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Binocular neurons are neurons in the visual system that assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity. They have been found in the primary
Binocular_neurons
Type of vision
through binocular interaction. In medical science, binocular vision refers to binocular vision disorders and tests and exercises to improve binocular vision
Binocular_vision
Visual sensation of spatial awareness
largest component of stereopsis is stereopsis from binocular disparity, which is enabled through binocular vision. This sensation is much stronger than the
Stereopsis
Phenomenon of visual perception
the early research in interocular transfer introduces the role of binocular neurons in the process of interocular transfer, the role of adaptation in
Interocular_transfer
Visual ability to perceive the world in 3D
motor neurons controlling/executing let us say right hand movement, neurons receiving sensory e.g. tactile information about the right hand, and neurons obtaining
Depth_perception
interaction of neighbouring binocular neurons by creating a neuromodel, in order to subsequently test this prediction in research on neurons in the visual cortex
Double-nail_illusion
Delimited medium where some stimuli can evoke neuronal responses
of space to which a particular cell will respond. In the case of binocular neurons in the visual cortex, receptive fields do not extend to optical infinity
Receptive_field
Eye condition
a binocular disparity between the two retinal images remains. If this disparity is small enough, sensory and neural mechanisms in binocular neurons still
Fixation_disparity
Phenomenon of visual perception
occurred in all the LGN and V1 neurons that were recorded, but dichoptic masking only occurred in some of the binocular neurons in V1, which supports the hypothesis
Visual_masking
Nervous system stimuli filtration process
selective neurons observed in the optic tectum include binocular neurons, approach-sensitive neurons, and visual widefield arousal neurons with cutaneous
Feature detection (nervous system)
Feature_detection_(nervous_system)
Hypothetical neuron that responds to a single concept
conscious, often had a particular neuron fire, suggesting that the brain has Aniston-specific neurons. Visual neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of
Grandmother_cell
Argentine–American neuroscientist (born 1971)
by neurons in the human brain. Using neurophysiological recordings from epilepsy patients, Kreiman and colleagues reported that individual neurons in
Gabriel_Kreiman
Organ central to the nervous system
approximately 14–16 billion neurons, and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion. Each neuron is connected by synapses to several
Brain
Neuronal events sufficient for a specific conscious percept
back? Neurons that fire in a rhythmic manner? Neurons that fire in a synchronous manner? The growing ability of neuroscientists to manipulate neurons using
Neural correlates of consciousness
Neural_correlates_of_consciousness
Human visual perception phenomenon
results in no effect in the other eye. However, there is some evidence of binocular interactions. Any aftereffect requires a period of induction (or adaptation)
McCollough_effect
Region of the brain that processes visual information
V1 neuron propagates a signal from a retinal cell, in continuation. Furthermore, individual V1 neurons in humans and other animals with binocular vision
Visual_cortex
Technique in visual and cognitive research
Binocular switch suppression (BSS) is a technique to suppress usually salient images from an individual's awareness, a type of experimental manipulation
Binocular_Switch_Suppression
the trigger threshold for prey capture. T5.2 neurons, whose receptive fields are located in the binocular visual field, can take on either response type
Vision_in_toads
Branch of neuroscience
on the interactions between neurons, suggesting computational approaches to the study of how functional groups of neurons within the hippocampus and neocortex
Computational_neuroscience
Part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
field that is covered by both eyes is fused so that the processing of binocular depth perception by stereopsis is enabled . In the case of such partial
Optic_chiasm
Ocular dominance columns are stripes of neurons in the visual cortex of certain mammals (including humans) that respond preferentially to input from one
Ocular_dominance_column
Phenomenon of visual perception
conflict is sustained without any abrupt events, binocular rivalry occurs. In both flash suppression and binocular rivalry, perceptual conflict between the two
Flash_suppression
Ability of the brain to continuously change
McCulloch and Pitts proposed the artificial neuron, with a learning rule, whereby new synapses are produced when neurons fire simultaneously. This is then extensively
Neuroplasticity
Canadian neurophysiologist (1926–2013)
that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. Some of these neurons responded
David_H._Hubel
Electrical signal inhibiting a neuron from firing
stimulated, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were induced in binocular tegmental neurons, which affects the visual system of the toad. Inhibitory postsynaptic
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential
Theoretical model of sensory neuroscience
independence of the responses from the V1 neurons by randomly selecting pairs of neurons. They found that indeed, the neurons were more greatly decoupled upon
Efficient_coding_hypothesis
Inferring the speed and direction of objects
The neurons that were identified to prefer ventral motion were also found to have dendritic projections in the ventral direction. Also, the neurons that
