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Regions of the nucleus
cell biology, chromosome territories are regions of the nucleus preferentially occupied by particular chromosomes. Interphase chromosomes are long DNA
Chromosome_territories
Spatial distribution of chromatin within a cell nucleus
sub-compartments. At the largest scale, entire chromosomes segregate into distinct regions called chromosome territories. Chromosome organization is dynamically-maintained
Nuclear_organization
Complex of DNA and protein in eukaryotic cells
chromatin states, and individual chromosomes occupy distinct spatial regions within the nucleus known as chromosome territories. Many organisms exhibit variations
Chromatin
Sex chromosome present in both sexes in the XY and X0 sex-determination systems
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in many organisms, including mammals, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY
X_chromosome
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part of or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are
Chromosome
Chromosomes that pair in fertilization
Homologous chromosomes or homologs are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. Homologs
Homologous_chromosome
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
individual patches, called chromosome territories. Active genes, which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome, tend to be located towards
Cell_nucleus
and aberrant chromosomes and chromosomal subregions directly in the cell nucleus and provided direct evidence for chromosome territories (CTs). During
Thomas_Cremer
Method in molecular biology
In 1975, Pierre Chambon coined the term nucleosomes. In 1982, Chromosome territories were discovered. In 1984, John T. Lis innovated the Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Chromosome conformation capture
Chromosome_conformation_capture
Arrangement of hereditary material
spatial arrangement of chromosome territories within the nucleus. "Genome organization" can also refer to the 3D structure of chromosomes and the positioning
Genomic_organization
Indian biologist (born 1956)
Chakraborty, Sandeep; Kolthur-Seetharam, Ullas; Rao, Basuthkar J (2013). "Chromosome territories reposition during DNA damage-repair response". Genome Biology. 14
B._J._Rao
Form taken by the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell
X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome. In species with XY sex-determination (including humans), females typically have two X chromosomes, and one is rendered
Barr_body
Human chromosome
Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 61.7
Chromosome_19
Molecule that carries genetic information
different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called "chromosome territories". This physical separation of different chromosomes is important
DNA
Protein complex
Condensins are large protein complexes that play a central role in chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis and meiosis (Figure 1). Their
Condensin
Self-interacting genomic region
preferentially contact each other. They were discovered in 2012 using chromosome conformation capture techniques including Hi-C. They have been shown to
Topologically associating domain
Topologically_associating_domain
timing refers to the order in which segments of DNA along the length of a chromosome are duplicated. In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication takes place in the
Replication_timing
Discipline in genetics
"Rise, fall and resurrection of chromosome territories: a historical perspective. Part I. The rise of chromosome territories". European Journal of Histochemistry
Genomics
Inactivation of copies of X chromosome
by which one of the copies of the X chromosome is inactivated in therian female mammals. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by being packaged into a
X-inactivation
German zoologist and comparative anatomist
PMID 14775717. S2CID 4189392. Cremer, Thomas; Cremer, Marion (2010). "Chromosome Territories". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (3) a003889. doi:10
Theodor_Boveri
Lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes
(October 1999). "Spatial relationship between transcription sites and chromosome territories". The Journal of Cell Biology. 147 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1083/jcb.147
Euchromatin
German physicist
genome structure research (establishing the existence of so-called chromosome territories in living mammalian cells) and led, a few years later (1979/1980)
Christoph_Cremer
Genetic testing technique
DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. FISH is often used
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization
American biochemist
"Specific staining of human chromosomes in Chinese hamster x man hybrid cell lines demonstrates interphase chromosome territories". Human Genetics. 71 (4):
Laura_Manuelidis
Structures in cell nuclei
PMC 2173504. PMID 12379800. Cremer T, Cremer C (April 2001). "Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells". Nature
Cajal_body
Fibrillar network lying on nuclear membrane
arguments that the relative position of chromosome territories (CTs), the equivalent of condensed metaphase chromosomes at interphase, may be maintained due
Nuclear_matrix
Sites in the cell nucleus where DNA transcription occurs
between inter-gene interactions and translocation frequencies. Chromosome territories – Regions of the nucleus Nuclear bodies – Structures found in the
Transcription_factory
green plants / Light requirement for starch production in green plants / Chromosomes-onion root tip preparation / Photosynthesis: chlorophyll requirement
List of Encyclopædia Britannica Films titles
List_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Films_titles
periphery. Topologically associating domain Nuclear organization Chromosome territories Alagna, Nicholas S.; Thomas, Tiera I.; Wilson, Katherine L.; Reddy
Lamina_associated_domains
Group of genes
transcription but it also requires the cluster to loop out of the chromosome territory. In higher animals including humans, retinoic acid regulates differential
Hox_gene
Type of small omnivorous rodent
