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Absorption features in astronomical spectra
Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in the spectra of astronomical objects in the Milky Way and other galaxies. They are caused
Diffuse_interstellar_bands
Cage-like allotrope of carbon
been identified in the interstellar medium, where it is the cause of several absorption features known as diffuse interstellar bands in the near-infrared
Buckminsterfullerene
frequency ratios in different objects? Diffuse interstellar bands: What is responsible for the numerous interstellar absorption lines detected in astronomical
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Exotic phase of matter formed by Rydberg atoms
magnesium and calcium. It has been suggested to be a material that diffuse interstellar bands may arise from. Circular Rydberg states, where the outermost electron
Rydberg_matter
Void between celestial bodies
galaxy. Interstellar space contains an interstellar medium of sparse matter and radiation. The boundary between an astrosphere and interstellar space is
Outer_space
Matter and radiation in the space between the star systems in a galaxy
dust grains. Astrophysical maser Diffuse interstellar band Fossil stellar magnetic field Heliosphere List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules Photodissociation
Interstellar_medium
Interstellar absorption and scattering of light
diffuse interstellar bands, the 3.1 μm water ice feature, and the 10 and 18 μm silicate features. In the solar neighborhood, the rate of interstellar
Extinction_(astronomy)
Neutral form of the hydroxide ion
order to study gas phase interstellar chemistry, it is convenient to distinguish two types of interstellar clouds: diffuse clouds, with T=30–100 K, and
Hydroxyl_radical
American astronomer (1920–2013)
field of diffuse interstellar band (DIB) research, especially through a series of nine articles published between 1963 and 1995 entitled "The diffuse interstellar
George_Herbig
Life arising from non-living matter
Francisco; Figer, Donald F.; et al. (10 November 2011). "Infrared diffuse interstellar bands in the Galactic Centre region". Nature. 479 (7372): 200–202. arXiv:1111
Abiogenesis
Dust floating in space
insight into the Universe's recycling processes; in the clouds of the diffuse interstellar medium, in molecular clouds, in the circumstellar dust of young stellar
Cosmic_dust
Planetary nebula in the constellation Ara
Theoretical Study of Carbon Nanotube Formation: Carriers of the Diffuse Interstellar Bands?". The Astrophysical Journal. 993 (1): 18. Bibcode:2025ApJ...993
IC_1266
Matter with biological processes
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Life
(2015), "Laboratory confirmation of C60+ as the carrier of two diffuse interstellar bands", Nature, 523 (7560): 322–323, Bibcode:2015Natur.523..322C, doi:10
List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules
Polyatomic ion (H3, charge +1)
molecular interstellar clouds in the sightlines GL2136 and W33A. In 1998, H+3 was unexpectedly detected by McCall et al. in a diffuse interstellar cloud in
Trihydrogen_cation
Chemical compound
extremely diffuse nature of the tail, there was no effect when the planet passed through it. While cyanogen is believed to be abundant in the interstellar medium
Cyanogen
Star in the constellation Sagitta
extensively studied because of the diffuse interstellar bands visible in its spectrum. The strongest lines are caused by interstellar atomic iron, potassium, lithium
HD_183143
Chemical compound
ethylene oxide) to be detected in space. Its stability in the (dilute) interstellar medium shows that its tautomerization does not happen unimolecularly
Vinyl_alcohol
for insights into massive star evolution, interstellar medium interactions, and diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in low-metallicity environments like
HD_38029
Chemical acid found in vinegar
supplanted the Monsanto process, often in the same production plants. Interstellar acetic acid was first detected in the Sagittarius B2 North molecular
Acetic_acid
Chemical compound
12976. PMC 6282608. PMID 29981148. Sarre PJ (July 2006). "The Diffuse Interstellar Bands: A Major Problem in Astronomical Spectroscopy". Journal of Molecular
Proflavine
Organic compound
palm blossoms, during plant germination under anaerobic conditions, in interstellar space, in human breath, and in rare cases, is produced internally due
Ethanol
Chemical compound
van Dishoeck, E. F.; Black, J. H. (1986). "Comprehensive models of diffuse interstellar clouds – Physical conditions and molecular abundances" (PDF). Astrophys
