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Region around a black hole at which light orbits
A photon sphere, or photon ring or photon circle, arises in a neighbourhood of the event horizon of a black hole where gravity is so strong that emitted
Photon_sphere
Compact astronomical body
the photon sphere must have been emitted by objects located between the photon sphere and the event horizon. Light emitted towards the photon sphere may
Black_hole
Surface of a black hole
Photon sphere (definition): A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface { r = r p s } {\displaystyle \{r=r_{ps}\}}
Photon_surface
Smallest stable circular orbit of a particle
test particle like a photon, the only possible but unstable circular orbit is exactly at the photon sphere. Inside the photon sphere, no circular orbits
Innermost stable circular orbit
Innermost_stable_circular_orbit
Exact solution for the Einstein field equations
outer photon sphere. A beam of light traveling in the same direction as the black hole's spin will circularly orbit at the inner photon sphere. Orbiting
Kerr_metric
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion method
allow the photons to fall into the photon sphere, since then they would simply fall into orbit around the black hole. The path that the photons take comes
Halo_drive
Hypothetical phenomenon
travels around the photon sphere many times, generating many relativistic images around it. On the other hand, having no photon sphere, a strongly naked
Naked_singularity
Electromagnetic radiation
black hole, the synchrotron radiation occurs for orbits close to the photon sphere where the motion is in the ultra-relativistic regime. Usually called
Synchrotron_radiation
Hypothetical mechanism for extracting energy from rotating black holes
singularity BKL singularity Shock singularity Theorems Event horizon Photon sphere Innermost stable circular orbit Ergosphere Penrose process Blandford–Znajek
Penrose_process
Units defined only by physical constants
Peter W. (17 July 2018). "Scrambling Time and Causal Structure of the Photon Sphere of a Schwarzschild Black Hole". arXiv:1807.04363 [gr-qc]. Sorkin, Rafael
Planck_units
Physical effect when superradiant modes are confined around a rotating black hole
Emanuele Berti; Akihiro Ishibashi (27 September 2012). "Black-Hole Bombs and Photon-Mass Bounds". Physical Review Letters. 109 (13) 131102. arXiv:1209.0465
Black_hole_bomb
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
Other distinct types include: The Cauchy and Killing horizons. The photon spheres and ergospheres of the Kerr solution. Particle and cosmological horizons
Event_horizon
Constant e raised to the power of pi
images corresponding to the number of times light wraps around the photon sphere. For a non-rotating black hole, the ratio of distances between successive
Gelfond's_constant
Model of the extended complex plane plus a point at infinity
The Riemann sphere has many uses in physics. In quantum mechanics, points on the complex projective line are natural values for photon polarization states
Riemann_sphere
General-relativistic effect
than 3 2 r s {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{2}}r_{s}} (the radius of the photon sphere). The formula for a clock at rest is given above; the formula below
Gravitational_time_dilation
ISSN 2041-8205. The ring usually lies near the gravitationally lensed photon orbits that define the boundary of what we hereafter refer to as the black
History_of_black_hole_physics
Solution to the Einstein field equations
S2CID 119476658. Sneppen, Albert (2021-07-09). "Divergent reflections around the photon sphere of a black hole". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 14247. Bibcode:2021NatSR
Schwarzschild_metric
Global radio telescope array
mass around 5.5×107 M☉, the black hole is not large enough for its photon sphere to be observed, as in EHT images of Messier M87*, but its jet extends
Event_Horizon_Telescope
Two-pass global illumination rendering algorithm
cached photon maps is used. The steps are: Gather the N nearest photons using the nearest neighbor search function on the photon map. Let S be the sphere that
Photon_mapping
Black hole which possesses angular momentum
2022. Sneppen, Albert (9 July 2021). "Divergent reflections around the photon sphere of a black hole". Scientific Reports. 11 (1) 14247. Bibcode:2021NatSR
Rotating_black_hole
Conjecture in physics
singularity BKL singularity Shock singularity Theorems Event horizon Photon sphere Innermost stable circular orbit Ergosphere Penrose process Blandford–Znajek
Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis
Hypothetical black-hole event-horizon phenomenon
the data. Black hole information paradox Black hole thermodynamics Photon sphere Gravitational time dilation Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
Firewall_(physics)
Alternative of event horizon first suggested by Stephen Hawking
horizon Ergosphere Killing horizon Naked singularity Particle horizon Photon sphere Reissner–Nordström solution Ivan Booth (2005). "Black hole boundaries"
Apparent_horizon
Region outside of a rotating black hole's event horizon
singularity BKL singularity Shock singularity Theorems Event horizon Photon sphere Innermost stable circular orbit Ergosphere Penrose process Blandford–Znajek
