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Metal and glass-working tradition
cloisonné enameling is a metal and glass-working tradition practiced in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 12th century AD. The Byzantines perfected
Byzantine_enamel
Enamelling technique used on metal
Once enamel becomes more common, as in medieval Europe after about 1000, the assumption that enamel was originally used becomes safer. The Byzantines perfected
Cloisonné
Material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing
history, enamel was at its most important in the Middle Ages, beginning with the Late Romans and then the Byzantine, who began to use cloisonné enamel in imitation
Vitreous_enamel
High altar retable in the Basilica di San Marco, Venice
of Byzantine enamel, with both front and rear sides decorated. It was created and expanded in several phases over many centuries. Most of the enamel panels
Pala_d'Oro
Glass which has been decorated with vitreous enamel
Enamelled glass or painted glass is glass which has been decorated with vitreous enamel (powdered glass, usually mixed with a binder) and then fired to
Enamelled_glass
theke "container") is an example of a Byzantine reliquary, one of the best surviving examples of Byzantine enamel, in the cloisonné technique. It was made
Limburg_Staurotheke
Continuation of the Roman Empire (330–1453)
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during
Byzantine_Empire
foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Byzantine Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors
List_of_Byzantine_emperors
chasing, inlay, enameling, filigree and granulation, stamping, striking and casting. Major stylistic phases include barbarian, Byzantine, Carolingian and
Medieval_jewelry
Church treasure museum in Venice, Italy
Italy. The treasure constitutes the single best collection of Byzantine metalwork and enamels that survives, many of the items having been looted during
Treasury of St Mark's Basilica
Treasury_of_St_Mark's_Basilica
Land branch of the armed forces of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy. A direct continuation of the Eastern
Byzantine_army
Art of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Byzantine Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire
Byzantine_art
Enamelling technique
However, gem-like enamel highlights, some in millefiori, are still found. In Anglo-Saxon art, as in that of most of Europe and the Byzantine world, this was
Champlevé
Enamels-cloisonné highlighted in The MET collection
Byzantine enameling. The box is dated to 843 (some scholars speculate an earlier date of 815). Both dates hover around the second wave of Byzantine Iconoclasm
Fieschi_Morgan_Staurotheke
Object of religious significance from the past
relics in the Byzantine world can be seen from the veneration given to the pieces of the True Cross. Many great works of Byzantine enamel are staurothekes
Relic
Last war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires
The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. It
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Byzantine–Sasanian_War_of_602–628
People of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantines or East Romans (Ancient Greek: Ῥωμαῖοι, romanized: Rōmaîoi) were the Byzantine Empire's main inhabitants. They understood their identity
Byzantines
the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. There was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman Empires, and early Byzantine architecture is
Byzantine_architecture
the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire in 54 BC and ending with the Byzantine and the Sasanian empires in 628 AD. While the conflict between the two
Roman–Persian_wars
1453 Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine capital
Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, was captured by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege
Fall_of_Constantinople
Eastern Christian liturgical rite
The Byzantine Rite, also known as the Rite of Constantinople, is a liturgical rite that is identified with the wide range of cultural, devotional, and
Byzantine_Rite
Roman military standard displaying XP for Christ
The labarum (Byzantine Greek: λάβαρον or λάβουρον) was a vexillum (military standard) that displayed the "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧, a christogram formed from
Labarum
Cathedral church in Venice, Italy
originally designed as an antependium, is the Pala d'Oro, a masterpiece of Byzantine enamels on gilded silver. The two choir chapels, located on either side of
St_Mark's_Basilica
Byzantine incendiary weapon
Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Empire from the seventh to the fourteenth centuries. The recipe for Greek fire was a closely-guarded
Greek_fire
Periods in Byzantine history during which religious images were banned
The Byzantine Iconoclasm (Ancient Greek: Εἰκονομαχία, romanized: Eikonomachía, lit. 'image struggle', 'war on icons') refers to two periods in the history
Byzantine_Iconoclasm
Government of the Byzantine Empire
on earth and of his kingdom as an imitation of God's holy realm. The Byzantine Empire was a multi-ethnic monarchic theocracy adopting, following, and
Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy
For most of its history, the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire did not use heraldry in the Western European sense of permanent motifs transmitted through
