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Grammar of the Circassian languages
languages, are typically expressed with verbal affixes in Circassian. This article describes the grammar of both varieties together, noting differences between
Circassian_grammar
Northwest Caucasian language
also known as West Circassian (or Lower Circassian), is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia
Adyghe_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Circassian languages
Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages. Note on Orthography: This article
Proto-Circassian_language
Ethnic stereotype
concept of Circassian beauty is an ethnic stereotype of the Circassian people. A fairly extensive literary history suggests that Circassian women were
Circassian_beauty
in the Circassian languages, encompassing both the Adyghe language (West Circassian) and the Kabardian language (East Circassian). A Circassian noun can
Nouns_in_Circassian
Subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family
Circassian (Adyghe: Адыгабзэ; Kabardian: Адыгэбзэ), also known as Cherkess (/tʃɜːrˈkɛs/ chur-KESS), is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language
Circassian_languages
Northwest Caucasian language natively spoken by Circassians
also known as East Circassian and Kabardian-Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia
Kabardian_language
adjectives in the Circassian languages (Adyghe and Kabardian) share many characteristics with nouns. A key feature of Circassian grammar is phrase-final
Adjectives_in_Circassian
Grammar of the Adyghe language
learn Adyghe grammar Adyghe grammar – Detailed (in Russian) Adyghe grammar – Circassian language lessons online Another site to learn the Adyghe grammar
Adyghe_grammar
Language family
Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Circassic, Abkhazo–Circassian, Abkhazo–Adyghe, North Pontic, or sometimes Pontic languages (from Ancient
Northwest_Caucasian_languages
indefinite. In Circassian, personal pronouns are strictly expressed only in the first person and second person in singular and plural forms. Circassian does not
Pronouns_in_Circassian
Circassian verbs can be morphologically simple, some of them consist only of one morpheme, like: кӀо "go", штэ "take". However, generally, Circassian
Adyghe_verbs
Circassian poet
in Arabic Letters" 1858 - "Circassian Grammar" 1861 - "Collection of the Circassian Alphabet" 1862 - "Eastern Circassian Alphabet" Bersey also wrote
Wumar_Bersey
Verbal morphology of the Circassian (Adyghe–Kabardian) languages
In the Circassian languages, as in all Northwest Caucasian languages, morphology is the most important part of the grammar. Circassian is polysynthetic
Circassian_morphology
Circassian tribe
The Besleney (Circassian: Беслъэней, Kabardian pronunciation: [basɬənəj]; Russian: Бесленеевцы) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing
Besleney
West Circassian alphabet
can be a point of confusion for learners. It is tempting to read the Circassian alphabet letters phonologically, but this is not always accurate. For
Adyghe_alphabet
Circassian author
Battles and The Immigration of the Circassians, and many books such as The Grammar of the Circassian Language and Circassian Alphabet. The ministry of culture
Kuba_Shaaban
Transitive Verbs Trivalent Ditransitive Verbs A fundamental rule of Circassian grammar is that a verb can contain at most three arguments: one Absolutive
Circassian_verb_transitivity
person, number, etc. Some Circassian verbs can be morphologically simple, consisting of only one morpheme. However, Circassian verbs are generally characterized
Kabardian_verbs
In the Circassian languages—comprising the Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian) branches—the verbal system is highly polysynthetic
Circassian_tenses
Topics referred to by the same term
of the Adyghe people, also called Circassian Adyghe phonology Adyghe grammar Adyghe people, also known as Circassians Adyghe Autonomous Oblast, an autonomous
Adyghe
(2012). A Grammar of Karajá. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago. pp. 174–190. Arkadiev, Peter. (2020). Non-canonical inverse in Circassian languages
Andative_and_venitive
Shapsug sub-dialect
A grammar of the Kabardian language, University of Calgary Press, 1992, ISBN 0-919813-99-2, p. 2 Henricus Joannes Smeets, Studies in West Circassian phonology
Hakuchi_dialect
Historical region of Circassia
historical regions of Circassia. It was inhabited by the Ubykh people, a Circassian tribe. It was a region located around Sochi. Ubykhia was ruled by the
Ubykhia
The standard Kabardian language, also known as Eastern Circassian, is spoken and written by the Kabardian and Besleney communities primarily in the Kabardino-Balkarian
Kabardian_grammar
Circassian linguist, folklorist, and educator
1946) was a Circassian linguist, folklorist, educator, and campaigner against illiteracy. He was one of the initiators and founders of Circassian studies
Daud_Ashkhamaf
Dialect of Adyghe
Hatuqay dialect is a dialect of Adyghe, spoken by the Hatuqay branch of the Circassian people. Linguistically, it is classified as one of the Steppe or Kuban
Hatuqay_dialect
Dormant Northwest Caucasian language
