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Former country and region in Eastern Europe
Circassia (/sərˈkæʃə/ sər-KASH-ə), also known as Zichia, was a country and a historical region in Eastern Europe. It spanned the western coastal portions
Circassia
The Rulers of Circassia refers to the figures who held supreme authority over Circassia. This role evolved from a symbolic feudal title into a formal
Rulers_of_Circassia
Armed conflict in the Caucasus (1763–1864)
The Russo–Circassian War, also known as the Russian invasion of Circassia, or termed by the Circassians as the Great War with the Tsar took place in the
Russo–Circassian_War
Northwest Caucasian ethnic group
IPA: [aːdɘɣəxə́r]), are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group native to Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus. As a consequence of
Circassians
Religious beliefs in Circassia
Religion in Circassia refers to religious presence in historical Circassia and modern-day Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Krasnodar Krai and Karachai-Cherkessia
Religion_in_Circassia
Mass murder of Circassians by the Russian Empire
Russian invasion of Circassia in the 19th century. It resulted in the deaths of up to 1.5 million people and the destruction of Circassia, which was then
Circassian_genocide
Exchange. The company was founded by Steve Harris and Charles Swingland as Circassia Group in 2006. It was the subject of an initial public offering in March
NIOX_Group
Circassian politician
Sufi leader and military commander who served as the de facto leader of Circassia from 1848 to 1859. He was one of the Circassian leaders in the Russo-Circassian
Muhammad_Amin_Asiyalav
Series of military expeditions against the Circassia
The Ottoman campaigns in Circassia (1501–1504), were a series of military expeditions launched by the Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate
Ottoman campaigns in Circassia (1501–1504)
Ottoman_campaigns_in_Circassia_(1501–1504)
British military intelligence officer
Якъуб-Бий), was a British merchant, adventurer, and author. He travelled to Circassia in the 1830s and participated in the Russo-Circassian War on the side
James_Bell_(adventurer)
1861–64 legislature of Circassia
Parliament of Independence (Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэшхо), was the legislature of Circassia officialized in 1861 after a meeting in Sochi attended by leaders of several
Parliament of Independence (Circassia)
Parliament_of_Independence_(Circassia)
First-level administrative division of Russia
culture Maeotians Zygii Medieval Mongol invasion of Circassia Zichia Inal the Great Modern Circassia Circassian slave trade Russo-Circassian War National
Karachay-Cherkessia
Queen of Kartli from 1716 to 1724
(in French). Rome. pp. 145–147.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Media related to Rusudan of Circassia at Wikimedia Commons
Rusudan_of_Circassia
Medieval Circassian kingdom
Medieval Circassian: Адзыгъуей, Adyghe: Адыгей) was the predecessor of Circassia and a medieval kingdom on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea, inhabited
Zichia
Ethnic stereotype
by claiming that the product was based on substances used by women in Circassia. Many consorts and mothers of the Ottoman Sultans were ethnic Circassians
Circassian_beauty
Mongol conquest of Northern Caucasia
The Mongol invasion of Circassia and Alania was the invasion of Zichia (Circassia) and Alania by the Mongol Empire in 1237. William of Rubruck, who travelled
Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia
National flag of the Circassians
and wheat. There are twelve stars, representing the twelve provinces of Circassia. There are three arrows, a reference to Adyghe Khabze: according to Khabze
Circassian_flag
Northwest Caucasian language
Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia in the Caucasus, it is one of the two official languages of Adygea (the
Adyghe_language
War in eastern Europe
Savory, meant to drill his men, these raids targeted the "infidels" of Circassia and Dagestan. These were however probably the Christian Alans (nowadays
Sheikh Haydar's campaign to Circassia (1486–1487)
Sheikh_Haydar's_campaign_to_Circassia_(1486–1487)
Tsaritsa of Russia from 1561 to 1569
Maria Temryukovna (born Kucheney; Russian: Мари́я Темрю́ковна; Kabardian: Гуэщэней Идар Темрыкъуэ и пхъу; c. 1545 – 1 September 1569) was the tsaritsa
