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Growth of marine organisms on surfaces
biocide paints, or non-toxic paints) to remove or prevent biofouling. The buildup of biofouling on marine vessels poses a significant problem. In some instances
Biofouling
Method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment
such as types of fungi. Biofouling of heat exchange surfaces can reduce heat transfer rates of the cooling system, and biofouling of cooling towers can
Water_cooling
Subclass of sessile marine crustaceans
barnacle are fished and eaten. Barnacles are economically significant as biofouling on ships, where they cause hydrodynamic drag, reducing efficiency. In
Barnacle
Uses high frequency sound to prevent or reduce biofouling on underwater structures
technology that uses high frequency sound (ultrasound) to prevent or reduce biofouling on underwater structures, surfaces, and media. Ultrasound is high-frequency
Ultrasonic_antifouling
Specialized agency of the United Nations
develop a legally binding framework for controlling and managing ships' biofouling to reduce the accumulation of marine organisms on the hulls of ships and
International Maritime Organization
International_Maritime_Organization
Accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces
surfaces. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms (biofouling, organic) or a non-living substance (inorganic). Fouling is usually distinguished
Fouling
Group of organotin compounds
paint improves ship performance and durability as it reduces the rate of biofouling, the growth of organisms on the ship's hull. The TBT slowly leaches out
Tributyltin
Species of sea squirt
usually attached to rocks and artificial structures, an example of marine biofouling. Halocynthia roretzi is adapted to cold water: it can survive in water
Sea_pineapple
Filtration by force through a semipermeable membrane
limited in its ability to remove more complex forms of fouling such as biofouling, scaling or adsorption to pore walls. These types of foulants require
Ultrafiltration
dramatically over the next few decades. Biofouling is one of the biggest problems in aquaculture. Biofouling occurs on non-copper materials in the marine
Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture
International shipowners shipping association
BIMCO issued a guidance title for the shipping industry on biofouling entitled Biofouling, Biosecurity and Hull Cleaning. "BIMCO". Maritime Executive
Baltic and International Maritime Council
Baltic_and_International_Maritime_Council
Australian politician (born 1967)
"principled decisions" in regard to the decision to introduce mandatory biofouling rules to prevent marine pests entering Australia, and for acting quickly
Barnaby_Joyce
properties of copper in heat exchangers include its corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, maximum allowable stress and internal pressure, creep rupture
Copper_in_heat_exchangers
Chemical element with atomic number 29 (Cu)
in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions, and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant
Copper
Aggregation of microorganisms in low coastline
aquaculture infrastructures, can cause ecological and economic issues. This biofouling leads to increased drag resistance, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas
Intertidal_biofilm
Golden mussel, medium sized, biofouler
temperature increase and its applications for biofouling control in industrial and power plants". Biofouling. 27 (6): 667–674. doi:10.1080/08927014.2011
Limnoperna_fortunei
Compartment for holding liquid ballast
Example of Biofouling
Ballast_tank
Chemical element with atomic number 43 (Tc)
noble metals, technetium is not very susceptible to corrosion, and during biofouling, its ability to self-cleanse has been recorded due to its radiotoxic effect
Technetium
Species complex of marine animal
pillars and ship hulls, where it can form dense mats, contributing to biofouling. B. neritina is of biomedical interest because it harbors a bacterial
Bugula_neritina
2017 ecological disaster in Washington, US
break; the nets were supporting more than six times their own weight in biofouling. Coastal tribes were hired to fish the escaped salmon. Atlantic salmon
Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break
Cypress_Island_Atlantic_salmon_pen_break
Introduced species that harms its new environment
ecosystems". Aquatic Invasions. 2 (2): 121–131. doi:10.3391/ai.2007.2.2.7. "Biofouling moves up the regulatory agenda – GARD". www.gard.no. Archived from the
Invasive_species
Raising fish commercially in enclosures
environment, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion
Fish_farming
Community of organisms found on artificial surfaces
ncl.ac.uk/biofouling/ is the Newcastle University barnacle and biofouling information site. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Biofouling/Pages/default
Fouling_community
BIMCO, ICS issued a guidance title for the shipping industry on biofouling entitled Biofouling, Biosecurity and Hull Cleaning. In 2023, together with the Witherby
International Chamber of Shipping
International_Chamber_of_Shipping
Chemical compound
Historically, tributyltin oxide's biggest application was as a marine anti-biofouling agent. Concerns over toxicity of these compounds have led to a worldwide