Caucasian language once spoken by the Ubykh people, an ethnic group of Circassians who originally inhabited the eastern coast of the Black Sea before being
Ubykh_language
East Circassian dialect
Kabardian: Беслъэнеибзэ) is a dialect of the East Circassian language, spoken by the Besleney subgroup of Circassians. However, because the Besleney tribe lived
Besleney_dialect
Circassian (Adyghe–Kabardian) is conjugated polypersonally: the verb agrees with several of its arguments at once, and a single word can encode a subject
Verb conjugations in Circassian
Verb_conjugations_in_Circassian
Verb system of the Circassian languages
In the Circassian languages — Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian) — as in all Northwest Caucasian languages, the verb is the most
Circassian_verbs
Kabardian educator, linguist, and historian
Rules of the Adyghe Grammar". This was the first development of the grammar of their native language in the history of the Circassians. Shortly after, Nogmov
Shora_Nogmov
Northwest Caucasian language of Abkhazia
Georgia. Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language and is thus related to Circassian and Ubykh. The language of Abkhaz is especially close to Abaza, and they
Abkhaz_language
North-Western Iranian language
Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Quetta: Balochi Academy, iii, 193 p. Andronov, M. S. 2001. A Grammar of the Balochi Language in
Balochi_language
Adyghe dialect
one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea alongside Shapsugs. Historically, Proto-Circassian possessed a distinct
Abzakh_dialect
Major dialect group of Balochi spoken in Pakistan and Iran
EuroBalúči – Balochi alphabet, grammar and music Makrani dialect at the Encyclopædia Britannica Jahani, C. 2019. A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi Portals:
Makrani_dialect
v t e Nouns of the world's languages Phonologies Orthographies Grammars Adjectives Adpositions Determiners Nouns Pronouns Verbs Bulgarian English German
Lists_of_languages
Words in Japanese that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
others thought they were only nouns. The gakkō bunpō (学校文法; lit. 'school grammar') of today has followed Iwabuchi Etsutarō [ja]'s model, which does not
Pronouns_in_Japanese
Dialect of the Adyghe language
Shapsug dialect is spoken by the Shapsugs, which are one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea, alongside Abzakhs
Shapsug_dialect
Canadian linguist
John Colarusso (2002). Myths from the Caucasus: the Nart Sagas of the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs. Princeton University Press. Colarusso, John
John_Colarusso
Pattern relating to the subject and object of verbs
transitive form "екъутэ". The example above specifically shows SOV order, but Circassian allows any order. Georgian has an ergative alignment, but the agent is
Ergative–absolutive_alignment
Northern Kurdish dialect
Chechen and Circassian immigrants in Turkish Kurdistan also speak Kurmanji. Kurdistan portal Languages portal Kurdish alphabets Kurdish grammar Kurmancî
Kurmanji
Northeast Caucasian language
After the October Revolution, in the 1920s, simultaneous with Chechen, Circassian, and Turkic languages of the USSR, there was a process of standardizing
Ingush_language
Typical names used by ethnic Georgians
Megrel", i.e., Mingrelian), Cherkezishvili ("child of Cherkezi", i.e., Circassian), Abkhazishvili ("child of Abkhazi", i.e., Abkhazian), Somkhishvili ("child
Georgian_name
Verbal deixis and spatial orientation in Circassian languages
In the Circassian languages (such as Adyghe and Kabardian), the distinction between andative and venitive motion is a pervasive and highly productive feature
Andative and venitive in Circassian
Andative_and_venitive_in_Circassian
Dialect of Western Balochi
EuroBalúči – Balochi alphabet, grammar and music Rakhshani dialect at the Encyclopædia Britannica Jahani, C. 2019. A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi Portals:
Rakhshani_dialect
Dialect of Ukrainian
Aslan Tkhakushinov — Circassian public figure, former head (2007–2017) of Adyghea, worked on the repatriation program for Circassian people to return from
Balachka
US-based exile political organization
the East Turkestan Government in Exile announced its recognition of the Circassian genocide. On May 5, 2026, the East Turkistan Government in Exile and the
East Turkistan Government in Exile
East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile
Reconstructed ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages
reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions Proto-Circassian language Proto-Abazgi language Starostin, Sergei A.; Nikolayev, Sergei
Proto-Northwest Caucasian language
Proto-Northwest_Caucasian_language
Closed lexical category of the English language
work on English grammar, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, uses the term objective case, while another, The Cambridge Grammar of the English
Personal_pronouns_in_English
Symbol branding culture of Eurasian nomads
sedentary populations, as far back as the ancient Egyptians. Among the Circassians, most families maintain a tamga to this day, and the customs related
Tamga
Bantu language group of the Comoro Islands