Ergosphere
History and future of the universe
leaving behind a plasma that was dominated by protons, neutrons, electrons, photons, and neutrinos. After the first second, the plasma became dilute enough
Chronology_of_the_universe
Fast-growing quasar
singularity BKL singularity Shock singularity Theorems Event horizon Photon sphere Innermost stable circular orbit Ergosphere Penrose process Blandford–Znajek
SMSS_J215728.21–360215.1
is a circular orbit for photons at rinner = 3 / 2 rs . The sphere of this radius is sometimes known as the photon sphere. The orbital precession rate
Two-body problem in general relativity
Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity
Concept in theoretical astrophysics
Energy is re-emitted, not as a single photon, but rather as a series of photons of lesser energy. The photons lose energy as they travel outward from
Strömgren_sphere
Paths of particles in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations
there is a circular orbit for photons at rinner = 3⁄2 rs. The sphere of this radius is sometimes known as the photon sphere. The orbital precession rate
Schwarzschild_geodesics
Type of horizon in spacetime
horizon Ergosphere Killing horizon Naked singularity Particle horizon Photon sphere Reissner–Nordström solution Schwarzschild metric Hawking, S. W. & Ellis
Absolute_horizon
Distance between a projectile path and center of a potential field affecting it
may be used to study electromagnetic interactions — i.e. photon–photon, photon–nucleon, or photon–nucleus interactions — with low background contamination
Impact_parameter
Overview of the scientific field of astronomy
Schwarzschild radius M–sigma relation Event horizon Quasi-periodic oscillation Photon sphere Ergosphere Hawking radiation Penrose process Bondi accretion Spaghettification
Outline_of_astronomy
Overview of and topical guide to black holes
flickers about certain frequencies. Photon sphere – spherical region of space where gravity is strong enough that photons are forced to travel in orbits.
Outline_of_black_holes
Pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation
field or in terms of the momenta of photons, particles of light. The interaction of electromagnetic waves or photons with matter may involve an exchange
Radiation_pressure
Branch of optics which studies how EM radiation can be manipulated with metamaterials
to mimic a black hole of Schwarzschild form. Similar properties of photon sphere were also found numerically for the metamaterial black hole. Several
Transformation_optics
Optical component
calculated. This number is the average number of times a photon is scattered in the sphere, before it is absorbed in the coating or escapes through a
Integrating_sphere
Physical model of propagating energy
wave–particle duality, behaving both as waves and as discrete particles called photons. Electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charged particles
Electromagnetic_radiation
Rendering method
such as ray casting, recursive ray tracing, distribution ray tracing, photon mapping and path tracing, are generally slower and higher fidelity than
Ray_tracing_(graphics)
Technique for determining size distribution of particles
fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon autocorrelation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy – PCS or quasi-elastic
Dynamic_light_scattering
Photon entanglement Photon epoch Photon gas Photon induced electric field poling Photon noise Photon polarization Photon sphere Photonic-crystal fiber
Index_of_physics_articles_(P)
Images of gravitational lensing
(2007-07-11). "Light's bending angle due to black holes: from the photon sphere to infinity". General Relativity and Gravitation. 39 (10): 1563–1582
Relativistic_images
Basic unit of quantum information
can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two spin states (left-handed and the right-handed circular
Qubit
Optical phenomenon
Poincaré sphere and the use of Stokes parameters, which are thus plotted on (or beneath) it. Coherence (physics)#Polarization and coherence Photon polarization
Unpolarized_light
fictional universe contains a variety of weapons, ranging from missiles (photon torpedoes) to melee (primarily used by the Klingons, a race of aliens in
Weapons_in_Star_Trek
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
reported that extragalactic background light (EBL) amounted to 4×1084 photons. As the universe's expansion is accelerating, all currently observable
Observable_universe
Subatomic particle
patterns of photons as electron neutrinos do. Electron neutrinos and tau neutrinos, in contrast to muon neutrinos, both cause sphere-shaped photon detection
Tau_neutrino
Change in luminosity of a moving object due to special relativity
the form of a photon. With enough electrons and a powerful enough magnetic field, the relativistic sphere can emit a huge number of photons, ranging from
Relativistic_beaming
Particle together with excitations from other fields
excitations in a medium with photons. In radiobiology, a dressed particle is a bare particle together with its Debye sphere that neutralizes its electric
Dressed_particle
Measure of radiant energy over surface area