Motion_perception
Fixational eye movement
neuron's receptive field, thereby producing transient neural responses. Microsaccades might account for much of the response variability of neurons in
Microsaccade
Neuron group in the brainstem
due to damage to both the lower motor neurons that innervate the ipsilateral lateral rectus and internuclear neurons that projecting through the contra lateral
Abducens_nucleus
Color that cannot be perceived under ordinary viewing conditions
cortical color opponency", in which populations of neurons compete to fire and in which the "losing" neurons go completely silent. In this model, eliminating
Impossible_color
Swedish neuroscientist
that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. They called these neurons "simple
Torsten_Wiesel
patterns (such as gratings), and the depth of invisible processing during binocular suppression. He, S., Cavanagh, P., and Intriligator, J. (1996) Attentional
Sheng_He
Neuroscience model of learning
how cortical neurons can undergo both LTP or LTD depending on different conditioning stimulus protocols applied to pre-synaptic neurons (usually high-frequency
BCM_theory
Indian-American neuroscientist (born 1951)
University of Parma. According to Rizzolati, "Mirror neurons are a specific type of visuomotor neuron that discharge both when a monkey executes a motor
V._S._Ramachandran
suppression compared to previous methods, such as flash suppression and binocular rivalry. CFS has the highest magnitude of suppression and allows researchers
Continuous_flash_suppression
Type of cell within the eye
"Embryonic neurons of the developing optic chiasm express L1 and CD44, cell surface molecules with opposing effects on retinal axon growth". Neuron. 12 (5):
Retinal_ganglion_cell
Australian neurophysiologist (2017–2012)
mammals to analyse how visual information about position, movement and binocular disparity is represented in the brain. He was elected a Fellow of the
Peter_Orlebar_Bishop
Maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism
hyperplasticity makes the neurons more useful in memory formation. If these young neurons had more plasticity than adult neurons in the same context, they
Critical_period
Model of how neurons in the brain or artificial neural networks learn over time
scientist Erkki Oja (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈojɑ], AW-yuh), is a model of how neurons in the brain or in artificial neural networks change connection strength
Oja's_rule
Body parts responsible for vision
layer neurons of the LGN relay to V1 layer 4C β. The M layer neurons relay to V1 layer 4C α. The K layer neurons in the LGN relay to large neurons called
Visual_system
Structure in the midbrain which mediates responses to ambient light
this information is sensed and relayed by neurons with large receptive fields, whereas parafoveal neurons with small receptive fields do so in the dark
Pretectal_area
Indian neuroscientist
that control of norepinephrine release by locus coeruleus neurons via local GABAergic neurons strongly influences arousal, and phasic norepinephrine activity
Mriganka_Sur
Sense that detects smells
receptor neurons typically reside in the antenna. These neurons can be very abundant, for example Drosophila flies have 2,600 olfactory sensory neurons. Insects
Sense_of_smell
activities of neurons in the "surround" of the "classical receptive field are similarly determined by connectivities and processes involving neurons beyond it
Surround_suppression
Greek neuroscientist
consciousness". www.mpg.de. Retrieved 2026-06-28. "Single neuron consciousness in the binocular brain". Medical Xpress. Blake, Randolph; Logothetis, Nikos
Nikos_Logothetis
How humans perceive color
binocular fashion. This means that color judgements, as they relate to spatial comparisons, must be completed at or prior to the V1 monocular neurons
Color_constancy
Aspect of consciousness research
brain originates from quantum processes inside neurons, rather than from connections between neurons (the conventional view). The mechanism is held to
Models_of_consciousness
Study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system
tectum by T5.2 neurons and et preferably in the pretectal thalamus by TH3 neurons. In focus was the discovery of prey-selective neurons of the Type T5
Neuroethology
Eye movement
are specialized oculomotor burst neurons in the brainstem that wire into the ocular motor neuron. The burst neurons implement bang-bang control: they
Saccade
Clarity of vision
which is often attained by well-corrected healthy young subjects with binocular vision. Stating acuity as a decimal number is the standard in European
Visual_acuity
Structure in the midbrain
layers. Neurons in the superficial layers receive direct input from the retina and respond almost exclusively to visual stimuli. Many neurons in the deeper
Superior_colliculus
Geometric description of eye positioning and movement
targets. Listing's law (often abbreviated L1) has been generalized to the binocular extension of Listing's law (often abbreviated L2) which also covers vergence
Listing's_law
Maintaining one's gaze on a single location
procedure called fixational eye movement, which continuously stimulates neurons in the early visual areas of the brain responding to transient stimuli
Fixation_(visual)
Architectural motif in neural networks for aggregating information
century, neuroanatomists noticed a certain motif where multiple neurons synapse to the same neuron. This was given a functional explanation as "local pooling"
Pooling_layer
Optical illusion
Its advocates theorize that neurons strongly stimulated by the background of B suppress the less strongly stimulated neurons of the interior rectangle.
