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This was achieved by reforms of some Circassian leaders, as well as a series of violent revolts by Circassian peasants (Adyghe: Фэкъолӏ зау, lit. 'The
Circassian_Revolution
Northwest Caucasian ethnic group
As a consequence of the 19th-century Russo-Circassian War and the Circassian genocide, most Circassians were exiled from their homeland and scattered
Circassians
Circassian diaspora in Israel
Circassians are citizens and residents of Israel. They live primarily in two towns: Kfar Kama (Кфар Кама), and Rehaniya (Рихьаные). The Circassians of
Circassians_in_Israel
Armed conflict in the Caucasus (1763–1864)
The Russo–Circassian War, also known as the Russian invasion of Circassia, or termed by the Circassians as the Great War with the Tsar took place in the
Russo–Circassian_War
Ethnic stereotype
concept of Circassian beauty is an ethnic stereotype of the Circassian people. A fairly extensive literary history suggests that Circassian women were
Circassian_beauty
Former country and region in Eastern Europe
Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide
Circassia
Resettled Circassian community largely formed following the Russo-Circassian War
The Circassian diaspora are ethnic Circassians around the world who were driven from Circassia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Circassian_diaspora
Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians worldwide to preserve their heritage and culture, save their language from extinction, raise awareness
Circassian_nationalism
Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Jordan
Circassians in Jordan (Adyghe: Иорданием ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Yiwerdaniém yis Adıǵexer; Arabic: الشركس في الأردن) are descendants of Circassian refugees
Circassians_in_Jordan
Mass murder of Circassians by the Russian Empire
The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the systematic mass killing, ethnic cleansing, and forced displacement of between 95% and 97% of the Circassian
Circassian_genocide
Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Syria
Circassians in Syria refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century. They moved to Syria
Circassians_in_Syria
Culinary traditions of Circassia
Circassian cuisine is an ethnic cuisine, based on the cooking style and traditions of the Circassian people of the North Caucasus. This region lies between
Circassian_cuisine
Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Turkey
Circassians in Turkey refers to people born in or residing in Turkey that are of Circassian origin. The Circassians are one of the largest ethnic minorities
Circassians_in_Turkey
Period in the 18th century
those involving their rights and crafts. Atlantic history Circassian Revolution List of revolutions and rebellions Modern era Long nineteenth century Pax
Age_of_Revolution
Ethnic religion of the Circassian people
Circassian paganism is the ethnic religion of the Circassians. It is based on worshipping the supreme god Thashkho (Тхьэшхо) and other deities under his
Circassian_paganism
Historical ethnic Circassian minority in Romania
The Circassians in Romania were an ethnic minority in the territory that constitutes modern Romania. The presence of people with names derived from the
Circassians_in_Romania
Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Iraq
Circassians in Iraq refer to people born in or residing in Iraq who are of Circassian origin. "Circassians" in Iraq may refer to Circassians proper, but
Circassians_in_Iraq
Egyptians of partial or full ethnic Circassian origin
The Circassians in Egypt (Adyghe: Мысырым ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Mısırım yis Adıgəxər; Arabic: الشركس في مصر) are people of Egypt with Circassian origin
Circassians_in_Egypt
1810-1840 military campaign of the Russo-Circassian War
French nobles took refuge in Russia during the similar revolution in France, some of the Circassian nobles took the same path and refuge in Russia. In July
Tughuzhuqo_Qizbech_movement
National flag of the Circassians
The Circassian flag (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэ нып) is the national flag of the Circassians. It consists of a green field charged with twelve gold stars
Circassian_flag
Moral code of the Circassian people
The Adyghe Khabze is the traditional worldview and moral code of the Circassian people. It regulates most aspects of individual as well as social life
Adyghe_Khabze
This is a list of revolutions, rebellions, insurrections, and uprisings. Revolutionary/rebel victory Revolutionary/rebel defeat Another result (e
List of revolutions and rebellions
List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions
Northwest Caucasian language
also known as West Circassian, (or Lower Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia
Adyghe_language
International Circassian Association (ICA) is the umbrella organization that represents all Circassian institutions around the world. In various Circassian communities
International Circassian Association