unusual chromosomal traits. Species have been found with 17 to 64 chromosomes. In some species, males and females have different chromosome numbers,
Vole
interchromosomal interactions such as looping, and organisation into chromosomal territories). While meiotic pairing has been extensively studied, the role
Homologous_somatic_pairing
Several species of canines
large carnivores that are genetically closely related. They all have 78 chromosomes. The group includes genus Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon. The members are the
Jackal
Genetic Biology Bruce Wallace c-16m 1982 Biological Sciences Genetics: Chromosomes and Genes (Meiosis) William K. Baker c-16m May 1, 1968 Genetics: Functions
List_of_Coronet_Films_films
about the Y-chromosomal haplogroup (and therefore patrilineal ancestry) of Genghis Khan. Zerjal et al. (2003) identified a Y-chromosomal lineage haplogroup
Genetic descent from Genghis Khan
Genetic_descent_from_Genghis_Khan
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in the Caucasus or Iran. The clade spread from
Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)
Protein complex that regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division
extrusion. Segregation of chromosomes. Cohesin's activity promotes segregation of chromosomes into chromosomal territories. Cohesin plays an important
Cohesin
Species of mammal
reside within the same territory for life. Males are the main defenders of territories, as females are unable to maintain territories themselves. (Kingdon
Kirk's_dik-dik
Species of plant in the genus Glycine
Northern Territory and Western Australia. Glycine tomentella is a complex of polyploid forms, with 2n=38, 2n=40, 2n=78 and 2n=80 chromosome counts detected
Glycine_tomentella
Form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II
transcription. An expressed gene is preferentially located outside of its chromosome territory, but a closely linked, inactive gene is located inside. RNA polymerase
RNA_polymerase_II_holoenzyme
σῶμα, σώματος (sôma, sṓmatos) allosome, asomatous, autosome, centrosome, chromosome, decasomy, disomic, disomy, episome, gonosome, heptasomy, heterochromosome
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/P–Z
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/P–Z
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic markers M124, P249, P267, L266, and is mainly found in South
Haplogroup_R-M124
East Asian ethnic group
Revealed by Y Chromosomes." PLoS ONE 6(8): e24282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282 Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. (2007). "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups
Han_Chinese
2015 science fiction novel by Adrian Tchaikovsky
primary responsibility is to help the ark ship navigate the unknown territories and technologies of the Old Empire. However, he eventually embraces a
Children_of_Time_(novel)
and meningococcal septicaemia in the Gaza Strip, occupied Palestinian territory, during 2011". The Lancet. 382: S12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62584-2
List of human disease case fatality rates
List_of_human_disease_case_fatality_rates
Topics referred to by the same term
sequencing data in the chromosome III of C. elegans The Transport Canada location identifier for List of airports in the Northwest Territories#Aklavik Water Aerodrome
CER6
List of African ethnic groups
Uncontacted peoples Ethnic flag Race (human categorization) List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world Language family; with some exceptions
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Africa
List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups_of_Africa
without the disputed territory of Kosovo. ^ h: Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not
Demographics_of_Europe
Austrian anatomist
stained chromosomes and studied the interphase arrangement. His studies on salamander embryos suggested that the chromosomes occupy distinct territories in
Carl_Rabl
are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although in the 21st century, the majority of them live in Indigenous territories in the North and Center-Western
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These territories are marked by urine spraying, rubbing objects at head height
Cat
Field of sexual orientation research
undeveloped and function as female. The action of the SRY gene in the Y chromosome in the fetus prompts the development of testes, which release testosterone
Biology and sexual orientation
Biology_and_sexual_orientation
construct human gene maps for haemophilia and colour blindness on the X chromosome and he was one of the first people to conceive abiogenesis. Alan Hale
List of atheists in science and technology
List_of_atheists_in_science_and_technology
Atypical congenital variations of sex characteristics
people are those born with any of several sex characteristics, including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United
Intersex
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup R1a (R-M420), is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central
Haplogroup_R1a
Spores produced in an ascus
built to travel and to wait. Meiosis inside the ascus shuffles parental chromosomes, so every spore leaves the fruit-body with a unique genotype, giving
Ascospore
Pre-independence history of Pakistan
Ghuzz Turks along with some other territories. In the 1170s, Ghurid prince Muhammad of Ghor raided their territory and captured Ghazni from them and was
History_of_Pakistan
humans. These differences are caused by the effects of the different sex chromosome complement in males and females, and differential exposure to gonadal
Sexual dimorphism in human physiology
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_physiology
area during the Paleolithic and Neolithic on the basis of data from Y chromosome genomic data from ancient and modern individuals. Zhang et al. (2026)
2026_in_paleomammalogy
Family of apes
gibbons. The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus
Gibbon
Continent
west. France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Yemen have parts of their territories located on African geographical soil, mostly in the form of islands.