Chubb_illusion
Yugoslav-born American neuroscientist (born 1933)
published in the journal Neuron in 2013. Rakic also provided direct cellular evidence for the competitive interactions among binocular visual connections before
Pasko_Rakic
Neurological ramifications of and for the Binding Problem in the study of consciousness
assemblies of neurons. A decade later Francis Crick & Christof Koch developed the model further by explaining the synchronization of distant neurons by transient
Neural_binding
Electrical properties of biological cells
of the activity of single neurons in anesthetized and conscious animals are made in this way. Recordings of single neurons in living animals have provided
Electrophysiology
Eye reflex which alters the pupil's size in response to light intensity
pretectal nuclei, axons synapse on (connect to) neurons in the Edinger–Westphal nucleus. Those neurons are the preganglionic cells with axons that run
Pupillary_light_reflex
during binocular rivalry. Nat Neurosci, 2005. 8(1): p. 22-3. Lee, S.H., R. Blake, and D.J. Heeger, Hierarchy of cortical responses underlying binocular rivalry
David_Heeger
Brain cell
pp. 574-591 (148) 1959 D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat's Visual Cortex J.
Simple_cell
Phase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements
"REM-on" and "REM-off" neurons in the brain stem. REM-on neurons are primarily cholinergic (i.e., involve acetylcholine); REM-off neurons activate serotonin
Rapid_eye_movement_sleep
Neural oscillation in the 25–140Hz range
have also been shown to correlate with the firing of single neurons, mostly inhibitory neurons, during all states of the wake-sleep cycle. Gamma wave activity
Gamma_wave
Structure in the brain
cortically-projecting excitatory claustrum neurons were found to form synapses across the anteroposterior axis and were biased toward neurons that do not share projection
Claustrum
Nucleus located in the midbrain of some animals
believed to be a characteristic found exclusively in animals capable of binocular vision. Moreover, it might be an exclusive characteristic of humans, as
Perlia's_nucleus
Component of the visual system in the brain's thalamus
the right side of the thalamus. In humans, both LGNs have six layers of neurons (grey matter) alternating with optic fibers (white matter). The LGN receives
Lateral_geniculate_nucleus
it describes how neurons connect to and control muscles, glands, or other neurons. Input resistance A measure of how much a neuron's membrane resists
Glossary_of_neuroscience
Excessive constriction of the pupil
nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger–Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run
Miosis
Senses for birds
that maximise visual acuity. The placement of their eyes gives them good binocular vision enabling accurate judgement of distances. Nocturnal species have
Bird_vision
Optical Illusion
population neurons to the test stimuli are changed by context. Electrophysiological results indicate contextual stimuli could suppress or enhance neuron firing
Visual_tilt_effects
Electrical potential evoked in the nervous system
Monocular pattern reversal (most common) Sweep visual evoked potential Binocular visual evoked potential Chromatic visual evoked potential Hemi-field visual
Evoked_potential
Computer-simulated experience
estimated as roughly 30 deg to either side horizontally and 20 vertically. Binocular vision is limited to the 120 or 140 degrees where the right and the left
Virtual_reality
Type of neuron of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Magnocellular cells, also called M-cells, are neurons located within the magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The cells
Magnocellular_cell
Regions of neurons in the brain
Orientation columns are organized regions of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles. These columns are located in the primary
Orientation_column
Area of one's field of vision outside of the point of fixation
reading Fovea Perimetry Visual field Visual perception Tunnel vision Binocular vision Macular degeneration Glaucoma Strasburger, Hans; Rentschler, Ingo;
Peripheral_vision
S2CID 11334340. Ashwin, Peter; Lavric, Aureliu (2010). "A low-dimensional model of binocular rivalry using winnerless competition". Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena
Heteroclinic_network
Reflexive movement of eyes in the direction of motion to reduce motion blur
cortex. The activity of neurons in the AOS nuclei are well-correlated with the velocity of the OKR slow phase. The projection neurons of the NOT, LTN, and
Optokinetic_response
British mathematician (1933–2025)
foundational model describing the dynamics of interacting populations of neurons. Jack David Cowan was born in Leeds, England, in 1933. His grandparents