Kazakh, as well as languages of the Caucasus such as Western and Eastern Circassian languages and Chechen language. This makes Said Kamar-Eddine orthography
Comorian_languages
longer speak the language. The Circassians in Iran, a very large minority in the past and speakers of the Circassian language, have been strongly assimilated
Demographics_of_Iran
Northwest Caucasian dialect
[t], тI [tʼ] : The aspirated consonants originally existed in the Proto-Circassian language, which maintained a strict distinction between aspirated and
Bzhedug_dialect
Dutch linguist
Peter de Ridder Press, 35pp. ISBN 9031600830 1975: A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots. John Benjamins Pub. Co., 93pp. ISBN 0685533158 1976: Typologically
Aert_H._Kuipers
Words in Cantonese that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
indicates if the demonstratives are single or plural, respectively. Cantonese grammar Chinese pronouns Li, Shek Kam Tse, Hui (2011). Early child Cantonese :
Pronouns_in_Cantonese
Early form of the Azerbaijani language
Under them, Ajami Turkic, alongside Persian, Armenian, Georgian and Circassian, was used at the court and uniquely in the military which consisted of
Ajem-Turkic
Words in Korean that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
Korean language makes extensive use of speech levels and honorifics in its grammar, and Korean pronouns also change depending on the social distinction between
Pronouns_in_Korean
Three related alphabets used to write Georgian
from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2013. "The Circassian Alphabet". circassianweb.com. Circassian Family Tree. Retrieved 24 March 2024. Алироев, И
Georgian_scripts
Dialect of Adyghe spoken in Kfar Kama
Native speakers 3,000[citation needed] Language family Northwest Caucasian Circassian Adyghe Black Sea coast dialects Shapsug Northern Kfar Kama dialect Language
Kfar_Kama_Adyghe_dialect
Slave-soldiers and enslaved mercenaries in the Muslim world
Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words and grammar structures). Portrait of a Mamluk, 1779 Murad Bey, Circassian Mamluk chieftain and cavalry commander,
Mamluk
Ethnic cleansing of Palestinians
January 1949, a new unit, the Minority Unit. It was made up of Druze, Circassians and Bedouin who were recruited to it for one specific job only: to prevent
Nakba
Word class in the Spanish language
Academia Española. Butt, John; & Benjamin, Carmen (1994). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Second Edition). Great Britain: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-340-58390-8
Pronouns_in_Spanish
Speech sound articulated by closing the vocal tract fully or partially
languages became palatalized to /kʲ/ in extinct Ubykh and to /tʃ/ in most Circassian dialects. IPA consonant chart with audio Articulatory phonetics List of
Consonant
Proposed language family
Northwest Caucasian family (also called West Caucasian, Circassic, Abkhazo–Circassian, Abkhazo–Adyghe, North Pontic or Pontic) and the Northeast Caucasian family
North_Caucasian_languages
Nubian language of northern Sudan and southern Egypt
century, official support for Arabization largely ended, as the Turkish and Circassian governments in Cairo sometimes saw Nobiin speakers as a useful ally. However
Nobiin
Kurdish writer (1893–1951)
for having been the first modern linguist to compile and organise the grammar of the modern form of the Northern Kurdish language, Kurmanji, and having
Celadet_Alî_Bedirxan
Classification of fluency mainly for endangered languages
(2013-09-04). "Tevfik Esenç – the last person able to speak the Ubykh language". Circassian World. Retrieved 2021-04-22. "The Last Living Speaker of Wichita". NPR
Speaker_types
Words in French that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
(masculine). For more information on the formation of questions, see French grammar. French, like English, uses relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses
Pronouns_in_French
State of living together as spouses while unmarried
of several different ethnicities, often Ethiopian or Circassian. Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority
Concubinage
Category of pronouns in Spanish grammar
Overview Pronunciation stress Orthography Names History Old Middle Influences Grammar Determiners Nouns gender Pronouns personal object Adjectives Prepositions
Object_pronouns_in_Spanish
English physician (1749–1823)
the English or Lettres Philosophiques". "Voltaire on Circassian Medicine: Inoculation". Circassian World. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved
Edward_Jenner
Words in Chinese that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. China portal Chinese honorifics Chinese grammar Chinese language Cantonese pronouns Hokkien pronouns Chinese: 代词/代詞; pinyin:
Pronouns_in_Chinese
Reconstructed ancestor of the Circassian languages
Proto-Kabardian (or Proto Eastern Circassian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Kabardian dialects and the Besleney dialect. Together with its
Proto-Kabardian_language
pp. 197–212. ISBN 978-3-96110-251-8. "Circassians". Encyclopedia.com. "Circassian Diaspora". Center for Circassian Studies. "Origin and Evolution of the
Demographics of the Arab world
Demographics_of_the_Arab_world
