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1950 scientific paper by Alan Turing
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is a paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence. The paper, published in 1950 in Mind
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". This test involves a human judge engaging in natural language conversations with both a human and a machine
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
discipline in 1956. In 1950, Turing published a landmark paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", in which he speculated about the possibility of creating
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Test of a machine's ability to imitate human intelligence
introduced as the imitation game by Turing in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" while working at the University of Manchester. It opens
Turing_test
Visual content generation through artificial intelligence
potentially be used to generate music and poems. In 1950, Alan Turing's paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" focused on whether machines can mimic
AI_art
Branch of philosophy
consciousness Artificial intelligence Artificial neural network Chatbot Computational theory of mind Computing Machinery and Intelligence Existential risk from
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence
Chatbot that arguably passed the Turing test
as a result, per Turing's prediction in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", that by the year 2000, machines would be capable of fooling
Eugene_Goostman
Deliberate errors by an artificial intelligence
responses. Alan Turing, in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, proposed a test for intelligence which has since become known as the Turing
Artificial_stupidity
1112/plms/s2-42.1.230, S2CID 73712 Turing, Alan (October 1950), "Computing machinery and intelligence", Mind, LIX (236): 433–60, doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433,
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Emulation of animal or human brain
his classic paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". The third objective is generally called artificial general intelligence by researchers. However
Artificial_brain
re-printed as Turing AM. Intelligent Machinery. In: Ince DC, editor. Collected works of AM Turing — Mechanical Intelligence. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992
Unorganized_machine
Intelligence in machines
as McCulloch and Pitts design for "artificial neurons" in 1943, and Turing's influential 1950 paper 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence', which introduced
Artificial_intelligence
Academic journal
(1895), Bertrand Russell's "On Denoting" (1905), and Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950), in which he first proposed the Turing
Mind_(journal)
Subset of artificial intelligence
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (PDF). Mind. 59 (236). Harnad, Stevan (2008), "The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and
Machine_learning
Solving problems using biological models
Bio-inspired computing, short for biologically inspired computing, is a field of study which seeks to solve computer science problems using models of biology
Bio-inspired_computing
Conversational software
service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants. In 1950, Alan Turing published an article entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in
Chatbot
(computer science) – Autonomic Computing – Autonomic Networking – Affective computing – Kismet – Game artificial intelligence – Computer game bot – computer
Outline of artificial intelligence
Outline_of_artificial_intelligence
English mathematician (1815–1852)
(eds.), Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age, Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool, doi:10.1145/2809523
Ada_Lovelace
2014 film by Morten Tyldum
paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". The film stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing, who devised new methods for decrypting German intelligence messages
The_Imitation_Game
Methods in artificial intelligence research
systems". Statistical Science. 8 (3). Turing, A. M. (1950). "I.—Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. LIX (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Cognitive science issue
Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(4), 419–445. Online version Turing, A. M. (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49 433–460
Symbol_grounding_problem
of the History of Computing. 45 (3): 1–19. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2023.3300660. Turing, A. M. (1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236):
Artificial intelligence industry in the United Kingdom
Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom
Logical fallacy
following example offered by Alan Turing in the article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence": If each man had a definite set of rules of conduct by which
Denying_the_antecedent
Publication of Alan Turing's paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", seminal in the study of artificial intelligence and presenting the Turing test. John
1950_in_science
International Society for Computing
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing founded on September 15, 1947, and headquartered in New
Association for Computing Machinery
Association_for_Computing_Machinery
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
work in mathematics, and in "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Turing addressed the problem of artificial intelligence, and proposed an experiment
Alan_Turing
Concept from evolutionary biology
which describes how patterns in nature, such as stripes and spots, can arise naturally and autonomously from a homogeneous, uniform state. The pattern
Turing_pattern
Classification system for computer science topics
The ACM Computing Classification System (CCS) is a subject classification system for computing devised by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
ACM Computing Classification System
ACM_Computing_Classification_System
Computer system simulating intelligence
"I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE". Mind. LIX (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113. "Computational Intelligence - Issue
Computational_intelligence
Hypothetical event
on the technological singularity. His pivotal 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" argued that a machine could, in theory, exhibit intelligent
Technological_singularity
Persuasive text and speech created by artificial intelligence
Retrieved 6 November 2024. Turing, A. M. (1 October 1950). "Computing Machinery And Intelligence". Mind. LIX (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
Artificial intelligence rhetoric
Artificial_intelligence_rhetoric
Term in theoretical linguistics
is "not even wrong." From Turing's seminal 1950 article, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", published in Mind, Chomsky provides the example of a submarine
Digital_infinity
Idea that small causes can have large effects
Planetary Stellar and Galactic Systems. USA: CRC Press. ISBN 0-7503-0822-2. Retrieved January 6, 2014. "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Archived from
Butterfly_effect
activity'."", Synthese, no. 141 Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence
Hubert_Dreyfus's_views_on_artificial_intelligence
1007/s10827-017-0651-y. PMC 5502069. PMID 28643213. Turing, Alan (1950). "Computing machinery and intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
Turing's_Wager
American annual computer science prize
an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science
Turing_Award
Hypothesis that states certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions
2009. PMC 3862241. PMID 20007483. Turing, A. M. (1950). "Computing machinery and intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433.