Africa
after a cataclysmic event simultaneously killed all mammals with a Y chromosome except for her son Yorick Brown and his pet monkey Ampersand, she was
List of fictional presidents of the United States (A–B)
List_of_fictional_presidents_of_the_United_States_(A–B)
2002 American film
Kathleen Robertson, and Maya Stange. The title refers to the different chromosome pairings present in males and females. XX/XY premiered in competition
XX/XY
karyology The study of the nuclei of cells, especially with regard to the chromosomes which they contain. Kibology A parody religion, named after James "Kibo"
List of words with the suffix -ology
List_of_words_with_the_suffix_-ology
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
breeding pairs maintaining territories, while unmated or young birds live in flocks where they secure mates prior to finding territories. Birds sometimes also
Bird
Descendants of Jacob in the Abrahamic religions
"The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi Levites' Y chromosome". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 14969. Bibcode:2017NatSR...714969B. doi:10
Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel
Emperor of the French (1804–1814; 1815)
exploitation of conquered territories. To finance his wars, Napoleon increased taxes and levies of troops from annexed territories and satellite states. He
Napoleon
Genetic Mechanism of Ambergris Production in the Sperm Whale Based on the Chromosome-Level Genome". Animals. 13 (3): 361. doi:10.3390/ani13030361. PMC 9913093
Largest_and_heaviest_animals
Locations where civilization emerged
identified the Horn of Africa as a source of a genetic marker "M35/215" Y-chromosome lineage for a significant population component which moved north from
Cradle_of_civilization
Hybrid breed of cat
for a domestic cat) and incompatibilities between the two species' sex chromosomes. Pregnancies are often resorbed or aborted, or kittens are born prematurely
Savannah_cat
Genus of deer
mammal with the lowest recorded chromosome number: The male has a diploid number of 7, the female only 6 chromosomes. Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi), in
Muntjac
Northernmost region of Africa
more, all Carthaginian territory was eventually conquered by the Romans, resulting in the Carthaginian North African territories becoming the Roman province
North_Africa
2006, N. Carolyn Schanen (of the University of Delaware), found two chromosomes with a strong epigenetic association with autism. The journal Research
History_of_autism
Migrations of Indo-Aryans into the Indian subcontinent
uni-parental marker have shown diverse Y-chromosomal haplogroups making up the Indian gene pool. Many of these Y-chromosomal markers show a strong correlation
Indo-Aryan_migrations
Species of grass
propagated stands. These cultivars are typically triploids with three sets of chromosomes. The blades are grey-green in color and short, usually 2–15 cm (0.79–5
Cynodon_dactylon
Genus of antelope
or rut, the males establish temporary territories and try to attract females into them. These small territories are about 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft;
Wildebeest
Country in East Asia
where its highly urbanized population is concentrated. The combined territories under ROC control consist of 168 islands in total covering 36,193 square
Taiwan
Mongol ethnic group in Siberia, Mongolia, and Inner Mongolia
Ilia (November 2010). "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia: Y-chromosome haplogroup C phylogeography". Annals of Human
Buryats
Son of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (1808–1856)
with the Jefferson Y chromosome fathered Eston Hemings (born 1808). While there were other adult males with the Jefferson Y chromosome living in Virginia
Eston_Hemings
Country in East Asia
"Japanese Territory, Northern Territories". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. "Japanese Territory, Takeshima"
Japan
Country in Northern Europe
territories (e.g. principalities of Minsk, Kyiv, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk, etc.) significantly expanding the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's territory to
Lithuania