with suffix "e" (for "energetic") to avoid confusion with photometric or photon quantities. Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W or E for radiant energy
Irradiance
Response of spin to electromagnetic radiation
absorption resonance. Instead of using two spin states in a magnetic field, photon echoes use two energy levels that are present in the material even in zero
Spin_echo
Laser technology
resembles a π {\displaystyle \pi } -pulse on the Bloch sphere. However, this way the emitted photons have the same frequency as the pump laser. A polarizer
Quantum dot single-photon source
Quantum_dot_single-photon_source
Region of the observable universe
(named for the astronomer Edwin Hubble) or Hubble sphere, subluminal sphere, causal sphere and sphere of causality is a spherical region of the observable
Hubble_volume
Text-based ray-tracing program
media (smoke, clouds) reflections, refractions, and light caustics using photon mapping surface patterns such as wrinkles, bumps, and ripples, for use in
POV-Ray
Technique for detecting quantum objects
may then return to the ground state via two routes; by the emission of a photon of 637 nm in the zero phonon line (ZPL) (or longer wavelength from the phonon
Optically detected magnetic resonance
Optically_detected_magnetic_resonance
Special arrangement of permanent magnets
flight direction, and as they interact with the light already emitted, photons along its line are emitted in phase, resulting in a "laser-like" monochromatic
Halbach_array
American public spaceflight company
satellites. Rocket Lab said that it would use Sinclair technology on its Photon line of small satellite buses, and that it would help Sinclair increase
Rocket_Lab
Method of analysis applied to problems wave propagation
pattern: in dark areas, no photons are landing, and in bright areas, many photons are landing. The set of possible photon paths is consistent with Richard
Huygens–Fresnel_principle
Everything in space and time
The mass of the universe was then dominated by photons as it entered the following photon epoch. A photon is the quantum of light and all other forms of
Universe
Optical method of measuring fluid flow
using the Doppler effect on a He-Ne beam scattered by small polystyrene spheres in the fluid. At the Research Laboratories of Brown Engineering Company
Laser_Doppler_velocimetry
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
formed when electrons bombarded a material. Albert Einstein introduced the photon concept in 1905, but it was not broadly accepted until 1922, when Arthur
X-ray_diffraction
Measurement of distance
called the peculiar velocity of that object. The peculiar velocity of a photon is always the speed of light. Most large lumps of matter, such as galaxies
Comoving_and_proper_distances
Generalized manifold
with a quotient space of the 2-sphere along a rotation by π {\displaystyle \pi } ; it is homeomorphic to the 2-sphere, but the natural orbifold structure
Orbifold
Smallest unit of a chemical element
difference matching the energy of the interacting photon. The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases
Atom
Average distance travelled by a particle between impacts with other particles
distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a
Mean_free_path
Paradigm of quantum computer
conditions, described below) universal quantum computation. LOQC uses photons as information carriers, mainly uses linear optical elements, or optical
Linear optical quantum computing
Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Physical phenomenon
(BSM) on photon b, the input photon, and photon c, her part of the entangled photon pair (photons c and d). Photon d, Bob's receiver photon, will contain
Quantum_teleportation
Experiment in quantum physics
which was contested at that time. The experiment confirmed existence of photons, the conservation of energy and the Compton scattering theory. At that
Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment
Bothe–Geiger_coincidence_experiment
Subatomic particle having no substructure
century, beginning with the electron, followed by the proton in 1919, the photon in the 1920s, and the neutron in 1932. By that time, the advent of quantum
Elementary_particle
Mathematical tool in quantum physics
known as the Bloch sphere picture of qubit state space. An example of pure and mixed states is light polarization. An individual photon can be described
Density_matrix
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
components of n have to be positive, this shell spans an octant of a sphere. The number of photon states g(ε) dε, in an energy range dε, is thus given by: g (
Planck's_law
Horizon appearing on a cosmological scale
This is the farthest distance that any photon can freely stream. The Hubble sphere is also called the "photon horizon". Similarly, there is a "neutrino
Cosmological_horizon
Optical Phenomenon
the normal is I photons/(s·m2·sr) and the number of photons per second emitted into the vertical wedge is I dΩ dA. The number of photons per second emitted
Lambert's_cosine_law
4th episode of the 6th season of Star Trek: The Next Generation
sphere concept, which was proposed by Freeman Dyson in 1959. The starship Enterprise, responding to a distress call, discovers a nearby Dyson sphere.