International_Circassian_Association
Folklore of the North Caucasus
mythology of the ethnic groups in the area, including Abazin, Abkhaz, Circassian, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar, and to some extent Chechen-Ingush folklore
Nart_saga
Ethnic group
The Circassians in Iran are an ethnic minority in Iran. Circassians in Iran differ somewhat from other Circassian diasporas, in that most in the former
Circassians_in_Iran
Northwest Caucasian language natively spoken by Circassians
also known as East Circassian and Kabardian-Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia
Kabardian_language
Annual commemoration of Circassian genocide victims (21 May)
The Circassian Day of Mourning (Adyghe: Шъыгъо-шӏэжъ маф, Shygho-shezh maf; Russian: День памяти жертв Кавказской войны, Den pamyati zhertv Kavkazskoy
Circassian_Day_of_Mourning
Ethnic group
Germany who are of Circassian origin. There are around 40,000 Circassians in Germany. After the Circassian genocide, Circassians were exiled to Ottoman
Circassians_in_Germany
Caucasian ethnic group
are one of the Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai
Ubykh_people
Circassian Uprising against Golden Horde 1319-1327
The Circassian–Golden Horde War (1319–1327) was a series of military engagements between the Mongol-led Golden Horde and the Circassians (Zichia). During
Circassian–Golden Horde War (1319–1327)
Circassian–Golden_Horde_War_(1319–1327)
First-level administrative division of Russia
representing the indigenous Caucasian-Turkic Karachay people and the Cherkess or Circassian people. Karachays form the largest ethnic group at around 44% of the population
Karachay-Cherkessia
Circassian tribe
Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They are also commonly known
Kabardians
Ethnic group in Kosovo
The Circassians in Kosovo were a group of the Circassian people who lived in Kosovo beginning in the mid-19th century, when they were exiled during the
Circassians_in_Kosovo
Ethnic group
identified themselves as Circassian. After the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War, large number of Circassians were exiled to the Ottoman
Circassians_in_Bulgaria
Notable people of Circassian origin
incomplete list of world-famous or notable Circassians, including both full Circassians and people of at least 50% Circassian descent. Figures who belong in two
List_of_Circassians
Circassian music refers to the traditional songs and instruments of the Circassians. Circassian music is characterized by certain instruments, including:
Circassian_music
Historical ethnic group of the Sea of Azov
ethnographers concluded that the Maeotians were among the ancestors of the Circassian (Adyghe) people. The modern Adyghe name of the people is МыутIэхэр, Mıwt'əxər
Maeotians
Republic of Russia in the North Caucasus
century BCE. During this period, the region was known as Zichia, a medieval Circassian kingdom located on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. Historical
Kabardino-Balkaria
Medieval Circassian kingdom
Zichia (/ˈzɪkiə/; Medieval Circassian: Адзыгъуей, Adyghe: Адыгей) was the predecessor of Circassia and a medieval kingdom on the northeastern shore of
Zichia
First-level administrative division of Russia
one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people who form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form
Adygea
Mongol conquest of Northern Caucasia
William of Rubruck, who travelled to the Caucasus in 1253, wrote that the Circassians had never "bowed to Mongol rule", despite the fact that a whole fifth
Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia
Revolution in Iran from 1978 to 1979
The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement
Iranian_Revolution
Circassian tribe
The Abzakh (Circassian: Абдзах, Abdzakh; Russian: абадзехи) also known as Abdzakhs or Abadzekhs are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing
Abzakhs
Part of the Circassian genocide
Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria was a document sent by Circassian leaders
A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria
A_Petition_from_Circassian_leaders_to_Her_Majesty_Queen_Victoria
Circassian tribe
Zhane were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived in the Zhane Principality
Zhane_(sub-ethnic_group)
American citizens and nationals who are ethnic Circassians
Circassian Americans (Adyghe: Адыгэ Американхэр; Kabardian: Адыгэ Американхэр) are Circassians living in the United States. They are mostly found in New
Circassian_Americans
1879–1882 nationalist uprising in Egypt
Turco-Circassian officers. This broad effort at reform was opposed by European interests, many of the large landowners, the Turkish and Circassian elite
Urabi_revolt
Circassian tribe
Natukhaj are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their areas historically
Natukhajs
Circassian politician
leader of Circassia from 1848 to 1859. He was one of the Circassian leaders in the Russo-Circassian War. A dictator, his era was marked with various reforms
