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Orbit with a fixed distance from the barycenter
A circular orbit is an orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter; that is, in the shape of a circle. In this case, not only the distance, but also
Circular_orbit
Smallest stable circular orbit of a particle
innermost stable circular orbit (often called the ISCO) is the smallest marginally stable circular orbit in which a test particle can stably orbit a massive
Innermost stable circular orbit
Innermost_stable_circular_orbit
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
shielding. A medium Earth orbit is sometimes called mid Earth orbit or intermediate circular orbit (ICO). Two medium Earth orbits are particularly significant
Medium_Earth_orbit
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
the same area. For orbits with small eccentricity, the length of the orbit is close to that of a circular one, and the mean orbital speed can be approximated
Orbital_speed
orbits can be either open or closed. Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle. Elliptic orbit: An orbit with
List_of_orbits
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized case, the initial and target orbits are both circular and coplanar.
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
A value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptic orbit, 1 is a parabolic (escape orbit or capture orbit), and greater than 1
Orbital_eccentricity
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
resultant orbit will be less than that of the original circular orbit. Thrust applied in the direction of the satellite's motion creates an elliptical orbit with
Orbital_mechanics
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
masses orbiting each other in a circular or elliptic orbit is: T = 2 π a 3 G M {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}} where: a is the orbit's semi-major
Orbital_period
Process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies
orbit, the most significant effect is atmospheric drag. Due to atmospheric drag, the lowest altitude above the Earth at which an object in a circular
Orbital_decay
Orbit around Earth
same on every pass. Circular orbit An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle. Elliptic orbit An orbit with an eccentricity
Geocentric_orbit
Parameters that define a specific orbit
given the symbol q. For perfectly circular orbits, there is no distinct apoapsis or periapsis, as all points of the orbit have the same distance from the
Orbital_elements
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
Higher orbits include medium Earth orbit (MEO), sometimes called intermediate circular orbit (ICO), and further above, geostationary orbit (GEO). Orbits higher
Low_Earth_orbit
Curved path of an object around a point
elliptical, not circular (or epicyclic), as had previously been believed, and that the Sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one
Orbit
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
elliptical orbit or eccentric orbit is an orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1;[citation needed] this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with
Elliptic_orbit
Type of orbital maneuver
r_{1}} is the radius of the initial circular orbit, r 2 {\displaystyle r_{2}} is the radius of the final circular orbit, r b {\displaystyle r_{b}} is the
Bi-elliptic_transfer
Compact astronomical body
move to a stable orbit further from the black hole, or escape to infinity. This orbit is called the innermost stable circular orbit, or ISCO. In the case
Black_hole
Type of geocentric orbit
the orbit, and μ is the standard gravitational parameter of the planet (398600.440 km3/s2 for Earth); as p ≈ a for a circular or almost circular orbit, it
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Elliptical orbit used to move a spacecraft from one circular orbit to another
In orbital mechanics, a transfer orbit is an intermediate elliptical orbit that is used to move a spacecraft in an orbital maneuver from one circular, or
Transfer_orbit
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42
Geostationary_orbit
Object movement along a circular path
axis of rotation. More examples of circular motion include special satellite orbits around the Earth (circular orbits), a ceiling fan's blades rotating
Circular_motion
Astrodynamic equation
of the distance (such as gravity), has an orbit that is a conic section (i.e. circular orbit, elliptic orbit, parabolic trajectory, hyperbolic trajectory
Orbit_equation
Region around a black hole at which light orbits
circular orbit, thus forming a photon circle and hence in aggregation a photon sphere. The circular photon orbit is said to be the last photon orbit.