Ammonia
Triatomic oxygen molecule
weakly at 240 nm in the Herzberg bands, but most of the oxygen is dissociated by absorption in the strong Schumann–Runge bands between 200 and 160 nm where
Ozone
Estimate of extraterrestrial civilizations
article in the journal Nature with the provocative title "Searching for Interstellar Communications". Cocconi and Morrison argued that radio telescopes had
Drake_equation
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
electron and hole conical bands meeting at the Dirac point, which is qualitatively different from more common quadratic massive bands. Based on the Slonczewski–Weiss–McClure
Graphene
Family of organic compounds
the cyanopolyynes have been observed as a major organic component in interstellar clouds. This is believed to be due to the hydrogen scarcity of some of
Cyanopolyyne
Type of interstellar cloud
a stellar nursery if star formation is occurring within—is a type of interstellar cloud of which the density and size permit absorption nebulae, the formation
Molecular_cloud
Chemical compound
acetal can be prepared from acrolein. Propynal has been observed in the interstellar medium. It is hypothesized to be formed from a carbon monoxide-acetylene
Propiolaldehyde
Chemical compound, tautomer of hydrogen cyanide
importance in the field of astrochemistry is linked to its ubiquity in the interstellar medium. Both hydrogen isocyanide and azanylidyniummethanide are correct
Hydrogen_isocyanide
Chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Potassium_cyanide
Poisonous and flammable gas
of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide has often been detected in the interstellar medium. It also occurs in the clouds of planets in the Solar System.
Hydrogen_sulfide
Chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Methoxyethane
CH3OH; simplest possible alcohol
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Methanol
Inorganic radical with the chemical formula NH
in diffuse clouds. NH is involved in creating N2, OH, H, CN+, CH, N, NH+ 2, NH+ for the interstellar medium. NH has been reported in the diffuse interstellar
Imidogen
Canadian physicist (1924–2010)
to perform research. By 2000, he was working on the origin of diffuse interstellar bands. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1975 and a Fellow
Boris_P._Stoicheff
Chemical compound
γ-system band can be broken down into sub-bands based on the different vibrational transitions. (0,0), (0,1) and (1,0) are designations for the sub-bands produced
Phosphorus_monoxide
American astronomer
spectra of distant binaries as interstellar in origin. She was also the discoverer of the diffuse interstellar bands. Deciding to focus on raising her
Mary_Lea_Heger
Molecule composed of any two atoms
{\displaystyle X} emission bands (a.k.a. Vegard-Kaplan bands) are present in the spectral range from 0.14 to 1.45 μm (micrometres). A given band can be spread out
Diatomic_molecule
Milky Way superbubble
the denser interstellar medium. In 2019, the first 3D map of the Local Bubble was reported using observations of diffuse interstellar bands. In 2020, the
Local_Bubble
Supported hypothesis for the origin of life
space is, however, well-supported. Interstellar molecules are formed by chemical reactions within very sparse interstellar or circumstellar clouds of dust
Pseudo-panspermia
Study of molecules in the Universe and their reactions
The term may refer to studies within both the Solar System and the interstellar medium. The investigation of elemental abundances and isotope ratios
Astrochemistry
Chemical compound
incentivized to search for derivatives of HCN. HCN has been detected in the interstellar medium and in the atmospheres of carbon stars. Since then, extensive
Hydrogen_cyanide
Study of the chemical composition and chemical processes in stars
provide key information about the environments in which stars formed, the interstellar medium from which they condensed, and the nucleosynthetic contributions
Stellar_chemistry
Great Comet of 1996
Meier, R. (February 2014). λ4430 Emission by Comet Hyakutake. The Diffuse Interstellar Bands, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium
Comet_Hyakutake
Chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Dicarbon_monoxide
Chemical group (NH2)
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Amino_radical
Topics referred to by the same term
Interface Board, a component of electronic Automatic Test Equipment Diffuse interstellar band, an astronomical spectroscopy term Dry ice bomb, a bomb-like device
DIB
Chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Hydrogen_peroxide