Tributyltin_oxide
Alloy of copper and zinc
for centuries, particularly in marine environments where it prevents biofouling. Depending upon the type and concentration of pathogens and the medium
Brass
environment, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion
Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture
American chemist
activated using superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles; (2) anti-biofouling membranes; (3) biofouling mechanisms; (4) nanoparticle fouling mechanisms; (5) bio-derived
Isabel_Escobar
Specialized paint for ship hulls
of all iron ships in its possession, due to significant problems with biofouling. However, once an antifouling paint "with very fair results" was found
Anti-fouling_paint
obtained. Thus, ships affected by biofouling consume excess fuel and have increased costs. Traditionally, marine biofouling has been prevented through use
Ultra-low_fouling
Community of microorganisms found in or around specific marine environments
RM, Teplitski M (2013). "Mini-review: Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms". Biofouling. 29 (4): 423–441. Bibcode:2013Biofo..29..423D. doi:10
Marine_microbiome
Abilities of copper to kill or stop the growth of microorganisms
conveyance systems was of better quality (i.e., no or little visible slime or biofouling formation) than water contained or transported in other materials. The
Antimicrobial properties of copper
Antimicrobial_properties_of_copper
Film of microorganisms on a surface
corrosion). Bacterial adhesion to boat hulls serves as the foundation for biofouling of seagoing vessels. Once a film of bacteria forms, it is easier for other
Biofilm
Removal of material from an object's surface
rate can produce long-lived protection from the deleterious effects of biofouling. Firestopping and fireproofing products can be ablative in nature. This
Ablation
Chemical compound
systems, cooling water treatment, and other industries vulnerable to biofouling. DBNPA's demonstrated biocidal efficacy led to its official registration
DBNPA
Iron-based alloy resistant to rust and corrosion
cleanability: A review with special reference to the food industry". Biofouling. 10 (4): 275–300. Bibcode:1996Biofo..10..275B. doi:10.1080/08927019609386287
Stainless_steel
Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)
Dürr, Simone; Thomason, Jeremy, eds. (2008). "Fouling on Shipping". Biofouling. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4. Maguire, R. James
Tin
Genus of viruses
the genus include: gill-associated virus (GAV) which causes reddening, biofouling with exoparasites, emaciation, and massive mortality; and yellow head
Okavirus
Polymer
has detergent, anti-corrosive, and flocculant properties and prevents biofouling. PHMG-P is a white powdered solid, and as all polyguanidine salts, readily
Polyhexamethylene_guanidine
Species of barnacle
time. Due to this colonization habit, L. testudinata plays a role in biofouling and often serves as a foundation species when preyed upon. Lepas testudinata
Lepas_testudinata
Event causing a ship to wreck
guns, torpedoes, depth charges, mines, bombs, and missiles Fire damage Biofouling, such as the accumulation of polychaetes and other tube worms on wooden
Shipwrecking
Chemical compound
compounds prevent the settlement of cyprid larvae of Balanus improvisus". Biofouling. 16 (2–4): 191–203. Bibcode:2000Biofo..16..191D. doi:10.1080/08927010009378444
Medetomidine
Species of beetle
(Nacerdes melanura L., Oedermeridae) a pest of wood in marine structures. Biofouling, 19, 239–248. Balsbaugh Jr., E. U., Kopp, D.D., Scholl, C. 1979. The wharf
Wharf_borer
British predreadnought battleship
view of her intended duties abroad, her bottom was coppered to reduce biofouling. Renown was powered by a pair of three-cylinder vertical triple-expansion
HMS_Renown_(1895)
Chemical compound
biocides, fungicides, wood preservatives, and (historically) marine anti-biofouling agents. "13Tin - Gelest, Inc" (PDF). Sigma-Aldrich Co., Tetrabutyltin
Tetrabutyltin
Ancient Greek ship
the detailed description of the efforts taken to protect the hull from biofouling, including coating it with horsehair and pitch. This may be the first
Syracusia
Passive heat exchanger that transfers heat
properties in terms of its thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, and antimicrobial resistance (see also Copper in heat exchangers)
Heat_sink
Vista-class cruise ship
Fiordland, including Milford Sound, and Dunedin in New Zealand due to biofouling concerns. On 15 January 2023, adverse weather offshore from Tauranga prevented
MS_Queen_Elizabeth
Removal of salts from water
which typically includes prevention of biofouling, scaling, foaming and corrosion in thermal plants, and of biofouling, suspended solids and scale deposits
Desalination
Water purified to uncommonly stringent specifications
Tall Oaks Pub, Inc. ISBN 0-927188-10-4. Mittlemann MW and Geesey GC,"Biofouling of Industrial Water Systems: A Problem Solving Approach", Water Micro
Ultrapure_water
Antibacterial plastic
the texture of shark skin, which does not attract barnacles or other biofouling, unlike ship hulls and other smooth surfaces. The texture was later found
Sharklet_(material)
Type of metal poisoning
contributions of copper from vessel painting and maintenance activities". Biofouling. 30 (1): 51–68. Bibcode:2014Biofo..30...51E. doi:10.1080/08927014.2013