Turkic nomadic people in Eurasia
Michael (2012). Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide. Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4
Kipchaks
Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state
p. 443. ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3. Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Archived from
Stateless_nation
researches "Mstislav Tmutarakansky and Rededya according to the legend of the Circassians", Kabardian legend "Beauty Elena and the hero-woman", "Talysh texts"
Lev_Lopatinsky
to refer to a person of unknown gender is Anne Fisher's 1745 grammar book A New Grammar. Older editions of Fowler also took this view. This usage continues
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns
Arabic variety spoken in the Levant
minorities. In particular, it is spoken natively by Samaritans and by most Circassians in Jordan, Armenians in Jordan and Israel, Assyrians in Israel, Turkmen
Levantine_Arabic
This article may require copy editing for spelling, grammar, style, cohesion, or tone. You can assist by editing it. (May 2026) (Learn how and when to
Slavery_in_Argentina
Republic of Russia
derives its names from the Lezgin people; nevertheless, Azerbaijanis, Circassians, Abkhazians, Mountain Jews, Caucasian Avars, the Russian Kuban, and Terek
Dagestan
Turkic nomadic people
invaded the Northern Caucasus where he entered into conflict with local Circassians pushing them beyond the Kuban River. The conflict was settled by a Georgian
Cumans
List of Asian ethnic groups
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey. Language family; with some exceptions
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Asia
List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups_of_Asia
prefixed with ch- for thing or things near the speaker, and h- for one or ones distant from the speaker. Hokkien language Hokkien grammar Hokkien numerals
Hokkien_pronouns
Words in English that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
pro-form for a noun phrase. Traditional grammars consider them to be a distinct part of speech, while most modern grammars see them as a subcategory of noun
Pronouns_in_English
Historical semi-nomadic Turkic ethnic group
Sarkel and Tamatarkha, and reached as far as the Caucasian Kassogians/Circassians and then back to Kiev. Sarkel fell in 965, with the capital city of Atil
Khazars
Ancient Iranian empire, 550–330 BC
common language of that region. However, by the reign of Artaxerxes II, the grammar and orthography of the inscriptions was so "far from perfect" that it has
Achaemenid_Empire
Large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity
assimilated into Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto-Circassian Maeotian people, the Alans, and the Goths. Other Sarmatians were assimilated
Sarmatians
International neo-Nazi network
home?" read part of the message sent to the office of Özdemir, who has Circassian roots. The death threats were condemned by Angela Merkel, and Interior
Atomwaffen_Division
1993 massacre
Islam Judaism Georgian secularism Freedom of religion Linguistics Georgian grammar (Old Georgian prefix, Georgian conjugation, Screeve) Georgian slang Georgian
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Sukhumi
Ethnic_cleansing_of_Georgians_in_Sukhumi
System of sounds for the Adyghe language
voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ] mostly by the Circassians of Adygea, but many Circassians in diaspora pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant
Adyghe_phonology
1709–1738 Afghan monarchy ruled by Ghilji Pashtuns
citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)
Hotak_dynasty
Words in German that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Modal particles v t e
Pronouns_in_German
/kʼ/ and the labiodental fricative /v/ are only found in Turkish and Circassian loanwords. Out of the labials, the fricatives /v/ /vˤ/ /f/ are labiodental
Ubykh_phonology
American abolitionist (1818–1895)
essays, speeches, and dialogues, to assist students in learning reading and grammar. He later learned that his mother had also been literate, about which he
Frederick_Douglass
segment of Ukrainian speakers.[citation needed] Adyghe: Spoken by Israeli Circassians in Kfar Kama and Rehaniya and studied as a subject in schools. Spanish:
Languages_of_Israel
Free-born African American kidnapped by slave-traders
hyperbole in "plain and candid language", while Wilson corrected style, grammar, and inconsistencies. It was published by Derby & Miller of Auburn, New
Solomon_Northup
Ethnic and cultural group in the United States
largely bi-dialectal middle-class African Americans. It shares parts of its grammar and phonology with the Southern American English dialect. African American
African_Americans
Words in Vietnamese that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
similar in function. Thompson, Laurence C. (1987). A Vietnamese reference grammar. Internet Archive. [Honolulu] : University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1117-4
Pronouns_in_Vietnamese
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CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
CIRCASSIAN GRAMMAR
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