Chemical compound
quickly destroyed in ordinary conditions on Earth but is abundant in the interstellar medium (and was one of the first molecules to be detected there). The
Methylidyne_radical
Supernova in Messier 82
Observations of the diffuse interstellar bands in the spectrum of the supernova indicated that it lay behind a significant quantity of interstellar medium in M82
SN_2014J
American astronomer
stars, using spectroscopy. He also studied the interstellar medium, including diffuse interstellar bands. Shortly before he retired, he succeeded in detecting
Paul_W._Merrill
Catalogues consisting of data from the Gaia mission
Extended radial velocity epoch data for Long Period Variables. Diffuse Interstellar Bands from aggregated RVS spectra. Updated astrometry for Solar System
Gaia_catalogues
Covalent chemical bond between hydrogen and carbon atoms
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Carbon–hydrogen_bond
Chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Ethyl_formate
Chemical compound
first ions to be observed in interstellar clouds. Since then, it has been observed in several different types of interstellar environments, observations
Diazenylium
Interstellar comet in 2025
3I/ATLAS, also known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and previously as A11pl3Z, is an interstellar comet discovered on 1 July 2025 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last
3I/ATLAS
Chemical compound
considered as an inhomogeneous mixture of amorphous SiO2 and amorphous Si. Interstellar SiO was first reported in 1971 after detection in the giant molecular
Silicon_monoxide
Organic compound (H–CHO); simplest aldehyde
transitions. It was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium. Since its initial detection in 1969, it has been observed in
Formaldehyde
Chemical compound
of nitriles. In 2018, benzonitrile was reported to be detected in the interstellar medium. Maki, Takao; Takeda, Kazuo (June 2000). "Benzoic Acid and Derivatives"
Benzonitrile
Hypothesis about the origin of life
"Variations in the Peak Position of the 6.2 μm Interstellar Emission Feature: A Tracer of N in the Interstellar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Population"
PAH_world_hypothesis
Class of extreme chemical compounds
2015). "Laboratory confirmation of C60+ as the carrier of two diffuse interstellar bands". Nature. 523 (7560): 322–323. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..322C. doi:10
Helium_compounds
Chemical compound
•CN. The cyano radical was one of the first detected molecules in the interstellar medium, in 1938. Its detection and analysis was influential in astrochemistry
Cyano_radical
Organic compound (CH3–C≡N); simplest organic nitrile
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Acetonitrile
Class of organic compounds with general structure RN=C=NR'
the formula RN=C=NR. On Earth they are exclusively synthetic, but in interstellar space the parent compound HN=C=NH has been detected by its maser emissions
Carbodiimide
Chemical compound
azomethane, CH3N=NCH3, in a low-pressure system. Methyl was discovered in interstellar medium in 2000 by a team led by Helmut Feuchtgruber who detected it using
Methyl_radical
Poisonous gas consisting of carbon and oxygen
carbon monoxide is the second-most common diatomic molecule in the interstellar medium, after molecular hydrogen. Because of its asymmetry, this polar
Carbon_monoxide
Ion of carbon with three hydrogens
(and/or carbon cation, C+), the known basic ingredients of life, in interstellar space. Ammonium Ethanium Methanium International Union of Pure and Applied
Methenium
Chemical compound
known acid—stronger than even fluoroantimonic acid—its occurrence in the interstellar medium had been conjectured since the 1970s, and it was finally detected
Helium_hydride_ion
Form of water
producing radioactive carbon-14. Water portal Deuterium-depleted water Interstellar ice Parpart, Arthur K. (December 1935). "The permeability of the mammalian
Heavy_water
Chemical compound with formula NaCl
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Sodium_chloride
Chemical compound
has been detected in abundance toward Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2), a dense interstellar cloud between stars toward the Galactic Center of the Milky Way. The
Ethanimine
Chemical compound
charge on oxygen. Cyclopropenone has been observed in the gas phase in interstellar environments such as the Taurus molecular cloud. Diphenylcyclopropenone
Cyclopropenone
Caustic soda, with formula NaOH
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Sodium_hydroxide
Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Nitrogen
Chemical compound
spectrum consists of two main sets of absorptions, νN-H and δHNH. These bands are found near 3300 and 1400 cm−1. The hydrogen atoms in the ammonium ion
Ammonium
Collection of bound atoms or molecules
P. (2015). "Laboratory confirmation of C60+ as carrier of two diffuse interstellar bands". Nature. 523 (7560): 322–325. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..322C. doi:10
Nanocluster
Galaxy in the constellation Horologium
of SN 2001el, over a dozen diffuse interstellar bands were discovered in NGC 1448 – one of the few cases that these bands were observed outside of the
NGC_1448
Chemical compound
are very few photons around to do this in space. ArH+ occurs in interstellar diffuse atomic hydrogen gas. For argonium to form, the fraction of molecular
Argonium
Cosmic dust in between galaxies in intergalactic space
bound to any galaxy Interstellar medium – Matter and radiation in the space between the star systems in a galaxy List of interstellar and circumstellar
Intergalactic_dust
Organic ammonia derivative
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Methylamine
Chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Hydrogen_fluoride
Chemical compound
(2012-01-03). "INVESTIGATING THE COSMIC-RAY IONIZATION RATE IN THE GALACTIC DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM THROUGH OBSERVATIONS OF H+3". The Astrophysical Journal. 745
Phosphorus_mononitride
High-energy particle, mainly originating outside the Solar System
Observatory, which has produced a map showing a narrow band of gamma ray intensity produced in discrete and diffuse sources in our galaxy, and numerous point-like
Cosmic_ray
Any onium ion containing a halogen atom carrying a positive charge
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Halonium_ion
Dutch astronomer
Blake) and he created the first broad detection-limited survey of Diffuse Interstellar Bands in his PhD thesis work with Xavier Désert. Derix, Govert (2012)
Peter_Jenniskens
Carbon-containing chemical compound
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Organic_compound
Study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe
Meteorites also may contain interstellar dust grains, which have collected from non-gaseous elements in the interstellar medium, as one type of composite
Cosmochemistry
Star in the constellation Ophiuchus
conducted on HD 161056 to provide insight into the interstellar medium. The ESO Diffuse Interstellar Bands Large Exploration Survey (EDIBLES) detected signatures
HD_161056
Hydrocarbon compound (CH4) in natural gas
Infrared astronomy has detected methane in molecular clouds of the interstellar medium. The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric
Methane
Life that does not originate on Earth
and specimen data to radios used to detect and transmit interstellar communication. Interstellar travel remains largely hypothetical, with only the Voyager
Extraterrestrial_life
Natural objects that originated in outer space
solar wind, which include "stardust particles" from the present-day interstellar medium. Presolar grains (extracted from meteorites and interplanetary
Extraterrestrial_materials
Organic compound (HC≡C–C≡N)
cyanopolyyne. Cyanoacetylene has been detected by spectroscopic methods in interstellar clouds, in the coma of comet Hale–Bopp and in the atmosphere of Saturn's
Cyanoacetylene
Material which fills the Solar System
comets, move. The IPM stops at the heliopause, outside of which the interstellar medium begins. Before 1950, interplanetary space was widely considered
Interplanetary_medium
Organic compound ethane-1,2-diol
M. Hollis; F. J. Lovas; P. R. Jewell; L. H. Coudert (2002-05-20). "Interstellar Antifreeze: Ethylene Glycol". The Astrophysical Journal. 571 (1): L59–L62
Ethylene_glycol
Organic compound ((CH3)2CO); simplest ketone
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Acetone
by nuclear fusion in dying stars or by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, caused by cosmic ray spallation. In supernova stars, they are produced
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Organic compound (HCCCCH)
Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial
Diacetylene
Chemical compound
one of the simplest unsaturated carbenes. Tricarbon can be found in interstellar space and can be produced in the laboratory by a process called laser
Tricarbon
Chemical compound (CH3CH=CH2)
Agúndez, M.; et al. (2007-08-10). "Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH2CHCH3): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry". The Astrophysical Journal