People of Ecuador
ancestry due to their distinct inheritance patterns: Y-STRs, found on the Y-chromosome, are passed exclusively from father to son, making them ideal for tracing
Ecuadorians
Offspring of cross-species reproduction
individual parentage. In genetics, attention is focused on the numbers of chromosomes. In taxonomy, a key question is how closely related the parent species
Hybrid_(biology)
Female adult human
sex chromosomes. Transgender women were assigned male at birth. Some women are intersex, meaning they have unusual sex characteristics (chromosomes, genitalia
Woman
Series by the Smithsonian Institution
Pages 673–682. Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories. David M. Smith. Pages 683–693. Old Crow, Yukon Territory. Ann Welsh Acheson. Pages 694–703. Minto
Handbook of North American Indians
Handbook_of_North_American_Indians
Ethno-religious group of Kurdistan
the same dialect as the Georgian Kurds. According to the study, the Y-chromosome data suggests that the Kurdish group in Georgia was founded by Kurmanji
Yazidis
Sexual attraction to more than one gender
males. According to John Money (1988), genetic males with an extra Y chromosome are more likely to be bisexual, paraphilic and impulsive. Some evolutionary
Bisexuality
Japanese photographer (1934–2012)
Earlier that year Miyako Ishiuchi had photographed Fukase nude for her book Chromosome XY (1995). Some of the images from that session were published in the
Masahisa_Fukase
Interracial relationships in Asia
Genographic (28 March 2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3) e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO
Miscegenation_in_Asia
Species of plant in the aster family
and varieties which have minor differences in appearance and vary in chromosome counts as well as distribution, with some overlap. It is a conservationally
Symphyotrichum_lanceolatum
LGBTQ-related cases before the U.S. Supreme Court
Women's Sports Act", which explicitly defined sex based on genitalia and chromosomes rather than gender. It was argued alongside West Virginia v. B. P. J
List of LGBTQ-related cases in the United States Supreme Court
List_of_LGBTQ-related_cases_in_the_United_States_Supreme_Court
1979–1998 armed conflict in Cambodia
centromere and telomere distribution in the interphase nuclei of plant cells". Chromosome Research. 6 (7): 551–558. doi:10.1023/a:1009280425125. ISSN 0967-3849
Khmer_Rouge_insurgency
Species of flowering plant
species such as Knautia arvensis and Knautia ambigua. The plant has a chromosome count of 2n=20. Knautia macedonica typically grows in scrubland and open
Knautia_macedonica
members, and the herds had overlapping home territories rather than mutually exclusive home territories. This arrangement allows humans to take control
Domestication_of_vertebrates
Ethnic group
2007). "Admixture Estimates for Caracas, Venezuela, Based on Autosomal, Y-Chromosome, and mtDNA Markers". Human Biology. 2 (79): 201–13. doi:10.1353/hub.2007
Venezuelans of European descent
Venezuelans_of_European_descent
selected to signify the uniqueness of the triplication (trisomy) of the 21st chromosome which causes Down syndrome. 2006 – National Federation of the Blind v
Timeline of disability rights in the United States
Timeline_of_disability_rights_in_the_United_States
resided in the following areas of Iran: Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, the Iranian Y-chromosome pool is as follows where haplogroups,
Demographics_of_Iran
Dog breed
caused by a nonsense mutation in codon 1027 of the COL4A5 gene on the X chromosome (glycine to stop codon), which is similar to Alport's syndrome in humans
Samoyed_dog
American freed slave (1805–1877)
with the Jefferson Y chromosome fathered Eston Hemings (born 1808). While there were other adult males with the Jefferson Y chromosome living in Virginia
Madison_Hemings
European archaeological culture, 2800–1800 BCE
of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. Y-chromosome lineages common in Copper Age Iberia (I2, G2, H)
Bell_Beaker_culture
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CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES
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