Photon_sphere
Parameter of Keplerian orbits
(segment FP in the figure) of the orbiting body. For circular orbits the true anomaly is undefined, because circular orbits do not have a uniquely determined
True_anomaly
First planet from the Sun
to complete an orbit. The diagram illustrates the effects of the eccentricity, showing Mercury's orbit overlaid with a circular orbit having the same
Mercury_(planet)
Orbit of an object around the Moon
a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular. When farthest
Lunar_orbit
Spaceflight maneuver
Orbital inclination change is an orbital maneuver aimed at changing the inclination of an orbiting body's orbit. This maneuver is also known as an orbital
Orbital_inclination_change
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
satellite's orbit is the same as the Earth's equatorial plane, and the satellite's orbital inclination is 0°. The general case for a circular orbit is that
Orbital_inclination
Net potential energy encountered in orbital mechanics
. A circular orbit may be either stable or unstable. If it is unstable, a small perturbation could destabilize the orbit, but a stable orbit would return
Effective_potential
Simplified model of orbital relative motion
model of orbital relative motion, in which the target is in a circular orbit, and the chaser spacecraft is in an elliptical or circular orbit. This model
Clohessy–Wiltshire_equations
Orbit of an astronomical body equal to that body's average rotational period
it takes the object it is orbiting to rotate once. A satellite in a synchronous orbit that is both equatorial and circular will appear to be suspended
Synchronous_orbit
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
special case of geosynchronous orbit is the geostationary orbit (often abbreviated GEO), which is a circular geosynchronous orbit in Earth's equatorial plane
Geosynchronous_orbit
Parameter in the gravitational two-body problem
the orbit. In the case of circular orbits, this rate is one half of the gravitation at the orbit. This corresponds to the fact that for such orbits the
Specific_orbital_energy
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
solutions, the collinear and the equilateral, for any three masses, with circular orbits. The five Lagrange points are labeled and defined as follows: The L1
Lagrange_point
Laws describing planetary orbits
replaced the circular orbits and epicycles of Copernicus's heliostatic model of the planets with a heliocentric model that described elliptical orbits with planetary
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
Precession of satellite orbits due to a celestial body's presence affecting spacetime
angular velocity ω {\displaystyle \omega } , such that a satellite in a circular orbit in the θ = π/2 plane remains at rest. This gives us d ϕ = d ϕ ′ − ω
Geodetic_effect
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
in a circular orbit can complete at least one full revolution without propulsion is approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi). The expression "orbital spaceflight"
Orbital_spaceflight
Specifies the orbit of an object in space
have if it moved in a circular orbit, with constant speed, in the same orbital period as the actual body in its elliptical orbit. Define T as the time
Mean_anomaly
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Halo orbit A halo orbit is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics
Halo_orbit
Characteristic of accretion discs
\kappa ^{2}} becomes negative, then small perturbations to the (assumed circular) orbit of a fluid parcel will become unstable, and the disc will develop an
Epicyclic_frequency
General-relativistic effect
In the Schwarzschild metric, free-falling objects can be in circular orbits if the orbital radius is larger than 3 2 r s {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}r_{s}}
Gravitational_time_dilation
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit". Nature. 268 (5618): 301. Bibcode:1977Natur.268..301B. doi:10.1038/268301a0
Time_dilation
Concept in celestial mechanics
gravitational influence of the primary. If an object is in a circular or elliptical orbit, its speed is always less than the escape speed at its current
Escape_velocity
Vector in celestial mechanics
eccentricity. For Kepler orbits the eccentricity vector is a constant of motion. Its main use is in the analysis of almost circular orbits, as perturbing (non-Keplerian)
Eccentricity_vector
Spaceflight operation
In spaceflight an orbit insertion is an orbital maneuver which adjusts a spacecraft’s trajectory, allowing entry into an orbit around a planet, moon, or
Orbit_insertion
Astronomic function
inclination of 90° corresponds to an orbit seen edge-on). For a circular orbit (orbital eccentricity = 0) it is given by K = v 1 sin i = ω orb a 1 sin
Binary_mass_function
Type of orbit
closely related to the orbital velocity of a body in a circular orbit of the radius equal to the radial position of orbiting body on the parabolic trajectory:
Parabolic_trajectory
Paths of particles in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations
Samuil Kaplan in 1949 has shown that there is a minimum radius for the circular orbit to be stable in Schwarzschild metric. An exact solution to the Einstein
Schwarzschild_geodesics
Inner moon of Uranus
402 days). Like the other inner moons of Uranus, it follows a nearly circular orbit along Uranus's equatorial plane. Due to its small size, it appears extremely
Uranus_XXVIII
Variant of the Delta IV space launch vehicle
200 km (120 mi) circular orbit at 28.7° inclination 407 km (253 mi) circular orbit at 51.6° inclination 200 km (120 mi) circular orbit at 90° inclination