Propylene
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
Girl/Female
Muslim
Helper, Publisher, Diffuser, Spreader, Protector
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Publisher Diffuser; Spreader
Girl/Female
Muslim
Helper, Publisher, Diffuser, Spreader, Protector
Surname or Lastname
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of hoops and bands, etc., from Middle English band, bond, Middle High German, Middle Low German bant, German Band denoting something used for tying or binding: ‘hoop’, ‘metal band’, ‘fetter’, ‘shackle’.Old spelling of the Dutch cognates Bant, Bande, from Middle Dutch bant ‘band’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English dufhus ‘dovecote’, applied as a topographic name or as a metonymic occupational name for a dove keeper.Scottish : habitational name from a place in Moray called Duffus.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Biblical, Chinese, Christian
Light; Who Diffuses Light; Whom God Enlightens
Girl/Female
Indian
Helper, Publisher, Diffuser, Spreader, Protector
Boy/Male
Biblical American
My light, who diffuses light.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from Anglo-Norman French brabançon. This was originally an ethnic term for a native of the duchy of Brabant (see Brabant). By the 13th century it had passed into generic use as an occupational name for a mercenary, specifically a member of one of the more or less independent marauding bands of mercenaries, noted for their lawlessness and cruelty. These originated in Brabant and Flanders, but in the course of time accepted recruits from anywhere.
Biblical
my light; who diffuses light;Jehovah enlightens, arouses or who diffuses light;
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Diffuser; Spreader; Publisher
Boy/Male
Biblical Hebrew
My light, who diffuses light.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Helper, Publisher, Diffuser, Spreader, Protector
Girl/Female
Indian
Helper, Publisher, Diffuser, Spreader, Protector
Biblical
He will enlighten or diffuse light;
Girl/Female
Indian
Helper, Publisher, Diffuser, Spreader, Protector
Surname or Lastname
English (Dorset)
English (Dorset) : unexplained.See Diffee.
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, Christian, Hebrew
Light; Who Diffuses Light; Whom God Enlightens
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Mason, MAYSON means "stone-worker."
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Australian, Chinese, French, Hebrew, Muslim
Favored; Grave; Graceful
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Muslim
Plowman. Tiller. Old Arabic name.
Boy/Male
Indian
Responsible, Surety, Sponsor, Guarantor
Girl/Female
English German
Battle. Battle maid.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Victorious
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Celtic, Chinese, French, German, Irish, Latin, Spanish
Noble; Strong as a Bear; Bear; Stone; Courageous
Boy/Male
Hindu
Swaroopavate possessor of all hymns
Girl/Female
Spanish
Consolation.
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-BANDS
v. i.
To pass by spreading every way, to diffuse itself.
a.
Interstellar.
a.
Spreading loosely, especially on one side; as, an effuse inflorescence.
a.
Between or among the stars; as, interstellar space.
a.
Between or among constellations or stars; interstellar.
n.
Material which, in the process of catalysis, has diffused or passed through the separating membrane.
n.
One who, or that which, diffuses.
n.
Prolixity; diffuse discourse.
v. t.
To radiate, shed, or diffuse.
adv.
In a diffuse manner.
imp. & p. p.
of Diffuse
a.
Having power to diffuse itself; diffusing itself.
a.
Having the quality of diffusing; capable of spreading every way by flowing; spreading widely; widely reaching; copious; diffuse.
n.
The quality or state of being diffusive or diffuse; extensiveness; expansion; dispersion. Especially of style: Diffuseness; want of conciseness; prolixity.
v. t.
To pour out and cause to spread, as a fluid; to cause to flow on all sides; to send out, or extend, in all directions; to spread; to circulate; to disseminate; to scatter; as to diffuse information.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Diffuse
a.
Spread abroad; dispersed; loose; flowing; diffuse.
a.
Poured out; widely spread; not restrained; copious; full; esp., of style, opposed to concise or terse; verbose; prolix; as, a diffuse style; a diffuse writer.
a.
Employing too many words; diffuse.
n.
Cessation of use, practice, or exercise; inusitation; desuetude; as, the limbs lose their strength by disuse.