Jack_D._Cowan
Anatomical structure of mammals
the two eyes overlap, providing them with binocular vision. Although most animals have some degree of binocular vision the amount of overlap largely depends
Mammalian_eye
Cognitive neuroscientist
Vaughan, J. T., & Kanwisher, N. (1998). Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex. Neuron, 21, 753-759. Tong, F., & Engel, S. A
Frank_Tong
American neurobiologist
Hubel further suggested that newborns may be already equipped with binocular depth neurons. In her book Fixing my Gaze, Barry points out that Wiesel and Hubel's
Susan_R._Barry
Biological sound detection process
sensitive neurons have response functions that decline steeply from maximum to zero spikes as a function of ILD. However, there are also many neurons with
Sound_localization
spectrum conditions Julie M. Harris (born 1967), psychologist who studies binocular vision, vision and animal patterning Jane Haley (fl. 2012), electrophysiologist
List_of_women_neuroscientists
Family of marine mammals
sides of its head, so their vision consists of two fields, rather than a binocular view like humans have. When dolphins surface, their lens and cornea correct
Oceanic_dolphin
American neuroscientist
interleaving sharply focused bar and edge stimuli and recording the responses of neurons in the visual system to measure their tuning properties . With fellow
Michael_Stryker
from the earliest stages of cortical visual processing, with individual neurons being tuned to a preferred direction of motion. The cortical area MT (medial
Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia
Visual_processing_abnormalities_in_schizophrenia
Type of optical illusion
a host of local interactions are known to take place. In particular, neurons are tuned to target orientation and their response are known to depend
Geometrical-optical_illusions
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
eyes result in binocular vision deficits. Ten-m3 null mutant mice performed worse than wild type (WT) in behavioural tests of binocular visual function
TENM3
subjects are unable to completely block out one percept indefinitely. While binocular rivalry has been studied since the 16th century, the study of multistable
Multistable auditory perception
Multistable_auditory_perception
Neuroscience theory
Neighbouring V1 neurons have neighbouring and overlapping receptive fields. Hence, each visual location can simultaneously activate many V1 neurons. According
V1_Saliency_Hypothesis
Medical condition
visual signals to the brain. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteristic features of optic neuropathy. The main symptom
Optic_neuropathy
Medical condition
caused by damage to peripheral pathways to the pupil (parasympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion that cause pupillary constriction to bright light
Argyll_Robertson_pupil
Space as subjectively experienced
effectively by the human observer. The problem becomes less ill-posed when binocular vision allows actual determination of relative depth by stereoscopy, but
Visual_space
Brain processing function
adults perceive heights. Certain cues help establish depth perception. Binocular cues are made by humans' two eyes, which are subconsciously compared to
Parallel processing (psychology)
Parallel_processing_(psychology)
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
results supported that magnocellular neurons play a vital role in low-resolution object recognition as the neurons aid in quickly triggering top-down processes
Wishful_thinking
Stocky medium-sized owl species
front of the head and have a field overlap of 50–70%, giving it better binocular vision than diurnal birds of prey (overlap 30–50%). The tawny owl's retina
Tawny_owl
Seeing two or more images after fixation on a stimulus
images occur monocular bilaterally (one eye open on both sides) and binocularly (both eyes open), differentiating it from ocular diplopia or polyopia
Cerebral_polyopia
Drug that blocks hallucinogen effects
Wallis GM, Liu GB, Vollenweider FX (December 2007). "Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans"
Trip_killer
Mitochondrially inherited degeneration of retinal nerve cells
the potent superoxide radical than other normal central nervous system neurons. Viral vector experiments that augment superoxide dismutase 2 in LHON cybrids
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber's_hereditary_optic_neuropathy
Neurological disorder
a viral or bacterial infection that causes inflammation and damage to neurons in the ciliary ganglion, located in the posterior orbit, that provides
Adie_syndrome
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BINOCULAR NEURONS
BINOCULAR NEURONS
BINOCULAR NEURONS
BINOCULAR NEURONS
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