Maria_Temryukovna
Conflicts and social changes in 17th-19th century Circassia
in Circassia (Adyghe: Адыгэ Пщы-оркътедз; also called the "Democratic Movement") refers to various social changes in 17th-19th century Circassia which
Circassian_Revolution
extinction, raise awareness about the Circassian genocide, return to Circassia and establish a completely autonomous or independent Circassian state
Circassian_nationalism
Legendary Circassian king
Нэф, lit. 'Inal the Blind') was the folkloric Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia who unified all Circassians into one state. He led campaigns into several
Inal_the_Great
Circassian tribe
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Roslanbek Atazhukin Rusudan of Circassia – Queen consort of Georgia (Kartli) as the wife of King Vakhtang VI Servetseza
Kabardians
Historical country in the North Caucasus
Princedom of Kabardia (Kabardian: Къэбэрдей Пщыгъуэ), also known as Eastern Circassia (Kabardian: Шъхьагъ, lit. 'upper region'), was a historical country in
Kabardia
Circassian house of princely origin
Turkish: Berzeg Ailesi) is a Circassian princely house of Ubykhia of Circassia, who controlled the entirety of valley of the Sochi River (on its right
House_of_Berzeg
Circassian military commander
Qizbech "the Lion of Circassia" Tughuzhuqo was a Circassian soldier, military commander and a leader of the Shapsug who took part in the Russo-Circassian
Qizbech_Tughuzhuqo
Circassian diaspora in Israel
Circassian languages and originate from the historical country-region of Circassia in the North Caucasus. Most Israeli Circassians adhere largely to the
Circassians_in_Israel
Annual commemoration of Circassian genocide victims (21 May)
genocide, which took place in the final stages of the Russian invasion of Circassia. It is known in Russia as the Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the
Circassian_Day_of_Mourning
1791 battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
Russian Empire successfully attacked the Turkish-regulated Anapa fort in Circassia as part of the Russo-Turkish War and the Russo-Circassian War. Anapa,
Siege_of_Anapa_(1791)
Circassian military commander
the summer of 1823, Russian General Veliaminov launched a campaign into Circassia with a detachment of approximately 1,400 infantry, artillery, and Cossack
Qaramirza_Aliy
Imam of Dagestan (1797–1871)
Chechnya, and indirectly through his representative Muhammad Amin, in Circassia. He is considered a hero by peoples of the Northern Caucasus. Imam Shamil
Imam_Shamil
Circassian ruler
Yidar Yinarmas (Circassian: Айдар) was a Circassian ruler of the Caucasus. He was the son of Prince Yinarmas, and the grandson of Prince Tabuldu. Prince
Yidar_of_Kabardia
Section of coastline
Черкесское побережье, Čerkesskoe poberž′e) was the coast of historical Circassia on the Black Sea before 1864, extending from Anapa in the north to Adler
Russian_Black_Sea_coast
Part of the Circassian genocide
soil and Russia started building forts in an attempt to quickly annex Circassia. Thus began the first hostilities between the Circassians and the Russian
A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria
A_Petition_from_Circassian_leaders_to_Her_Majesty_Queen_Victoria
Northwest Caucasian language natively spoken by Circassians
Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia in the Caucasus, it is official in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia
Kabardian_language
Social movements are groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on political or social issues. This list excludes the following: Artistic movements:
List_of_social_movements
Conflict between Britain and Russia in 1836
control over their country Circassia, because Circassia was not part of the Ottoman Empire and the relations between Circassia and the Ottoman Empire were
Mission_of_the_Vixen
Method of inducing immunity against disease
Inoculation has ancient origins, and the technique was known in Africa, China, Circassia and India. The earliest hints of the practice of inoculation for smallpox
Inoculation
Circassian tribe
green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived in the Zhane Principality of Circassia. The Zhane were a very powerful Circassian tribe in the past. They lived
Zhane_tribe
Circassian tribe