Byzantine_flags_and_insignia
9th-century Byzantine reliquary cross
The Beresford Hope Cross is a 9th-century Byzantine reliquary cross with cloisonné enamel. It was intended to be worn as a pectoral crucifix, perhaps
Beresford_Hope_Cross
Orthodox calendar used c. 691–1728
The Byzantine calendar, also called the Roman calendar, the Creation Era of Constantinople or the Era of the World, was the calendar used by the Eastern
Byzantine_calendar
Military and administrative division of the Byzantine Empire
θέμα, théma) were the main military and administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire. They were established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath
Theme_(Byzantine_district)
Studies about the Byzantine Empire
study of scripts. Byzantine epigraphy entails the study of various stone, metal, ivory, mosaic, enamel, and paint inscriptions. Byzantine numismatics entails
Byzantine_studies
Period of Byzantine history from 1261 to 1453
The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Palaiologos dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople
Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty
Latin Christian armed expedition (1202–1204)
conquest of Egypt as originally planned. This led to the partition of the Byzantine Empire by the Crusaders and their Venetian allies, leading to a period
Fourth_Crusade
Currency
Byzantine currency, money used in the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the West, consisted of mainly two types of coins: gold solidi and hyperpyra
Byzantine_coinage
Museum in Budapest, Hungary
The Byzantine enamel plaques of the 11th century Monomachus Crown showing Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe; one of the internationally famous
Hungarian_National_Museum
Apart from paintings and sculptures it displays 10th-century Byzantine enamel; Arab and Byzantine ivory chests; Hellenistic, Roman, medieval, renaissance,
Tourism_in_Spain
Byzantine rump state (1204–1261)
largest of the three Greek rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled when Constantinople was occupied by Western European
Empire_of_Nicaea
Elite unit of the Byzantine Army
was an elite unit of the Byzantine army from the 10th to the 14th century who served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine emperors. The Varangian Guard
Varangian_Guard
4th–13th century political institution
The Byzantine senate or Eastern Roman senate (Greek: Σύγκλητος, Synklētos, or Γερουσία, Gerousia) was a continuation of the Roman Senate, established
Byzantine_senate
Claims to Byzantine legacy and inheritance
Since its fall, the issue of succession to the Byzantine Empire has been a major point of contention both geopolitically, with different states laying
Succession to the Byzantine Empire
Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire
Coronation crown used by Hungarian monarchs
presented by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Doukas to the King Géza I of Hungary; both are depicted and named in the Greek language on enamel plaques in
Holy_Crown_of_Hungary
Naval force of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the Byzantine Empire. Like the state it served, it was a direct continuation from its Roman predecessor, but
Byzantine_navy
Silk woven in or distributed via the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine silk is silk woven in the Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) from about the fourth century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Byzantine
Byzantine_silk
Byzantine law was essentially a continuation of Roman law with increased Orthodox Christian and Hellenistic influence. Most sources define Byzantine law
Byzantine_law
Period of Byzantine history from 802 to 813
Nikephorian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire began following the deposition of the Empress Irene of Athens. The throne of the Byzantine Empire passed to a relatively
Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty
Capital of the Eastern Roman empire
Constantinople, the modern Istanbul, was the capital of the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire from 330 until its takeover by the Ottoman Empire in 1453. After
Constantinople
could allude to a multitude of origins, the griffin disk enamel work tie this piece to the Byzantine period. Previous to 2008, it was presumed to have been
Ewer of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune
Ewer_of_Saint-Maurice_d'Agaune
Glassmaking in the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine glass objects resembled their earlier Hellenistic counterparts, during the fourth and early fifth centuries CE in both form and function. Over
Byzantine_glass
Army of the Byzantine Empire, 1081–1204
The Byzantine army of the Komnenian era or Komnenian army was a force established by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos during the late 11th/early 12th
Byzantine army (Komnenian era)
Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)
Rulers of the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056
Μακεδονική Δυναστεία) ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest
Macedonian_dynasty
The Byzantine economy was among the most robust economies in the Mediterranean and the world for many centuries. Constantinople was a prime hub in a trading
Byzantine_economy