Muhammad_Amin_Asiyalav
1796 battle between Bzhedug-Shapsug aristocrats and commoner militia
recognized in Circassian literature for documenting the transition of Shapsug, Natukhaj, and Abzakh regions during the Circassian Revolution. Mashbash, a
Battle_of_Bziyiqo
Circassian military commander
War. Due to the rise of democratic factions in Circassia with the Circassian Revolution, and some regions abandoning social classes, he lost his status
Aytech_Qanoqo
Extinct Circassian tribe
(Adyghe: Гъуае) were one of the Circassian tribes. They were destroyed after the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War, as not a single member
Guaye
Circassian military commander
Qizbech Tughuzhuqo was a Circassian soldier, military commander and a leader of the Shapsug who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. A cavalry commander
Qizbech_Tughuzhuqo
Circassian diaspora in Cyprus
Circassians in Cyprus (Adyghe: Къыбрысым ис Адыгэхэр; Turkish: Kıbrıs Çerkesleri; Greek: Κιρκάσιοι στην Κύπρο), refers to the Circassian community in Cyprus
Circassians_in_Cyprus
Circassian tribe
Russians) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived between the lower
Chemguys
Extinct Circassian tribe
Adamians (Adyghe: Адэмый, romanized: Adəmıy) were a Circassian tribe who were massacred in the Circassian genocide. Today, they are assimilated into the Chemguy
Ademey
1861–64 legislature of Circassia
The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ, romanized: Adygə Xasə, IPA: [aːdɘɣə́ xaːsə́]), also called the Great Parliament
Parliament of Independence (Circassia)
Parliament_of_Independence_(Circassia)
Circassian tribe
(also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups
Shapsugs
Ancient nation in the Western Caucuses
whose designations were subsequently replaced with the names of several Circassian tribes, confirm this. Zichia Kassogians Circassia William Smith, LLD.
Zygii
Political party
the general chairman. It is a party founded by Circassians in Turkey, and is also known as the "Circassian Solidarity Party" in unofficial media, and defends
Pluralist Democracy Party (Turkey)
Pluralist_Democracy_Party_(Turkey)
Circassian tribe
[bʐɐdɘʁʷ]; Russian: Бжедуги; Turkish: Bjeduğlar) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Many of them immigrated to Turkey in the 1860s, but there is still
Bzhedugs
Circassian warrior clan
ХьакӀуцу [ħaːkʷʼɘt͡sʷ]) were a Circassian warrior clan who were mostly destroyed in the Circassian genocide and the Russo-Circassian War. The remaining adherents
Hakuchey
Social movement in 19th century Circassia
unity in early 19th-century Circassia, which was adopted by prominent Circassian figures (such as local rulers, commanders, aristocrats, clergy, and thamate
National_Oath
Circassian tribe
Yegerukaevtsy) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. There is also a small town
Yedjeruqay
Circassian tribe
Hatuqay are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their ancestral tongue is
Hatuqay
Circassian association opposed to the Russian authoritarianism
the Circassian associations in the region and provided assistance. Circassian cultural activities began in Turkey after the Young Turk Revolution in the
KAFFED
Circassian nationalist charitable organization in the Ottoman Empire
The Circassian Union and Charity Society (Adyghe: Адыгэ Зэготын ыкӀи ЗэдэӀэпыӀэн Хасэ) or Çerkes İttihat ve Teavün Cemiyeti (Ottoman Turkish: چركس اتحاد
Circassian Union and Charity Society
Circassian_Union_and_Charity_Society
Extinct Circassian tribe
Kheghache were one of the Circassian tribes. They were completely exterminated in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. None were recorded
Kheghache
Circassian against Golden Horde 1492
brief military and diplomatic episode involving the Great Horde and the Circassians, which took place in the North Caucasus region during the internal decline
Pyatigorsk_War
Russian Circassian general (1880–1947)
Russian and Circassian general of Crimean Tatar descent. A career military officer, Klych-Girey participated in the suppression of Russian Revolution of 1905
Sultan_Klych-Girey
Circassian Conference in Tbilisi in March 2010
Crimes was a Circassian congress or conference held March 20, 2010, in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, funded in part by the Circassian members of the
Hidden Nations, Enduring Crimes
Hidden_Nations,_Enduring_Crimes
Religious beliefs in Circassia
majority of ethnic Circassians today are Muslim while a minority retain Orthodox Christian or pagan beliefs. Historically, Circassians were predominantly
Religion_in_Circassia
Extinct Circassian tribe
promoted to code: la ; Tatar: Adalecode: tat promoted to code: tt ) was a Circassian tribe centered on the Taman Peninsula which their principality lived during
Hytuk
Russian Imperial cavalry general (1797–1883)
the Napoleonic Wars and Russo-Circassian War, initially gaining prominence for his genocidal actions against the Circassians, whom he reportedly saw as a
Grigory_Zass
Extinct Circassian tribe
