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Historical region in Central Asia
Chinese Turkestan or Chinese Turkistan, is a geographical term or historical region corresponding to the region of the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang
Chinese_Turkestan
Loosely defined region in Central Asia
Xinjiang (meaning "New Frontier" in Chinese) because of the Chinese perspective reflected in the name, and prefer East Turkestan to emphasize the connection to
East_Turkestan
Historical region in Central Asia
in the west, and Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan in the east.[citation needed] Of Persian origin (see -stan), the term "Turkestan" (ترکستان) had historically
Turkestan
Independence movement in China
has been governed by successive Chinese regimes. The Chinese government considers all support for the East Turkestan independence movement to fall under
East Turkestan independence movement
East_Turkestan_independence_movement
Archaic geographical term
(also referred to as Chinese Turkestan), and Tibet under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. The geographical extent of Chinese Tartary largely corresponds
Chinese_Tartary
1867–1918 Governorate-General of the Russian Empire
Russian Turkestan was the vast region of Central Asia governed by the Russian Empire, often described by historians as a colonial possession. It was formally
Russian_Turkestan
Uyghur secessionist organization
China Rights Forum, 2004, No:1 Shichor, Yitzhak (May 2006). "Fact and Fiction: A Chinese Documentary on Eastern Turkestan Terrorism" (PDF). China and
East Turkestan Liberation Organization
East_Turkestan_Liberation_Organization
China, is a minority religion. The two dominant ethnic groups, the Uyghurs (44.96%) and Han Chinese (42.24%), predominantly follow Islam and Chinese folk
Christianity_in_Xinjiang
Stance in occupied countries in World War II
collaborationists from Muslim territory in Russian and Chinese Turkestan to ignite rebellions to undermine China and the USSR's war efforts. Soviet intelligence
Collaboration with the Empire of Japan
Collaboration_with_the_Empire_of_Japan
Former province of the Republic of China
Xinjiang Province (Chinese: 新疆省; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Shěng) or Sinkiang Province was a province of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1912 to 1992. Its existence
Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China
cultural and geographical region of East Turkestan in Central Asia, particularly by states that broke away from China during rebellions in the late 19th and
Flag_of_East_Turkestan
Region in northern Afghanistan
the Northern Bureau in Kabul. Chinese Turkestan Russian Turkestan Turkestan Province Pashtunization of Afghan Turkestan Dari: ترکستان افغان, romanized: Turkistāni
Afghan_Turkestan
1944–1946 breakaway state in China
China: Ili, Tarbagatay (Tacheng) and Altay. It is often called the Second East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic
Second East Turkestan Republic
Second_East_Turkestan_Republic
Endorheic basin in Xinjiang, China
vegetation systems were implemented. Altishahr Chinese Turkestan Flaming Mountains Geography of China Junggar Basin Kara-Khanid Khanate Kunlun Mountains
Tarim_Basin
1933–1934 breakaway state in China
Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET) was a breakaway state centered on the city of Kashgar, located in the far west of China's Xinjiang Province. It
First_East_Turkestan_Republic
Memoir of the early career of Fitzroy Maclean
conducive to travel, Maclean began his third and longest trip, aiming for Chinese Turkestan, immediately east of the Soviet Central Asian republics he had reached
Eastern_Approaches
Historical name for regions of Chinese suzerainty in Central Asia
translated from Xiyu (Hsi-yü; Chinese: 西域) and Qixi (Ch'i-hsi; Chinese: 磧西), was a historical name specified in Ancient Chinese chronicles between the 3rd
Western_Regions
1962 war between China and India
frontier (1992), p. 57: "The southern frontier of Chinese Turkestan was similarly undefined... the Chinese 'considered the Kuen-lun mountains (i.e. the branch
Sino-Indian_War
Autonomous region of China
older English-language reference works call the area Chinese Turkestan, Chinese Turkistan, East Turkestan or East Turkistan. With a documented history of at