Copper_toxicity
Farming of aquatic organisms
viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes) and they therefore prevent biofouling (i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms
Aquaculture
Family of bryozoans
organisms and create a variety of issues across industries, including: Biofouling of freshwater ecosystems. Attaching to mussel cages and thus impacting
Pectinatellidae
Wave power project at Uppsala University
also used to study biofouling and its impact on the power absorption. Some preliminary studies suggest that the effect of biofouling on energy absorption
Lysekil_Project
Membrane used for water purification
compaction. Surface fouling: Colloidal particulates, bacteria infestation (biofouling). Chemical decomposition and oxidation. A filtration membrane's performance
Thin-film_composite_membrane
Matter composed of organic compounds
that do not contain nutrients can be made. These by-products can induce biofouling, which essentially clogs water filtration systems in water purification
Organic_matter
Coating preventing the accumulation of marine organisms
are tributyltin compounds, which are components in paints to prevent biofouling of ship hulls. Although highly effective at combatting the accumulation
Biomimetic antifouling coating
Biomimetic_antifouling_coating
Israeli biologist
hydro-optic ultraviolet technology used as a non-chemical means to control biofouling. In 2017, Atlantium was chosen to install this system to prevent the clogging
Benjamin_Kahn
Different trees
quebracho tree: An eco-friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling". Biofouling. 23 (3): 151–159. Bibcode:2007Biofo..23..151P. doi:10.1080/08927010701189484
Quebracho_tree
French battleship
the damage incurred during Operation Torch and had not been cleaned of biofouling, she reached a speed of 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph). For the remainder
French battleship Jean Bart (1940)
French_battleship_Jean_Bart_(1940)
Equipment used to transfer heat between fluids
heat exchanger, without the use of chemicals, can be used to prevent biofouling. Fouling occurs when impurities deposit on the heat exchange surface.
Heat_exchanger
Protection and preservation of saltwater ecosystems
Tasmania, Australia. Vectors for the translocation of organisms include hull biofouling, the dumping of ballast water and dumping of water from marine aquaria
Marine_conservation
Species of bivalve
viridis (L.) to heat treatment in relation to power plant biofouling control". Biofouling. 8 (4): 313–330. Bibcode:1995Biofo...8..313R. doi:10.1080/08927019509378284
Perna_viridis
desalination and water treatment industries through its contribution to biofouling mechanisms. Passow, U. (1 November 2002). "Transparent exopolymer particles
Transparent exopolymer particles
Transparent_exopolymer_particles
French battleship
suffer from reduced speed, the result of continued boiler trouble and biofouling of her hull. Admiral Laurence E. Power, who had replaced Somerville as
French_battleship_Richelieu
British sailing steamship launched in 1858
During her 11 years moored in Milford, she accrued a large amount of biofouling on her hull. Early marine naturalist Henry Lee (best known at the time
SS_Great_Eastern
Species of bivalve
colonise hard surfaces rapidly causes serious economic problems. These major biofouling organisms can clog water-intake structures, such as pipes and screens
Quagga_mussel
oak that was sheathed with copper from the waterline down to prevent biofouling. Watertight transverse bulkheads subdivided the hull. Her crew consisted
HMS_Volage_(1869)
American cell biologist and bioengineer (born 1956)
omniphobic surface coating on medical devices prevents thrombosis and biofouling". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (11): 1134–1140. doi:10.1038/nbt.3020. PMID 25306244
Donald_E._Ingber
Species of annelid worm
alters habitats, reduces water quality, depletes resources, and causes biofouling. Ficopomatus enigmaticus is classified in the genus Ficopomatus in the
Ficopomatus_enigmaticus
Saltwater bay in Washington, United States
Resources: the nets were supporting more than six times their own weight in biofouling. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Deepwater
Deepwater_Bay_(Washington)
Species of bacterium
from Paenibacillus polymyxa inhibit single and mixed species biofilms". Biofouling. 28 (10): 1151–66. doi:10.1080/08927014.2012.738292. PMID 23113815. S2CID 39957498
Paenibacillus_polymyxa
Substance added to suspensions to increase separation of particles
buildup of gummy residues. Dispersants are used to prevent formation of biofouling or biofilms in industrial processes. It is also possible to disperse bacterial
Dispersant
Form of electronic tracking of marine animals
costs ($499–$4000+), their vulnerability to loss by environmental issues (biofouling), or premature release through ingestion by a predator. There are two
Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag
Species of barnacle
Wen-xia; Liang Guan-he; Dong Yu; Wang Hua-jie; Yan Yan (2000). "Marine biofouling in offshore areas south of Hainan Island, northern South China Sea". Chinese
Megabalanus_tintinnabulum
Extracting energy from the ocean