Critical_brain_hypothesis
Attribution of human traits to AI
most widely cited papers of this period was Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he introduced the Turing Test, stating that a machine
AI_anthropomorphism
Computer scientist
focusing on probabilistic and constraint-based reasoning. In 2013, she was elected a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. Dechter received her
Rina_Dechter
ISBN 978-0-429-49537-3. Turing, Alan (9 September 2004), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)", The Essential Turing, Oxford University PressOxford
History_of_computing_hardware
Survey". ACM Computing Surveys. 41 (2). doi:10.1145/1459352.1459355. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236):
Progress in artificial intelligence
Progress_in_artificial_intelligence
Interdisciplinary group of academic and industrial researchers
Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI), an interdisciplinary group of academic and industrial researchers
SIGAI
American computationalist, researcher, administrator, and educator
Technology College of Computing in 2002 and served as the dean of the College of Computing from July 2019 to July 2023. He served as provost and vice chancellor
Charles_Lee_Isbell_Jr.
American computer scientist (born 1936)
of causal and counterfactual inference based on structural models (see article on causality). In 2011, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) awarded
Judea_Pearl
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
International Conference on Computing and Artificial Intelligence. ICCAI 2018. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 19–22. doi:10.1145/3194452
Genetic_algorithm
1952 scholarly article by Alan Turing
Turing wrote in 1952. It describes how patterns in nature, such as stripes and spirals, can arise naturally from a homogeneous, uniform state. The theory
The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
The_Chemical_Basis_of_Morphogenesis
1938 doctoral thesis by Alan Turing
method of infinites. Martin Davis states that although Turing's use of a computing oracle is not a major focus of the dissertation, it has proven to be highly
Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals
Systems_of_Logic_Based_on_Ordinals
Activity involving calculations or computing machinery
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic
Computing
Test of machine intelligence
ISSN 0004-3702. S2CID 245827747. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (PDF). Mind. LIX (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236
Winograd_schema_challenge
Concept in software engineering and computer science
Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering, hardware engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear seamlessly
Ubiquitous_computing
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
to the PDF of the article. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
Chinese_room
Concept in computability theory
algorithm for B {\displaystyle B} at each place where the oracle machine computing A {\displaystyle A} queries the oracle for B {\displaystyle B} . However
Turing_reduction
Person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic calculators
Books. ISBN 9780143111344. Turing, Alan Mathison (1950). "Computing machinery and intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
Computer_(occupation)
1999 non-fiction book by Ray Kurzweil
church, meditate, and pray to connect with this spirituality. Kurzweil says Alan Turing's 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence launched the field
The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines
Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness
Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2 Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. ISSN 1460-2113
Orchestrated objective reduction
Orchestrated_objective_reduction
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm
Stand. Appl. Math. Ser. 12: 27–30. Turing, Alan M. (1950). "Computing machinery and intelligence". Mind. LIX (238): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
Monte_Carlo_method
Claim that human mathematicians are not describable as formal proof systems
(2025). "Evaluating Intelligence via Trial and Error". arXiv:2502.18858 [cs.AI]. Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings
Penrose–Lucas_argument
(1950) Ernst Gombrich, The Story of Art (1950) Alan Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) September 9 - Seyla Benhabib February 2 - Constantin
1950_in_philosophy
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
draws on and overlaps with related fields including ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and affective computing. Practical
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Processing of natural language by a computer
article titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence, though at the
Natural_language_processing
2011 television film
Turing's paper on artificial intelligence "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". The movie now concentrates on Turing's sexuality and his interaction with Arnold
Codebreaker_(film)
Spanish-born American computer scientist
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and chair of the Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence (SIGAI) for the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Yolanda_Gil
Hypothetical computer system postulated by Ned Block
Causality, and Mind. Cambridge University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-521-41562-0. Turing, Alan (2004). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)". In
Blockhead (thought experiment)
Blockhead_(thought_experiment)
Biological molecules for computations
intelligence Peptide computing Wetware computer Unconventional computing Wispelway. June. "Nanobiotechnology: The Integration of Nanoengineering and Biotechnology
Biological_computing
Awareness of internal and external existence
1950 by pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Turing disavowed any interest in terminology, saying that
Consciousness
Academic journal
findings of note in the field of multimedia computing. It is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. In May 2014 the acronym has changed from
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications
ACM_Transactions_on_Multimedia_Computing,_Communications,_and_Applications
Book by Patrick Henry Winston
"Artificial intelligence (2nd ed.) review CR112288". Association for Computing Machinery. Doris Appleby (1 July 1993). "Artificial intelligence (3rd ed.)