Xinjiang
Style of textile folk art native to Sichuan and Chongqing
high popularity throughout the regions immediately to the west of China (Chinese Turkestan), Central Asia and Western Asia. Novel themes and patterns from
Sichuan_Textiles
Topics referred to by the same term
Russian Turkestan, a region in Russia Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan, a region in China Afghan Turkestan, a region in Afghanistan Turkestan Province
Turkestan_(disambiguation)
Rulers of Umayyad Caliphate
Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Central Asia, Sindh, and parts of Chinese Turkestan, but the constant warfare exhausted the state's military resources
Umayyad_dynasty
Uyghur separatist group (1968–1969)
The East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party (ETPRP) was a communist militant organization advocating East Turkestan independence (i.e. Xinjiang separatism)
East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party
East_Turkestan_People's_Revolutionary_Party
Historical region over time
Xinjiang (a.k.a. Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan). Many of these areas had been only recently conquered by the Qing dynasty of China and, during most
Inner_Asia
1936 travel book by Peter Fleming
was happening in Tunganistan, a region of Sinkiang (also known as Chinese Turkestan), in the aftermath of the Kumul Rebellion. Fleming met with Ma Shaowu
News_from_Tartary
German brewery owner, wine merchant and archaeologist (1860–1930)
of Chinese Turkestan. The expeditions found extensive networks of Buddhist and Manichaean cave temples in the Xinjiang region of Northwest China. Although
Albert_von_Le_Coq
Islamic military organization in China and Syria
establish an Islamic state in Xinjiang, China (i.e. East Turkestan), and throughout the rest of Central Asia. The Chinese government asserts that the TIP is
Turkistan_Islamic_Party
Name for Imperial China
Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan), and Tibet, along with China proper separated by lines, as part of the "Chinese Empire" in published maps
Chinese_Empire
Iranic ethnic group in Xinjiang, China
and Archarological Exploration in Chinese Turkestan A Stein – 1904 – [sn] ... 15,800 feet above the sea, into Chinese territory on the Taghdumbash Pamir
Tajiks_in_China
Early medieval region in southern Central Asia
context, parallels have been drawn with the figures from Kizil Caves in Chinese Turkestan, which seem to wear broadly similar clothing. The paintings of Balalyk
Tokharistan
Geopolitical conflict in China
conflict (Chinese: 新疆冲突; pinyin: xīnjiāng chōngtú), also known as the East Turkestan conflict, Uyghur–Chinese conflict or Sino–East Turkestan conflict
Xinjiang_conflict
Canadian photographer
international publications, as well as several books including Chinese Turkestan and Sacred Mountains of China. Pyle set the Guinness World Record for the longest
Ryan_Pyle
County-level city in Xinjiang, China
Kashi (Chinese: 喀什; pinyin: Kāshí), is a city in the Tarim Basin region of southern Xinjiang, China. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, located
Kashgar
Historical Indo-European ethnic group in present-day China
"Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E." (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 85: 2,
Tocharians
Communist party in Xinjiang, China (1946–1947)
Autonomous Region of China. Abdukerim Abbasov, a Uyghur revolutionary who served as the interior minister of the Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR), led
East Turkestan Revolutionary Party
East_Turkestan_Revolutionary_Party
Period in Russian and Central Asian history
Central Asia. The majority of this land became known as Russian Turkestan—the name "Turkestan" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that the vast
Russian conquest of Central Asia
Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia
Persian religion founded in the 3rd century AD
March 2023. Lieu, Samuel (17 October 2011). "CHINESE TURKESTAN vii. Manicheism in Chinese Turkestan and China". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica
Manichaeism
Iranian Saka Buddhist kingdom (56-1006)
Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [1] Stein, Aurel M. 1907
Kingdom_of_Khotan
1895–1910 Russian-French bank in China