Takhtamukaysky and District of Teuchezksky), which were a small part of historical Circassia. However, today the major Shapsug communities are found in Turkey, Israel
Shapsugs
French academic and polymath
Turkish. He arrived in Anapa in 1813 and made a trip to the coast of Circassia in 1818. During this trip, he met the Natukhai and Shapsug tribes on the
Edouard_Taitbout_de_Marigny
Social movement in 19th century Circassia
to unify Circassia as a single country and resist the ongoing Russian annexation of Circassia. Leaders from different regions of Circassia swore loyalty
National_Oath
Ethnic religion of the Circassian people
references to Circassia (such as Prometheus chained to Mount Elbrus). Some have even claimed that this mythology originated in Circassia. Edmund Spencer
Circassian_paganism
1708 Circassian victory over Crimean Tatars
Circassian victory. It played a big role in decreasing foreign influence in Circassia. In 2013, the Russian Academy of Sciences described the battle as "an
Battle_of_Kanzhal
1834 battle of the Russo-Circassian War
against the Russian Empire. The battle took place in the Abin region of Circassia (modern-day Abinsk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia). Despite being heavily outnumbered
Battle_of_Abinsk
Circassian house of privateer origin
Turkish: Dipşov Ailesi) is a Circassian privateer house of Ubykhia of Circassia, who controlled the entirety of Psou River until the end of Russo-Circassian
House_of_Dipsheu
Caucasian ethnic group
Esenç, the last speaker, died. The Ubykh used to inhabit the capital of Circassia, Sache (Circassian: Шъачэ, lit. seaside) — present-day Sochi, Krasnodar
Ubykh_people
captured in southern Russia, Poland–Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Circassia by Tatar horsemen in a trade known as the "harvesting of the steppe".
Black_Sea_slave_trade
Mongol general and kingmaker (died 1299/1300)
on Poland, Nogai and Talabuga made another expedition, this time into Circassia. There they pillaged and killed at will. However, on their return to their
Nogai_Khan
1112–1196), also Count of Namur Inal the Great of Circassia (died 1458), supreme prince of Circassia Isaac the Blind (c. 1160–1235), Jewish writer and
List of people known as the Blind
List_of_people_known_as_the_Blind
Circassian tribe
Circassian flag. They histirocally lived in the Principality of Besleney in Circassia. By character, culture and language, the Besleney are closest to Kabardians
Besleney
Circassian princely house
House of Talostan is a Circassian princely house of Kabardia of Circassia. They are found in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation; as well as in Republic
House_of_Talostan
24, 1828 Location Anapa fortress, Circassia Result Russian victory Belligerents Russia Ottoman Empire Circassia Commanders and leaders Aleksandr Menshikov
Siege_of_Anapa_(1828)
Extinct Circassian tribe
Glavani (French consul in Crimea) at the beginning of 1724, when describing Circassia, wrote: "The Kheghache district has one chief, to which 500 people are
Kheghache
Final engagement of the Russo-Circassian War in 1864
War, it was after the Battle of Qbaada that the Russian Empire annexed Circassia and initiated the Circassian genocide, in which 95% to 97% of the country's
Battle_of_Qbaada
Chattel slavery was a major institution and a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society. The main sources of slaves were
Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire
Folklore of the North Caucasus
translations Articles: Colarusso, John (Dec 1989), "Myths from the Forests of Circassia", The World & I, archived from the original on 11 February 2007 Colarusso
Nart_saga
Tuta Gurieli 5. Tamar of Kartli 22. Kelchiko of Kabarda 11. Rusudan of Circassia 1. Parnaoz 24. George IV Dadiani 12. Bezhan Dadiani 25. Sevdia Mikeladze
Prince_Parnaoz_of_Georgia
Series of 15th-century military conflicts
The Ottoman–Crimean Invasion of Circassia took place between 1479 and 1490 and marked the beginning of systematic Ottoman influence in the North Caucasus
Ottoman-Crimean Invasion of Circassia (1479–1490)
Ottoman-Crimean_Invasion_of_Circassia_(1479–1490)
Circassian politician, military commander and nobleman
Russian sources. Reportedly, he was born in 1779 in the Bzhedug region of Circassia. He was born into the Akhezhaqo family of the Pshishawoqan branch of the