The Byzantine Empire's history is generally periodised from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. From the 3rd to 6th centuries
History of the Byzantine Empire
History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire
Black mixture of copper, silver, and lead sulphides
significant achievements. In ornament, niello came to have competition from enamel, with far wider colour possibilities, which eventually displaced it in most
Niello
Province of the late Byzantine Empire
Despotate of the Morea or Despotate of Mystras was a province of the Byzantine Empire between the mid-14th and mid-15th centuries. Its territory varied
Despotate_of_the_Morea
Byzantine rump state (1204–1479)
Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek rump states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a
Despotate_of_Epirus
Period of Byzantine history from 867 to 1057
The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty underwent a revival during the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries. Under the Macedonian emperors
Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty
Byzantine reliquary gold cross
The Dagmar Cross is an 11th or 12th-century Byzantine reliquary cross made of gold with cloisonné enameling, traditionally thought to have belonged to
Dagmar_Cross
Period of Byzantine history from 820 to 867
The Amorian dynasty (or Phrygian dynasty) ruled the Byzantine Empire from 820 to 867. The Amorian dynasty continued the policy of restored iconoclasm
Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty
Clothing and fashion trends of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire, but was essentially conservative. The Byzantines liked colour and pattern,
Byzantine_dress
In the Byzantine Empire, cities were centers of economic and cultural life. A significant part of the cities (there were more than 900 of them by the
Cities in the Byzantine Empire
Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire
Byzantine music (Greek: Βυζαντινή μουσική, romanized: Vyzantini mousiki) originally consisted of the songs and hymns composed for the courtly and religious
Byzantine_music
Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641
(Greek: Ἡράκλειος, romanized: Hērákleios; c. 575 – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his
Heraclius
Oldest dated book of Kievan Rus'
heavily influenced by Byzantine models, but the style of the portraits of Saints Mark and Luke seems to derive from Byzantine enamelled plaques rather than
Ostromir_Gospels
1204 conquest during the Fourth Crusade
Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. After the capture of the city, the Latin Empire (known to the Byzantines as the Frankokratia, or the Latin
Sack_of_Constantinople
emperors Byzantine Empire portal Family tree of Roman emperors List of Roman emperors List of Byzantine emperors History of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire
Family tree of Byzantine emperors
Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors
Religious work of art in Christianity
widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials (such as mosaics, ivory, and vitreous enamels), but also because
Icon
Period of Byzantine history from 1081 to 1185
The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Komnenos dynasty for a period of 104 years, from 1081 to about 1185. The Komnenian (also spelled Comnenian)
Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty
Corpus of all known Byzantine enamels, including a catalogue and an introduction giving the history and classification of Byzantine enamels Also won in 1938
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1939
List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1939
Museum in Thessaloniki, Greece
The Museum of Byzantine Culture (Greek: Μουσείο Βυζαντινού Πολιτισμού) is a museum in Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece, which opened in 1994. To
Museum_of_Byzantine_Culture
The population of the Byzantine Empire encompassed all ethnic and tribal groups living there, mainly Byzantine Greeks, but also Albanians, Armenians, Assyrians
Population of the Byzantine Empire
Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire
common in the early Roman Empire and Classical Greece. It was legal in the Byzantine Empire but it was transformed significantly from the 4th century onward
Slavery in the Byzantine Empire
Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire
The subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire were administrative units of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire (330–1453). The Empire had a developed administrative
Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire
Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire
Period of Byzantine history from 610 to 711
The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Heraclian dynasty from 610 to 711 AD. The Heraclian period encompassed the Byzantine–Sasanian War of
Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty
of Emperor Julius Nepos. The eastern empire, often referred to as the 'Byzantine Empire' by modern historians, endured for almost another millennium until
List of Roman and Byzantine empresses
List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses
Image made from small colored tiles
decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted
Mosaic
Battle during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