The Russo-Chinese Bank (Russian: Русско-Китайский банк, French: Banque russo-chinoise, Traditional Chinese: 華俄道勝銀行) was a foreign bank, founded in 1895
Russo-Chinese_Bank
Name for the Tarim Basin region
China and People's Republic of China and Southern Xinjiang replaced Altishahr as place name for the region. Xinjiang Dzungaria East Turkestan Chinese
Altishahr
Historic state ruled by the Mongols
ISBN 978-1838608675. Albert von Le Coq (14 December 2018). Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan: An Account of the Activities and Adventures of the Second and Third
Yarkent_Khanate
Republic of China, known in Chinese historiography as the Peaceful Liberation of Xinjiang (Chinese: 新疆和平解放), was the takeover of Xinjiang by the Chinese Communist
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People's_Republic_of_China
German anthropologist (1900–1981)
to make his name well known. Crossing the Himalayas into Tibet and Chinese Turkestan prepared him for later expeditions to Kashmir, India, Burma and Java
Helmut_de_Terra
Swedish geographer, explorer, photographer, and illustrator (1865–1952)
investigations in Mongolia and Chinese Turkestan, with the participation of 37 scientists from six countries. Despite Chinese counter-demonstrations and after
Sven_Hedin
Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos
Corruption_in_Brunei
Mountain pass in Afghanistan and China
Wakhjir Pass (Chinese: 南瓦根基达坂), as there is a northern pass on the Chinese side. As of 2026, there is no official border crossing between China and Afghanistan
Wakhjir_Pass
Subregion of the Asian continent
literature Chinese Central Asia Chinese Turkestan Continental pole of inaccessibility Hindutash Inner Asia Mountains of Central Asia Russian Turkestan 2023
Central_Asia
1944–1946 uprising in northern Xinjiang, China
(East Turkestan) against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China, from 1944 to 1946. The Ili Rebellion began with the East Turkestan National
Ili_Rebellion
Cultural and political organization
of East Turkestan." It has declared its intention to work with world governments and form a "peaceful opposition" to the policies of the Chinese government
World_Uyghur_Congress
British Indologist (1909–1986)
Documents From Chinese Turkestan. Thomas Burrow (1940). Burrow, Thomas. _A Translation of the Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Chinese Turkestan_. James G. Forlong
Thomas_Burrow
County-level city in Xinjiang, China
cosmological texts. The Chinese transcribed the name as 于窴, pronounced Gudana in Middle Chinese (Yutian in modern Standard Chinese); the pronunciation eventually
Hotan
Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate
the History of Central Asia. Brill. p. 149. The town of Aqsu (in Chinese Turkestan) and the region to the west of it were ruled, down to 873/1468-9,
Moghulistan
British Army officer and businessman
photographs for a book by Percy W. Church. In 1898 during his time in Chinese Turkestan, he collected the holotype of the jerboa species Dipus deasyi, which
Henry_Hugh_Peter_Deasy
Rebellion in Xinjiang, China (1931–1934)
Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion from 1931 to 1934 of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim
Kumul_Rebellion
Umayyad Caliphate Arab commander and governor (669-715/6)
there, extending Muslim control up to the Fergana Valley and parts of Chinese Turkestan. To increase his strained manpower, Qutayba initiated the wide-scale
Qutayba_ibn_Muslim
term Serindia combines Seres (China) and India to refer to the part of Asia also known as Xinjiang, Chinese Turkestan or High Asia. The term was popularized
Serindia
Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan. Clarendon Press. pp. 572–. Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement
History_of_the_Jews_in_China
Urdu poem
phir kaarwaaN hamaara English Translation Chin (which refers to China or Chinese Turkestan) is ours, Arabia is ours, India is ours, We are Muslims and the
Tarana-e-Milli
Mountain range in China
its peak in the Han dynasty. Sacred Mountains of China simplified Chinese: 昆仑山; traditional Chinese: 崑崙山; pinyin: Kūnlún Shān, pronounced [kʰwə́nlwə̌n
Kunlun_Mountains
Sino-Afghan territorial border
Insider Inc. – via CIA. Stein, M. Aurel (1903-06-30). "Exploration in Chinese Turkestan". United States Congressional Serial Set. No. 748. Washington, D.C