Pshiquy_Akhezhaqo
Kabardian Grand Prince 1762 - 1773
death in 1773. He is chiefly known for opposing Russian expansion into Circassia during the early stages of the Russo-Circassian War, particularly after
Qasey_of_Kabardia
between the Crimean Khanate against the Kabardian princedom and western Circassia, during which the famous Kabardian prince Temruqo Idar died In the summer
Battle_of_Afips_(1570)
Circassian politician and military commander
the Qalebatuqo sub-branch. Qalebatuqo was a respected person all around Circassia and fought in the Russo-Circassian War. In 1807, Shupako Qalebatuqo self-proclaimed
Qalebatuqo_Hatuqay
Circassian Uprising against Golden Horde 1319-1327
Caucasus, focused on expanding its influence southward, including into Circassia. However, the Circassians, known for their guerrilla tactics and mountainous
Circassian–Golden Horde War (1319–1327)
Circassian–Golden_Horde_War_(1319–1327)
Circassian warrior clan
Part of a series on the Circassians Адыгэхэр Circassia Adyghe Khabze Circassians List of notable Circassians Circassian genocide Circassian diaspora Turkey
Hakuchey
Concubine of Suleiman the Magnificent
Mahidevran Hatun Born c. 1499 Circassia or Montenegro or Albania or Crimea Died 1581(1581-00-00) (aged 81–82) Bursa, Ottoman Empire Burial Muradiye Complex
Mahidevran
Ottoman-backed Turkic invasions (1441–1774)
Moscow and the Duchy of Lithuania, although some fell on Moldavia and Circassia (North Caucasus).[citation needed] The main economic goal of the raids
Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
Crimean–Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe
Resettled Circassian community largely formed following the Russo-Circassian War
diaspora are ethnic Circassians around the world who were driven from Circassia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. From 1763 to 1864
Circassian_diaspora
Series of wars
Georgian historians referred to Circassia as "Djiketia" (a variation of "Zichia", the medieval name of Western Circassia). During this period, churches
Circassian–Georgian_wars
Moral code of the Circassian people
social life, and has historically served as the unwritten constitution of Circassia, regulating legal proceedings, conflict resolution, military affairs,
Adyghe_Khabze
18th-century Circassian prince
Mirzabech, Aslanbech and Bechmirza Qanoqo Personal details Born Besleney, Circassia Died 1792 – 1800 Relations Mirzabech (brother) Aslanbech (brother) Bechmirza
Qizbech_the_Great
1220s–1240s military campaign
Caucasus against the Kingdom of Georgia, the Chechens, the Ingush, and Circassia though they failed to fully subjugate the latter. More invasions were
Mongol_invasion_of_Europe
Historical region of Circassia
ТIуахъы; Убых Хэку; Аубла; Убыхия) was one of the historical regions of Circassia. It was inhabited by the Ubykh people, a Circassian tribe. It was a region
Ubykhia
Georgette Camart Igor, brother of Marie tenor Miro Skala Temrouk, Prince of Circassia bass Michel Taverne Yorloff, a boyar bass-baritone Charles Soix A young
Ivan_IV_(opera)
Circassian prince and military commander
his youth. He was one of the Hajret Kabardians who migrated to Western Circassia after the Russian occupation of Kabardia to continue the war. He migrated
Ajdjeriyiqo_Kushuk
Circassian tribe
Леонтий Яковлевич (1990). Черкессия: историко-этнографические статьи [Circassia: historical and ethnographic articles] (PDF) (in Russian). Северо-Кавказский
Abzakhs
Circassian military commander and chief
was 60 years old, he helped unite Circassia and was elected the president of the Independence Majlis of Circassia (Adyghe: Шъхьафитныгъэ Хасэ, romanized: Şhafitnığə
Gerandiqo_Berzeg
Russian state from 1721 to 1917
as the Circassian genocide during the 1860s. Following its conquest of Circassia, around 1 to 1.5 million Circassians – almost half of the total population
Russian_Empire
Circassian diplomat (1798–1860)
father Mehmed Giray Bey, a business owner and one of the richest men in Circassia, died when he was young. In 1807, the fortress of Anapa was captured by
Seferbiy_Zaneqo
1840 siege during the Russo-Circassian War
early 1830s, the Russians had been landing on the Black Sea coast of Circassia and building fortifications. The Russians built the Lazarevsky fortification
Siege_of_Lazarevsky