Artificial Intelligence (book)
Artificial_Intelligence_(book)
American computer scientist
artificial intelligence, and robotics. He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Ming-Hsuan_Yang
AI that learns human values
Three Laws of Robotics and the Future". HPCwire. Retrieved 2025-05-30. Turing, Alan (1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–60
Human-centered_AI
International scientific society
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and by individual contributions. Past recipients:
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
Quantum Computing. 6 (3). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 18:1–18:7. doi:10.1145/3723153. Bravyi (2024). "High-threshold and low-overhead
Quantum_computing
Railway bridge over the Firth of Forth in Scotland
Retrieved 18 January 2014. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
Forth_Bridge
American computer scientist (1943–2012)
Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) from 1997 to 1999 and is the former Chairman of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest
David_Waltz
The Memetic Computing Society supports the following conferences. The IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent
Memetic_Computing_Society
American computer scientist (born 1957)
Artificial Intelligence, the British Computer Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the AAAS and the Association for Computing Machinery
James_Hendler
Study of computation
Board—which is made up of representatives of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE CS)—identifies four areas that
Computer_science
Topics referred to by the same term
of artificial intelligence The IUI conference series on intelligent user interfaces organised by the Association for Computing Machinery This disambiguation
IUI_(disambiguation)
Programming paradigm
Opportunities of Macroscopic Behaviour Modelling". ACM Computing Surveys. 55 (13s). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 1–37. arXiv:2201.03473. doi:10.1145/3579353
Macroprogramming
American computer scientist, and Technical Fellow at Microsoft
Board, on the council of the Computing Community Consortium (CCC), chair of the Section on Information, Computing, and Communications of the American
Eric_Horvitz
American computer scientist
(Association for Advancement of Artificial Intelligence), as well as ACM (Association for Computing Machinery). He is also a recipient of the IJCAI John
Milind_Tambe
AMD computing architecture
computational core of artificial intelligence systems and is used for AI inference. It can also refer to a specific computing architecture created by AMD (formerly
AI_engine
Dutch computer scientist
2012. In 2003 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2004 he was awarded the Tony Kent Strix award. In 2004 he was
C._J._van_Rijsbergen
British computer scientist
Artificial Intelligence AAAI/EAAI Outstanding Educator Award 2020 BCS Lovelace Medal 2015 Elected an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Fellow
Michael Wooldridge (computer scientist)
Michael_Wooldridge_(computer_scientist)
infrastructure and more accessible cloud services for data management and computing power outsourcing. Possible applications of industrial AI and machine learning
Artificial intelligence in industry
Artificial_intelligence_in_industry
Book
Theory of Communication" by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" by Alan Turing 'What is the Theory of Relativity
The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing
The_Oxford_Book_of_Modern_Science_Writing
British computer scientist (1939–2023)
annual award for research achievement, and was awarded the Fellowship of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 1998, Wilks became head of the Department
Yorick_Wilks
Branch of philosophy
1017/S0140525X00005756. S2CID 55303721. Turing, Alan (October 1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Mind. 59 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
Philosophy_of_mind
Canadian cognitive scientist (born 1945)
Stevan (2006). The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence. Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine In: Epstein
Stevan_Harnad
American conference for women in computing
Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing
Canadian computer scientist
Computing, where he leads the Software Analysis and Intelligence Lab (SAIL). He is a fellow of both the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and
Ahmed_E._Hassan
Evolving computer programs with techniques analogous to natural genetic processes
1950 in "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". There was a gap of 25 years before the publication of John Holland's 'Adaptation in Natural and Artificial
Genetic_programming
American computer scientist and software engineer
Joelle Pineau, and Andy Konwinski. Elected to the National Academy of Engineering (2009) Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (2009) ACM SIGOPS
Jeff_Dean
and Knowledge Graph Embedding". IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. WI-IAT '21. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery
HRS_Computing
Computer scientist
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). She is the Dean of Inclusive Computing at Northeastern
Carla_Brodley
American computer scientist (born 1961)
and his role as editor of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. He was also elected as a fellow of Association for Computing Machinery in
Michael_Wellman
Distinguished Research Scientist at Google DeepMind
and conferences of the Association for Computing Machinery. He has coauthored over a hundred research papers and holds over 40 US patents. He is an IEEE
Marc_Najork
American artificial intelligence researcher
"Global computing association names 57 fellows for outstanding contributions that propel technology today". Association for Computing Machinery. January
Eric_Xing
American computer scientist (born 1948)
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (1990), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1990), and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (2004)
Barbara_J._Grosz
Israeli-American-Canadian computer scientist (1953–2026)
ACM. In 2002, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and in 2012 he was selected as an IEEE Fellow. In 2011, he was awarded
Joseph_Halpern
famous article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence. This criterion depends
History of natural language processing
History_of_natural_language_processing
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COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTING MACHINERY-AND-INTELLIGENCE
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