Afghanistan–China_border
Mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, India and China
eastwards into Indian-administered Ladakh and Chinese-administered Aksai Chin, as well as the Chinese province of Xinjiang. Most of the Karakoram is
Karakoram
Swedish missionary
the Swedish Missionary Society in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang). Törnquist first arrived in Eastern Turkestan on 24 September 1904 and married
John_Törnquist
19th- to 20th-century Uyghur con artist
ISBN 07123-46317. Sims-Williams, Ursula (2003). "Forgeries from Chinese Turkestan in the British Library's Hoernle and Stein collections". Bulletin
Islam_Akhun
ornithology of Chinese Turkestan. Part I. Ibis 13 3(2):240-259. Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1933) A contribution to the ornithology of Chinese Turkestan. Part II
Frank_Ludlow
Mummified body of a woman from the 5th century BC
earliest known examples of tussah silk of non-Chinese origin and proposed areas south of modern China or Assam in present-day India as possible places
Siberian_Ice_Maiden
Historical territories of the Manchu-led Qing Empire
and the Tibet Autonomous Region), and Xinjiang (a.k.a. Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan). Wars were fought primarily against the Northern Yuan (before
Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia
Part of the early Muslim conquests in Central Asia
its influence in Transoxania and become the predominant power in Chinese Turkestan. However, this resurgence ended suddenly at the Battle of Talas in
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana
Branch of entomology that studies moths and butterflies
expeditions to Russian Turkestan and the Pamir in 1908 and through India and Kashmir in 1914, as well as to Ladakh and Chinese Turkestan before those regions
Lepidopterology
The Qing dynasty was a Manchu-led imperial Chinese dynasty and last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The administrative system of the Qing dynasty
Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty
Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty
Mountain range in Central–East Asia
Taghliri (ئالتاي تاغلىرى or Алтай Тағлири) in Uyghur; ā'ěrtài shānmài in Chinese (阿尔泰山脉 simplified, 阿爾泰山脈 traditional, or اَعَرتَىْ شًامَىْ in Xiao'erjing);
Altai_Mountains
Geographical subregion in Northwest China
the Republic of China, the Second East Turkestan Republic and since 1950, it has been under the control of the People's Republic of China. Dzungaria is
Dzungaria
Agency of the British Indian Empire & later Pakistan
in the northwest by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, in the east by Chinese Turkestan, in the south by the Kashmir province, and in the southeast by the
Gilgit_Agency
British civil servant and administrator
in Kerman, Iran. From 1922 to 1924, he was posted in Kashgar, in Chinese Turkestan, as the British consul-general. Clarmont married Doris Forbes née
Clarmont_Skrine
Swedish missionary (1865–1915)
Swedish missionary to Chinese Turkestan (modern day Xinjiang) with the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden. He also worked in Northern China with the Fransonska
Albert_Andersson_(missionary)
Swedish missionary (1858–1924)
and Chinese Turkestan (present-day Xinjiang). He served with the Mission Union of Sweden. He first served in Russia in August 1880 and went to Chinese Turkestan
Lars_Erik_Högberg
1927 mystery novel by Agatha Christie
as a figure behind Anti-Western actions in British Hong Kong and Chinese Turkestan. He is striking against Western politicians and administrators who
The_Big_Four_(novel)
Ancient people mentioned in Chinese histories
first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu
Yuezhi
President of the Second East Turkestan Republic
formed the East Turkestan Liberation Organization in Ghulja (Yining) to end Chinese Nationalist rule and establish an independent East Turkestan. On 11 November
Elihan_Tore
Mountain range in Central Asia
[citation needed] In Old and Middle Chinese, they are referred as "Onion Range" (simplified Chinese: 葱岭; traditional Chinese: 蔥嶺; pinyin: Cōnglǐng; Wade–Giles:
Pamir_Mountains
British soldier, author and naturalist
the Second Yarkand Mission – an expedition across the Himalayas to Chinese Turkestan. During this journey, Biddulph collected numerous specimens of birds