romanized: Tchopsınə) were a Circassian tribe. They were destroyed in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. Tchopsin in translation
Chebsin
Russian breed of horse
in the winter. Due to wars such as the Russo-Circassian War and especially the 1917 Russian Revolution, the number of Kabarda horses drastically decreased
Kabarda_horse
Circassian tribe
Mamxegi) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Originally, the Mamkhegs
Mamkhegh
Interwar conflict in Turkey, 1919–1923
to the Persian border. These included mostly Turks, as well as Kurds, Circassians, and Muhacir groups from Rumeli. Most Muslim Arabs were now outside of
Turkish_War_of_Independence
Country in West Asia
Iranian Arabs. Circassian was once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language
Iran
2011 armed conflict in North Africa
Libyan Civil War, also known as the First Libyan Civil War and Libyan Revolution, was an armed conflict fought in 2011 in the North African country of
Libyan_civil_war_(2011)
Extinct Circassian tribe
romanized: Məxhoṩ) were one of the Circassian tribes. The tribe was mostly annihilated in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. When the Bzhedug
Makhosh
Armed group based in the Quneitra Governorate of Syria
originally formed as Ahrar al-Sharkas (Arabic: كتيبة أحرار ألشركس, The Free Circassian Battalion), is an armed group based in the Quneitra Governorate of Syria
Jamaat_Jund_al-Qawqaz
Emperor of Russia from 1855 to 1881
Russian military plans on the Caucasian front that culminated in the Circassian genocide. While he was disappointed by the results of the Congress of
Alexander_II_of_Russia
Conflict between Russians and Caucasians
sought to expand southward. Various Caucasian groups, including Abazins, Circassians, Chechens, Ingush, Karachay-Balkars, Ossetians and Dagestanis (various
Russo-Caucasian_conflict
Russian state from 1721 to 1917
Circassian Genocide. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide
Russian_Empire
Polish military commander (1827–1886)
the Polish struggle for independence. He participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and then he was fighting in Crimean War as a colonel in the Polish
Teofil_Lapinski
Firearm of the Caucasus
miquelet lock, a type of flintlock mechanism known for its reliability. Circassian versions are noted for their miquelet locks with particularly long and
Khirimi
Georgian, or a Circassian Woman; to begin with the King, who commonly is a Georgian, or a Circassian by the Mother's side. Circassians alongside the Georgians
Ethnicities_in_Iran
Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Abkhazia
their Circassian neighbours in the first century AD via the travels and preaching of the Saint Andrew, and became the dominant religion of Circassians in
Abkhazians
1920s uprising against French rule
Syrian Revolution" and coordinated with "the international communist movement". On 23 August 1925 Sultan al-Atrash officially declared revolution against
Great_Syrian_Revolt
Titles given within the Ottoman Empire
parts of Anatolia and Iraqi Kurdistan, the title of Beyzade was given to Circassian princes who led parts of the Ottoman conquest in these regions. The Begzada
Begzada
Highest political and religious office in Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran, officially styled as the leader of the Islamic Revolution or the leadership of the Islamic jurist by the Iranian Constitution, is
Supreme_Leader_of_Iran
North Caucasian/Cossack sword
The pommel was decorated with an imperial insignia; following the 1917 revolution, this was often ground off. Shashkas manufactured under the Soviet regime
Shashka
later joined the Xoybûn. Circassian Union and Charity Society – Адыгэ Зэготын ыкӀи ЗэдэӀэпыӀэн Хасэ. Founded after the revolution, it was a cultural association
List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire
List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire
Revolt that took place in the Ottoman Empire in 1876
massacres took place between Bulgarians and Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians and Abazas, who were expelled from the Caucasus by the Russian Empire
1876_Ottoman_coup_d'état
Iran under the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1736
administrative and religious elite. In the 17th century, Armenian, Georgian, and Circassian gholams (slave-soldiers) emerged as the "Third Force" and became the primary
Safavid_Iran
coast. The local resistance to this process became a part of the Russo-Circassian War which ended in a Russian victory and the genocide of the local population
History_of_Sochi
Type of socialist philosophy
for Ethem the Circassian]. Yeni Asya (in Turkish). Istanbul. Uğurlu, Nurer (2007). Çerkez Ethem Kuvvetleri Kuvayı Seyyare [Circassian Ethem Forces Kuvayi
Islamic_socialism
Iranian royal (1941–2014)
of Nader Jahanbani who was executed in February 1979 after the Iranian revolution. Jahanbani and Shahnaz Pahlavi, the eldest daughter of Shah Mohammed Reza
Khosrow_Jahanbani
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