Retrieved 14 October 2024. "Historical Territory of Circassia | The Council Of United Circassia". United Circassia. Retrieved 19 October 2024. "Free Nations of
List of irredentist claims or disputes
List_of_irredentist_claims_or_disputes
17th-century prince consort of Moldavia
Circassian (English) Princess consort of Moldavia Tenure 1640–1653 Born c. 1620 Circassia (present-day Russia) Died after 1 March 1666 Burial Iaşi, Principality
Ecaterina_Cercheza
Circassian against Golden Horde 1492
University named after K. L. Khetagurov. p. 121. Khotko, S. Kh. (2017). Circassia: Genesis and Ethno-Political Relations with the Countries of Eastern Europe
Pyatigorsk_War
Caucasus Independence Committee, both of which aimed for the independence of Circassia and were supported by the Committee of Union and Progress were also founded
International Circassian Association
International_Circassian_Association
Egyptian naval officer (1790–1854)
Pasha al-Iskandarani Pasha حسن الإسكندراني Born 1790 (1790) Angasia, Circassia Died 1854 (aged 63–64) Crimea, Russian Empire Cause of death Drowning
Hassan_Pasha_al-Iskandarani
Circassian association opposed to the Russian authoritarianism
Committee (Kafkas İstiklâl Komitesi), both aiming for the independence of Circassia and supported by the Committee of Union and Progress, were established
KAFFED
Circassian noble and politician
Записки о Черкесии (Notes on Circassia) (in Russian). Khan-Giray, Sultan (1836). Записки о Черкесии (Notes on Circassia) (in Russian). "Hatukay kabilesinin
Jandjeriy Cherchanuqo (19th century)
Jandjeriy_Cherchanuqo_(19th_century)
Circassian prince and commander
Russo-Circassian War. Muhammad was one of the Kabardians who migrated to Western Circassia. Over time, he became known as a famous leader among the Circassians.
Muhammad_Asha_Hatokhshoqo
Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Iraq
families in Iraq. Iraqis of North Caucasus origin mainly originate from Circassia. The migration of North Caucasians to Iraq goes back many centuries, peaking
Circassians_in_Iraq
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (1382–1389, 1390–1399)
ruling from 1382 to 1389 and 1390 to 1399. Born to a Christian father in Circassia, Barquq was enslaved and later arrived in Egypt. He deposed sultan al-Salih
Barquq
Mamluk emir and regent of Ottoman Egypt
Succeeded by Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey Personal details Born c. 1735? Circassia Died January/ March 1791 Cairo, Ottoman Empire Cause of death Natural
Ismail_Bey
1260 battle between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire
Khokhanaberd Alania Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Georgia Chechnya and Ingushetia Circassia (First, Second) Poland (First, Second, Third) Hungary (First, Second)
Battle_of_Ain_Jalut
Notable people of Circassian origin
Oktamasades's mother, Tirgatao. Inal the Great – Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several
List_of_Circassians
Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Turkey
Liberation of Caucasus), both of which aimed for the independence of Circassia and were supported by the CUP. During the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922
Circassians_in_Turkey
Seizure and destruction of Samarkand by Genghis Khan's Mongol army
Khokhanaberd Alania Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Georgia Chechnya and Ingushetia Circassia (First, Second) Poland (First, Second, Third) Hungary (First, Second)
Siege_of_Samarkand_(1220)
victory Belligerents Ingush Societies Kingdom of Kakheti Kabardia (East Circassia) Commanders and leaders Cha Eala Cherbazh Eala Levan of Kakheti Asakhmet
Ambush_in_Darial_Gorge
1809 engagement of the Russo-Circassian War
War Date 18 August 1809 Location Anapa, Circassia Result Circassian victory Belligerents Russian Empire Circassia Commanders and leaders Nikolai Markovich
Circassian_ambush_near_Anapa
Turkish traveler and writer (1611–1684)
third-party narrator witnesses, and invented elements. Çelebi traveled to Circassia as well, in 1640. He commented on the women's beauty and talked about
Evliya_Çelebi
Circassian nobleman, military commander, and politician
was a Circassian military commander, politician, Prince of Princes of Circassia and the grand prince of the Chemguy. He was one of the most influential
Jembulat_Boletuqo
travel, tourism, insurance
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