John_Biddulph
Hindu god of new beginnings, wisdom and luck
spread of Ganesha worship to Nepal, Chinese Turkestan, Tibet, Burma, Siam, Indo-China, Java, Bali, Borneo, China, and Japan Martin-Dubost 1997, pp. 311–320
Ganesha
Bilateral international relationship
Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan. 2 vols. pp. 44–45. M. Aurel Stein. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Stein
Sino-Roman_relations
Historical region in Central Asia
as 10 AD. Daxia, Ta-Hsia, or Ta-Hia (Chinese: 大夏; pinyin: Dàxià) was the name given in antiquity by the Han Chinese to Tukhara or Tokhara:[citation needed]
Bactria
1902–1914 German archaeological expeditions in Xinjiang, China
Turfan. Turfan (also Uighur Turpan, Chin. Tulufan) is in Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) on the northern Silk Road. It has an area of 170 km2 (66 sq mi) between
German_Turfan_expeditions
Medieval Muslim empire (c. 1077–1231)
Turkestan in 1200", implying populations of less than 70,000 for the other cities (Otrar and others do not have precise estimates given). "Turkestan"
Khwarazmian_Empire
System of mountain ranges in Central Asia
mountains may be related to the Xiongnu word Qilian (traditional Chinese: 祁連; simplified Chinese: 祁连; pinyin: Qílián), which, according to Tang commentator
Tian_Shan
Ancient city in Xinjiang
of Xinjiang. London: HarperCollins. Yung, Peter (1997). Bazaars of Chinese Turkestan: Life and Trade Along the Old Silk Road. Hong Kong: Oxford University
Miran_(Xinjiang)
Tungusic ethnic group of North Asia
"Change in the Ethnography and Land Use of the Ili Valley and Region, Chinese Turkestan", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, No.
Evenki_people
Aspect of Chinese history
marriage was banned in Russian Turkestan, Chinese ruled Xinjiang permitted the temporary marriage where it was widespread. Chinese merchants and soldiers, foreigners
Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule
Swedish missionary
with the Mission Union of Sweden in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang). Mission and Change in Eastern Turkestan (English translation of select chapters
Rikard_Nyström
Loose shirt or tunic worn traditionally in South Asia
part of Central Asia. Still later they annexed Kashmir and part of Chinese Turkestan. Kanishka (AD 120–162) was their greatest ruler. Although the Kushans
Kurta
Architectural element used to support a dome
appearance in a domed building over a square plan as far east as Chinese Turkestan (Turfan), which dates from the eighth century at latest, supports
Squinch
Culinary traditions of Chinese Muslims
Chinese Islamic cuisine consists of variations of regionally popular foods that are typical of Han Chinese cuisine, in particular to make them halal. Dishes
Chinese_Islamic_cuisine
Capital and largest city of Xinjiang, China
expansion renamed the city Dihua (Chinese: 迪化; previously romanized as Tihwa), meaning "to enlighten and civilize". The Chinese Communist Party restored the
Ürümqi
Town in Xinjiang, China
spelling (per the Chinese government) of the name is Taxkorgan, while Tashkorgan appears occasionally in literature. The historical Chinese name for the town
Tashkurgan
Chinese statesman and army officer (1812–1885)
Russian-occupied Kuldja. The Canadian Spectator stated in 1878, "News from Turkestan says the Chinese are concentrating against Kuldja, a post in Kashgar occupied by
Zuo_Zongtang
Ethnic history
the First East Turkestan Republic was a short-lived attempt at independence of land around Kashghar, and it was destroyed by the Chinese Muslim army under
History_of_the_Uyghur_people
ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question. Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and
List of Tocharian (Agnean-Kuchean) peoples
List_of_Tocharian_(Agnean-Kuchean)_peoples
Mountain pass in the Dzungarian Alatau range
partly to Russian Turkestan (earlier the Kazakh state provinces of Semirechye- Jetysu and Irtysh river). A traveler going west from China must go either
Dzungarian_Gate
Sculptures in Afghanistan before 2001
archaeological remains of the Bamyan Valley. Their colour faded through time. Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang visited the site on 30 April 630, and described
Buddhas_of_Bamiyan
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