Delta_IV_Heavy
Movement during spaceflight
orbit is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different altitudes, in the same plane. The orbital maneuver to perform the
Orbital_maneuver
Theorem in classical mechanics
arbitrary central forces by assuming that the particle moved in nearly circular orbit. This theorem remained largely unknown and undeveloped for over three
Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
Newton's_theorem_of_revolving_orbits
Group of artificial satellites working together as a system
in an orbital plane maintains sufficient separation to avoid collisions or interference at orbit plane intersections. A class of circular orbit geometries
Satellite_constellation
there is a circular orbit for photons at rinner = 3 / 2 rs . The sphere of this radius is sometimes known as the photon sphere. The orbital precession
Two-body problem in general relativity
Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity
Orbit in the two body case with high eccentricity
Polar regions. The transfer orbit was proposed by the German scientist Walter Hohmann in 1925, it connects two circular orbits, a lower one and a higher
Highly_elliptical_orbit
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
mesons. Calculation of the orbits requires two assumptions. Classical mechanics The electron is held in a circular orbit by electrostatic attraction
Bohr_model
Planetary hypothesis proposed by Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler to describe the motion of Mars. The hypothesis adopted the circular orbit and equant of Ptolemy's planetary model as well as the heliocentrism
Vicarious_Hypothesis
Aspect of relativity in physics
compared to the speed of light in circular orbits. Assume that these two masses orbit each other in a circular orbit in the x–y plane. To a good approximation
Gravitational_wave
Celestial orbit whose trajectory is a conic section in the orbital plane
In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit (or Keplerian orbit, named after the German astronomer Johannes Kepler) is the motion of one body relative to another
Kepler_orbit
Research apparatus for particle physics
path into a circular orbit. It is a characteristic property of charged particles in a uniform and constant magnetic field B that they orbit with a constant
Particle_accelerator
Hypothetical Solar System planet
similarities in the orbits of Sedna and 2012 VP113 and several other ETNOs. They proposed that an unknown planet in a circular orbit between 200 and 300 AU
Planet_Nine
Application of mechanical dynamics to model the flight of space vehicles
craft into the elliptical transfer orbit, and a second to circularize the target orbit. To raise a circular orbit at v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} , the first
Spacecraft_flight_dynamics
Conventional definition of the edge of space
maintaining altitude. This is the virtual force that keeps satellites in circular orbit without any aerodynamic lift. As altitude increases and air density
Kármán_line
Relativistic correction
particle has to move in a curve, say an arc, spiral, helix, or a circular orbit or elliptical orbit, for its frame to precess. The angular velocity of the precession
Thomas_precession
Region just outside event horizons
is a region near a black hole in which matter can no longer follow circular orbits and will instead rapidly "plunge" towards the event horizon at nearly
Plunging_region
Concept in gravitational orbital mechanics
{GM}{r_{a}}}-{\frac {GM}{r_{p}}}} Recalling that for an elliptical orbit (and hence also a circular orbit) the velocity and radius vectors are perpendicular at apoapsis
Vis-viva_equation
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
trajectory In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (pronounced [li.sa.ʒu]), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that
Lissajous_orbit
Specifies the orbit of an object in space
the x- and y-components of the eccentricity vector e. In the case of circular orbits it is often assumed that the periapsis is placed at the ascending node
Argument_of_periapsis
Orbital and friction heating on a planet or moon oceans, or interior
elliptical orbit decays into a circular orbit (tidal circularization) and the rotational periods of the two bodies adjust towards matching the orbital period
Tidal_heating
Rocket motor used to circularise a satellite's orbit after launch
impulse to change the trajectory from the transfer orbit into its final orbit (most commonly circular). For a satellite launched from the Earth, the rocket
Apogee_kick_motor
Seventh planet from the Sun
working in Russia, was the first to compute the orbit of the new object. Its nearly circular orbit suggested that it was a planet rather than a comet
Uranus
Orbital plane that is tipped away from the equator
sidereal day. If the orbit is perfectly circular and not inclined, the satellite will remain at a fixed point in the sky. If the orbit is inclined, it will
Inclined_orbit
Diagrammatic representation of Sun's position over a period of time
northward equinox and the periapsis. Viewed from an object with a perfectly circular orbit and no axial tilt, the Sun would always appear at the same point in
Analemma
Spaceflight in NASA's Gemini program
which had been earlier launched into a 161-nautical-mile (298 km) circular orbit. This was to be the first space docking in U.S. history. Four separate
Gemini_8
Concept in celestial mechanics
while orbits, at least in the solar system, can be measured with great precision and used to determine μ with similar precision. For a circular orbit around
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
Component of an orbit
