator for generating binary ciphering sequences". Google Patents. Khazaei, Shahram; Fischer, Simon;
Alternating_step_generator
Message-digest hashing algorithm
example, the 20th byte (offset 0x13) in the top sample, 0x87, is 10000111 in binary. The leading bit in the byte (also the leading bit in the first nibble)
MD5
Stream cipher
without the feedback from the nonlinearly updated component, consists of binary linear recurring sequences with small linear complexity 32 and with extremely
MUGI
(non-empty) binary tree is a tuple (L, S, R), where L and R are binary trees or the empty set and S is a singleton set. Some authors allow the binary tree to
Glossary_of_computer_science
US encryption machine, in use from 1943 until the 1960s
only five live contacts would be used. These five outputs would form five binary impulses, which would form the keystream for the cipher, to be combined
SIGCUM
1999 Microsoft operating system version
the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is
Windows_2000
Type of public-key encryption
sending all but the shortest messages, such as a session key for use with a symmetric cipher. A third approach to IBE is through the use of lattices. The following
Identity-based_encryption
Digital signature scheme
{\displaystyle 2^{n}} hash values as leaves and recursively hashing to form a binary tree. Let a i , j {\displaystyle a_{i,j}} denote the node in the tree with
Merkle_signature_scheme
Pioneering five-bit character encodings
further that the "control" characters were chosen so that they were either symmetric or in useful pairs so that inserting a tape "upside down" did not result
Baudot_code
Type of cipher
Block Cipher Companion. Springer. ISBN 9783642173417. A list of many symmetric algorithms, the majority of which are block ciphers. The block cipher
Block_cipher
Branch of cryptography
0, the output of the hidden neuron is mapped to −1 in order to ensure a binary output value. The output of neural network is then computed as the multiplication
Neural_cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
length of a message block in bit. N {\displaystyle N} is chosen to have a binary representation a few bits longer than L {\displaystyle L} , typically L
MASH-1
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
16 March 2023. Weinglass, Simona (28 March 2018). "European Union bans binary options, strictly regulates CFDs". The Times of Israel. Archived from the
Cryptocurrency
Family of block ciphers
matrices, and there is a single 8×8-bit S-box. The key schedule uses the binary expansions of the square roots of some small integers as a source of "nothing
Hierocrypt
was broken but the system is secure when used with a Binary Goppa code. Alice selects a binary (n, k)-linear Goppa code, G, capable of correcting t errors
Niederreiter_cryptosystem
Message authentication code algorithm
non-leading coefficients of the lexicographically first irreducible degree-b binary polynomial with the minimal number of ones: 0x1B for 64-bit, 0x87 for 128-bit
One-key_MAC
Cryptographic hash primitive
function". RadioGatún uses a "belt" and "mill" to cryptographically process binary data, with the majority of mangling operations performed on the "mill" part
RadioGatún
Attack applicable to block and stream ciphers
ciphers used in the FireWire standard). These attacks used the properties of binary addition and bit rotation modulo a Fermat prime. For RC5P, analysis was
Mod_n_cryptanalysis
Real-time operating system (RTOS) software
began work on a new version of QNX, designed from the ground up to be symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) capable, and to support all current POSIX application
QNX
Cryptographic hash function
finding low degree solutions to the summation polynomial equations over binary field, called the Summation Polynomial Problem. An efficient algorithm to
Elliptic_curve_only_hash
Cryptographic hash function
{\displaystyle \textstyle \ell =\sum _{i=1}^{k}l_{i}2^{i-1}} with ℓi ∈ {0,1} be the binary representation of the message length ℓ and define mLk+i = ℓi for 1 ≤ i ≤
Very_smooth_hash
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
distributed in binary form for other operating systems, usually with no significant loss of performance. Initial support for a Haiku binary compat layer
NetBSD
Alteration of the original shape of a signal
subject to electrical noise, then it is symmetrically "undistorted" after passing through a noisy communication channel, reducing the noise in the received
Distortion
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BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
BINARY SYMMETRIC-CHANNEL
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