exchanger, care must be taken to maintain good thermal conductivity. Biofouling layers as thin as 25 to 50 micrometres (0.00098 to 0.00197 in) can degrade
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion
Class of German gunboat of the 1870s
abroad, and the sheathing would have protected the hulls from marine biofouling. But they ultimately decided against it, fearing that the iron hull and
Wolf-class_gunboat
Phylum of colonial aquatic invertebrates called moss animals
to nets and lobster pots. Marine bryozoans are often responsible for biofouling on ships' hulls, on docks and marinas, and on offshore structures. They
Bryozoa
Number of bacteria living on a surface that has not been sterilized
biotics/ml thanks to flow cytometry. Bioburden is also associated with biofouling, where microbes collect on the surface of a device or inside of fan cooled
Bioburden
Calypso-class corvette
dry docks for maintenance. Since iron and steel hulls were subject to biofouling and could not easily be cleaned, the established practice of copper sheathing
HMS_Calliope_(1884)
United States Navy command for logistics
Washington Navy Yard. Sealift's capabilities are significantly hampered by biofouling. Maintenance is sometimes performed to remove fouling, but sealift maintenance
Military_Sealift_Command
Russian screw frigate
deep draft of 23 ft 6 in (7.2 m). She was sheathed in copper to reduce biofouling. A novel system of zinc pipes that penetrated sheathing and connected
Russian frigate General Admiral
Russian_frigate_General_Admiral
Monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1870s
design was modified by the addition of wood and copper sheathing to reduce biofouling, which increased Novgorod's diameter to 101 feet (30.8 m). She had a maximum
Russian_monitor_Novgorod
British pre-dreadnought battleship
deep load. Their steel hulls were sheathed in wood and copper to reduce biofouling. Their crews numbered 620 officers and ratings in 1895 and 600 after they
HMS_Barfleur_(1892)
Descending below the surface of the water to interact with the environment
hull cleaning operations which will release antifouling toxins. Alien biofouling organisms may also be released during this process. Other forms of professional
Underwater_diving
Maintenance and upkeep of ships
amounts of copper and zinc are released by underwater hull scrubbing. Alien biofouling organisms may also be released during this process. The underside of the
Ships_husbandry
Biopolymer secreted by microorganisms to produce biofilms
Particles: From Aquatic Environments and Engineered Systems to Membrane Biofouling". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (2): 691–707. Bibcode:2015EnST
Exopolymer
Ship hull covering
Press. p. 665. Telegdi, J.; Trif, L.; Romanski, L. (2016). "Smart Anti-biofouling Composite Coatings for Naval Applications". In Montemor, Maria Fatima
Copper_sheathing
Water purification process
deactivate the chlorine that can destroy a thin-film composite membrane. Biofouling inhibitors do not kill bacteria, while preventing them from growing slime
Reverse_osmosis
American academic (born 1972)
industrial pollutants; recommendations to reduce the early stages of membrane biofouling in aerobic, submerged membrane bioreactors; Oerther works with teams of
Daniel_Oerther
Meter used to measure water current velocities
advantages of ADCPs is the absence of moving parts that are subject to biofouling and the remote sensing aspect, where a single, stationary instrument can
Acoustic Doppler current profiler
Acoustic_Doppler_current_profiler
American swimmer (born 1960)
ornamental fish in the world. His research includes original work on biofouling prevention. Among his publications/patents: Circadian Neuroendocrine Regulation
Nicholas_Nevid
Limbs of cephalopod molluscs
Byern J, Klepal W (2005). "Adhesive mechanisms in cephalopods: a review". Biofouling. 22 (5–6): 329–38. doi:10.1080/08927010600967840. PMID 17110356. Walla
Cephalopod_limb
Synthetic organic molecule or ion that recreates one or more functions of an enzyme
have applications in biosensing, bioimaging, tumor therapy, and anti-biofouling. Unlike natural enzymes, nanozymes offer stability, multifunctionality
Artificial_enzyme
Alloy of copper containing nickel
provides its ongoing resistance. Additionally, they have a high inherent biofouling resistance to attachment by macrofoulers (e.g. seagrasses and molluscs)
Cupronickel
Bioreactor with a light source to grow photosynthetic microorganisms
non-arable land is suitable as well. The material choice should prevent biofouling and ensure high final biomass concentrations. The combination of turbulence
Photobioreactor
Nuclear research facility in Mumbai, India
nanotherapeutics and bio-sensors, decontamination of reactor components, biofouling control and thermal ecology studies, supramolecular chemistry, environmental
Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre
Kind of freshwater mollusc
damage both ecological systems and human infrastructure. In North America, biofouling caused by dreissenids created an estimated 267 million dollars’ worth
Freshwater_bivalve
Species of sea squirt
pharynx into individual zooids to feed on their internal structures. Other biofouling organisms living in the vicinity of Ecteinascidia turbinata include various
Ecteinascidia_turbinata
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