of the vernal equinox). Apsidal precession Apsis Eccentricity (orbit) Orbit: circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic True anomaly "Line of apsides
Apse_line
examining the dynamics of particles in circular orbits about the Earth. A key advantage in examining circular orbits is that it is possible to know the solution
Theoretical motivation for general relativity
Theoretical_motivation_for_general_relativity
Physics theorem
{r} }}.} All attractive central forces can produce circular orbits, which are naturally closed orbits. The only requirement is that the central force exactly
Bertrand's_theorem
International astronomical organization
(such as asteroids), calculating their orbits and publishing this information via the Minor Planet Circulars. Under the auspices of the International
Minor_Planet_Center
Region of space gravitationally dominated by a given body
particular celestial body exerts the main gravitational influence on an orbiting object. As such it is the dominating part of a gravitational field. It
Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)
Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)
Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction
is the point of interest, the reference plane is the local area (e.g. a circular area with a 5 km radius at sea level) around an observer on Earth's surface
Azimuth
Event wherein the Sun is obscured by the Moon
perfectly circular orbit and in the same orbital plane as Earth, there would be total solar eclipses at every new moon. Instead, because the Moon's orbit is
Solar_eclipse
Angular speed required for a body to complete one orbit
assuming constant speed in a circular orbit which completes in the same time as the variable speed, elliptical orbit of the actual body. The concept
Mean_motion
2014 book by Kip Thorne
of gravitational waves. Thorne then explores the development of planets orbiting a supermassive black hole and how the planets depicted in the film could
The_Science_of_Interstellar
Brightest star in the constellation Auriga
moving off the main sequence. They are in a very tight circular orbit about 0.74 AU apart, and orbit each other every 104 days. Capella Aa is the cooler
Capella
System consisting of two black holes in close orbit around each other
to shrink rapidly. The last stable orbit or innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) is the innermost complete orbit before the transition from inspiral
Binary_black_hole
Type of route in a public transport system
route orbiting a central point, commonly the central business district (CBD) in a city or large town a route running in approximately a circular path from
Circle_route
Upcoming crewed mission of the Artemis program
Orion's European Service Module would place the spacecraft into a circular orbit approximately 230 nautical miles (430 km; 260 mi) above Earth. Orion
Artemis_III
Launches made by India's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle family of rockets
Dutt, Anonna (10 February 2023). "SSLV-D2 places three small satellites in orbit". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 August 2024. "Loksabha Q&A" (PDF). DEPARTMENT
List_of_SSLV_launches
Term in geometry; longest and shortest semidiameters of an ellipse
orbit, is 384,400 km. (Given the lunar orbit's eccentricity e = 0.0549, its semi-minor axis is 383,800 km. Thus the Moon's orbit is almost circular.)
Semi-major and semi-minor axes
Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes
Conceptual artificial ring around the Earth
surface. Orbital rings use a different mechanism. In the orbital ring version, a kinetic ring is moving around the world at a higher speed than circular orbital
Orbital_ring
Problem in physics and celestial mechanics
massless particles will orbit about these points as they orbit around the larger primary (Sun). The five equilibrium points of the circular problem are known
N-body_problem
Largest type of black hole
hole to coalesce into stars that orbit it. A study concluded that the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) for SMBH masses above this
Supermassive_black_hole
Newtonian setting. We use circular orbits as our prototype. This has the advantage that we know the kinetics of circular orbits. This allows us to calculate
Newtonian motivations for general relativity
Newtonian_motivations_for_general_relativity
Function describing an electron in an atom
appeared in the Bohr model where it determines the radius of each circular electron orbit. In modern quantum mechanics however, the mean distance of the
Atomic_orbital
Concept in geometry and physics
Solar System is usually considered to be Earth's orbital plane, which defines the ecliptic, the circular path on the celestial sphere that the Sun appears
Orbital_plane
Indian space docking experiment mission
launched both SDX01 and SDX02 spacecraft into a 475-kilometer-high circular orbit with an inclination of 55° at 21:58 hours IST (16:28 GMT) from the First
SpaDeX
Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
February 2075. Because Quaoar has a nearly circular orbit, it does not approach close to Neptune such that its orbit can become significantly perturbed under
Quaoar
Planetary motions in archaic models of the Solar System
compensating for the elliptical orbit of the Moon, moving faster at perigee and slower at apogee than circular orbits would, using four gears, two of
Deferent_and_epicycle
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
_{0}\hbar c}}.} The ratio of the velocity of the electron in the first circular orbit of the Bohr model of the atom, which is 1/4πε0e2/ħ, to the speed
Fine-structure_constant
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