The Battle of Nineveh was the climactic battle of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628. In mid-September 627, Heraclius invaded Sasanian Mesopotamia
Battle_of_Nineveh_(627)
Parts of Italy held by the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Italy consisted of various parts of the Italian Peninsula that were under the control of the Byzantine Empire after the Gothic War (535–554)
Byzantine_Italy
Period of Byzantine history from 518 to 602
The Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. Under the Justinian dynasty, particularly the reign of
Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty
Criminal punishment used against rivals
Mutilation was a common method of punishment for criminals in the Byzantine Empire, but it also had a role in the empire's political life. By blinding
Political mutilation in Byzantine culture
Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture
World Heritage Site in Peloponnese, Greece
well-preserved example of a Byzantine city and because of its testimony to the development of Late Byzantine and Post-Byzantine art, Mystras was inscribed
Mystras
the history of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire (395–1453). For internal conflicts see the list of Byzantine revolts and civil wars. For conflicts
List_of_Byzantine_wars
Sequence of historical events
The Byzantine Empire experienced cycles of growth and decay over the course of nearly a thousand years. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire to
Decline of the Byzantine Empire
Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire
4th–7th century period
Byzantine Palestine or Palaestina refers to the geographic, political, and cultural landscape of Palestine during the period of Byzantine rule (early
Byzantine_Palestine
Title granted to Byzantine (and later other) princes
'purple-born'), Latinized as Porphyrogenitus, was an honorific title in the Byzantine Empire given to a son, or daughter (Πορφυρογέννητη, Porphyrogénnētē, Latinized
Born_in_the_purple
Military strategy
The Byzantine army evolved from that of the late Roman period taking as leading models and shaping itself on the late Hellenistic armies, but it became
Byzantine_battle_tactics
Historical period of Greece
Byzantine Greece has a history that mainly coincides with that of the Byzantine Empire itself. After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Greece continued
Byzantine_Greece
C. 300–900 Germanic and Hiberno-Saxon art
found mainly in Scandinavia, and may also be called Viking art. Byzantine enameling highly influenced Migration period metalwork. The Church in the early
Migration_Period_art
Medieval stage of the Greek language
Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic; Greek: Ῥωμαϊκή) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical
Medieval_Greek
Byzantine literature is the Greek literature of the Middle Ages, whether written in the Byzantine Empire or outside its borders. In its early period,
Byzantine_literature
Period of Byzantine history from 717 to 802
The Byzantine Empire was ruled by the Isaurian dynasty (or Syrian dynasty) from 717 to 802. The Isaurian emperors were successful in defending and consolidating
Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty
The situation of women in the Byzantine Empire is a subject of scientific research that encompasses all available information about women, their environments
Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire
Vitreous enamelling technique
Plique-à-jour (French for "letting in daylight") is a vitreous enamelling technique where the enamel is applied in cells, similar to cloisonné, but with no backing
Plique-à-jour
Period of Maltese history from 535 CE to 870 CE
(Ancient Greek: Μελέτης, Melétēs) was ruled by the Byzantine Empire, from the time of the Byzantine conquest of Sicily in 535–6 to 869–870, when the islands
Byzantine_Malta
Historical regional cuisine
Byzantine cuisine was the continuation of local ancient Greek cuisine, ancient Roman cuisine, and Mediterranean cuisine. Byzantine trading with foreigners
Byzantine_cuisine
Political system and culture
Byzantinism, or Byzantism, is the political system and culture of the Byzantine Empire, and its spiritual successors the Orthodox Christian Balkan countries
Byzantinism
Crusader state that replaced the Byzantine Empire from 1204–1261
from the Byzantine Empire. It existed from 1204 CE until its disestablishment in 1261 CE. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire
Latin_Empire
Eastern Roman administrative division (584–751)
the capital Ravenna, but the term is mainly used to designate all the Byzantine territories in continental and peninsular Italy. According to the legal
Exarchate_of_Ravenna
Ancient Roman circus in Istanbul
hippodromes were common features of Greek cities in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine eras. Although the Hippodrome is usually associated with Constantinople's
Hippodrome_of_Constantinople
Scientific scholarship during the Byzantine Empire played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance
Byzantine_science
Period of Byzantine history from 1185 to 1204
The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Angelos dynasty between 1185 and 1204 AD. The Angeloi rose to the throne following the deposition of
Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty
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BYZANTINE ENAMEL
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