Relics (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
Relics_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
stationary orbits, during which a photon is either absorbed or emitted by the system. With the measurement of the photon angular momentum, the law of conservation
Bohr_model
Small localized object
with non-zero rest mass while a massless particle has zero rest mass. The photon and gluon are massless. The hypothetical graviton is expected to be massless
Particle
Physical law on the emissive power of black body
5205 × 10 15 photons ⋅ s − 1 ⋅ m − 2 ⋅ K − 3 ) ⋅ T 3 {\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {phot} }=\left({1.5205\times 10^{15}}\;{\textrm {photons}}{\cdot }{\textrm
Stefan–Boltzmann_law
Type of quantum state
influence on the photon number distribution of the light wave and its phase distribution as well. For amplitude squeezed light the photon number distribution
Squeezed_coherent_state
Sub-discipline of chemistry
Stark–Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated
Photochemistry
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass (i.e., photons) may travel at the speed of light, and that nothing may travel faster.
Faster-than-light
Devices for observing, measuring or recording astronomical data
include: Alidade: device that allows one to sight a distant object Armillary sphere: model of objects in the sky consisting of a framework of rings Astrarium:
List of astronomical instruments
List_of_astronomical_instruments
Fission bomb yield formula
\left({\frac {2+3\delta }{2}}\right)} where γ is the thermodynamic exponent of a photon gas, E2 is the prompt energy density of the fuel, α is Vn (neutron velocity)
Bethe–Feynman_formula
Change in wavelength of light
structure of the universe. Redshift and blueshift can also be related to photon energy and, via Planck's law, to a corresponding blackbody temperature.
Redshift
SI derived unit of visible light emission
equivalent to one candela-steradian (symbol cd·sr): 1 lm = 1 cd·sr. A full sphere has a solid angle of 4π steradians (≈ 12.56637 sr), so an isotropic light
Lumen_(unit)
Unit of illuminance
with a subscript "v" (for "visual") to avoid confusion with radiometric or photon quantities. For example: USA Standard Letter Symbols for Illuminating Engineering
Foot-candle
Quantum key distribution protocol - B92
individual photons to a receiver (Bob). Alice encodes the key using two non-orthogonal quantum states, typically chosen from the Bloch sphere, and Bob measures
B92_protocol
Group of rendering algorithms used in 3D computer graphics
beam tracing, cone tracing, path tracing, Metropolis light transport and photon mapping are all examples of algorithms used for global illumination in offline
Global_illumination
Experiments proving existence of atomic nuclei
electrons throughout this sphere in a more or less even manner. Thomson also believed the electrons could move around in this sphere, and in that regard, he
Rutherford scattering experiments
Rutherford_scattering_experiments
Physical effect in general relativity
will not escape to any finite distance from the Schwarzschild sphere. When the photon is emitted at an infinitely large distance, there is no redshift
Gravitational_redshift
Twenty-first letter in the Greek alphabet
the two. Quantum yield, the number of times a specific event occurs per photon absorbed by a system. In philosophy, Φ is often used as shorthand for a
Phi
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
07 mm in the ICRU sphere phantom. Examples of low penetrating radiation are alpha particles, beta particles and low-energy photons. This dose quantity
Sievert
Thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface
iron sphere with a negative charge would lose its charge (by somehow discharging it into air). He also found that this did not happen if the sphere had
Thermionic_emission
Linear optical quantum computing implementation
tools. The KLM protocol uses linear optical elements, single-photon sources and photon detectors as resources to construct a quantum computation scheme
KLM_protocol
Perceived luminous power
with a subscript "v" (for "visual") to avoid confusion with radiometric or photon quantities. For example: USA Standard Letter Symbols for Illuminating Engineering
Luminous_flux
Local and global geometry of the universe
(baryonic matter and dark matter), relativistic particles (predominantly photons and neutrinos), and dark energy or the cosmological constant: Ωmass ≈ 0
Shape_of_the_universe
Physical interaction of charged particles
circulating inside of a sphere of positive charge. Coulomb scattering for Thomson's model is described in § Scattering by a uniform sphere Rutherford highlights
Coulomb_scattering
Light from the stars
the distance, on average that a photon travels before scattering from a dust grain. So on average, a starlight photon is scattered from a single interstellar
Starlight
Season of television series
World. As the duel resumes, Kite summons Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon while Quinton reveals Dyson Sphere's true form. 56 7 "Cosmic Chaos" / "The Great Decisive
Yu-Gi-Oh!_Zexal_season_3
Speed of electromagnetic waves
stringent limits on the mass of the photon. The limit obtained depends on the model used: if the massive photon is described by Proca theory, the experimental
Speed_of_light
Cosmological fine-tuning problem
electrically neutral hydrogen; without free electrons to scatter the photons, the photons began free-streaming. This epoch is observed through the CMB. Since
Horizon_problem
Measure of a civilization's evolution
can directly consume a star's energy, such as through the use of a Dyson sphere. A Type III civilization (galactic) is able to capture all the energy emitted
Kardashev_scale
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