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Physical concept
The electromagnetic mass of a system is the contribution of electromagnetic interactions to its inertia as calculated using classical electrodynamics
Electromagnetic_mass
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
physics. Some relation between mass and energy was explored in the late 1800s under the term electromagnetic mass. Mass–energy equivalence arose from special
Mass–energy_equivalence
Production of voltage by a varying magnetic field
in a moving magnetic field Hall effect – Electromagnetic effect in physics Inductance Electromagnetic mass Moving magnet and conductor problem The EMF
Electromagnetic_induction
Fundamental interaction between charged particles
physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is
Electromagnetism
Proposed spacelaunch method
A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a proposed method of non-rocket spacelaunch which would use a linear motor to accelerate and catapult payloads
Mass_driver
Electric and magnetic fields produced by moving charged objects
oscillation that propagates through space, known as an electromagnetic wave. Mathematically, the electromagnetic field is a pair of vector fields consisting of
Electromagnetic_field
Amount of matter present in an object
rest mass m must be imaginary, as a pure imaginary number divided by another pure imaginary number is a real number. Mass versus weight Electromagnetic mass
Mass
"real" mechanical mass, but only the "apparent" electromagnetic mass, or in other words, the mass of all bodies is of electromagnetic origin. Max Abraham
History_of_special_relativity
Series of physics experiments
total mass into a mechanical (true) mass and an electromagnetic (apparent) mass, the mechanical mass being considerably greater than the electromagnetic one
Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments
Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann_experiments
Austrian physicist (1874–1915)
University of Vienna. He postulated a relation between electromagnetic mass and energy, close to the modern mass–energy equivalence. He was killed in action during
Friedrich_Hasenöhrl
Mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime
In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell
Electromagnetic_tensor
Physical model of propagating energy
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or an electromagnetic wave (EMW) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum
Electromagnetic_radiation
Type of pump
An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves liquid metal, molten salt, brine, or other electrically conductive liquid using electromagnetism. A magnetic
Electromagnetic_pump
Relativistic vector field
An electromagnetic four-potential is a relativistic vector function from which the electromagnetic field can be derived. It combines both an electric
Electromagnetic four-potential
Electromagnetic_four-potential
Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature
"Evolution of metamaterial physics," in Ref. Electromagnetic metamaterials are metamaterials affecting electromagnetic waves that impinge on or interact with
Metamaterial
Burst of electromagnetic energy
An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also referred to as a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin
Electromagnetic_pulse
Basic law of electromagnetism
induce an electric current in a circuit. This phenomenon, known as electromagnetic induction, is the fundamental operating principle of transformers,
Faraday's_law_of_induction
Defunct theory of electromagnetism
Within a purely electromagnetic theory the contracted electron-configuration is unstable and one has to introduce non-electromagnetic force to stabilize
Lorentz_ether_theory
relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress–energy
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor
Electromagnetic_stress–energy_tensor
Branch of theoretical physics
centuries before light was understood to be an electromagnetic wave. However, the theory of electromagnetism, as it is currently understood, grew out of
Classical_electromagnetism
Material property
energy. Permeance is usually represented by a curly capital P: P. In electromagnetism, permeance is the inverse of reluctance. In a magnetic circuit, permeance
Permeance
Physical phenomenon in electromagnetic field theory
Relativistic electromagnetism is a physical phenomenon explained in electromagnetic field theory due to Coulomb's law and Lorentz transformations. After
Relativistic_electromagnetism
Scientific law that a closed system's mass remains constant
proceed to annihilate via electromagnetic interaction. This process creates two photons and is the mechanism for PET scans. Mass is also not generally conserved
Conservation_of_mass
Electromagnetic projectile launcher
one of the major players in electromagnetic launchers; in 2012 it hosted the 16th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology (EML 2012)
Railgun
Ability of magnetization
the electrical domain, by curving the motion of charges and causing electromagnetic induction. The SI units of B are volt-seconds per square meter, a ratio
Permeability (electromagnetism)
Permeability_(electromagnetism)
Flow of electric charge
the surrounding electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the velocity factor, and depends on the electromagnetic properties of
Electric_current
Branch of physics
Computational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields
Computational electromagnetics
Computational_electromagnetics
Meanings of mass in special relativity
increase the normal mechanical mass of the bodies. Then, it was pointed out by Thomson and Searle that this electromagnetic mass also increases with velocity
Mass_in_special_relativity
Magnet that creates a magnetic field through an electric current
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of copper wire wound
Electromagnet
SI derived unit of power
machines, and heaters. It is also a common unit used to express the electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio and television transmitters. One kilowatt
Watt
Equations of electromagnetism
Electric field Magnetic field Maxwell's equations Helmholtz theorem Retarded potential Electromagnetic radiation Near and far field Electromagnetic mass
Jefimenko's_equations
Expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor
explanation by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London, who showed that the electromagnetic free energy in a superconductor is minimized provided ∇ 2 H = λ − 2
Meissner_effect
Phenomena related to electric charge
of the other is always induced. These variations are an electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves were analysed theoretically by James Clerk Maxwell
Electricity
Study of still or slow electric charges
1080/00150199208230043. ISSN 0015-0193. Hermann A. Haus; James R. Melcher (1989). Electromagnetic Fields and Energy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-249020-X
Electrostatics
Full range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies
The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength. The spectrum is divided into separate
Electromagnetic_spectrum
Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics
measured the increase of electromagnetic mass of fast electrons (Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments), or relativistic mass increase in modern terms
Mass-to-charge_ratio
Aircraft launching system
Sichuan (51). Electromagnetic catapults have several advantages over their older, superheated steam-based counterparts. Electromagnetic catapults are
Electromagnetic_catapult
English chemist and physicist (1791–1867)
discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the
Michael_Faraday
Ways of writing certain laws of physics
{1}{2\mu _{0}}}B^{2}\right)\delta _{ij}\,.} The electromagnetic field tensor F constructs the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor T by the equation: T α
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism
Law of electrical current and voltage
(1974). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. II. Mainly electromagnetism and matter. Reading/Mass.: Addison-Wesley. p. 12-2. ISBN 0201020114. Lerner, Lawrence
Ohm's_law
Variant of the metric system
equations governing electromagnetic phenomena, including Maxwell's equations, depends on the system of units employed; electromagnetic quantities are defined
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Centimetre–gram–second_system_of_units
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves which travel through empty space. The speed calculated for electromagnetic waves, which could be predicted
Maxwell's_equations
Electromagnetic opposition to change
However, the situation becomes more complicated when the finite speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is introduced (see retarded potential). This means
Lenz's_law
Measure of electric field through surface
L3MT−3I−1. Magnetic flux Maxwell's equations Electric field Magnetic field Electromagnetic field Purcell & Morin 2013, pp. 22–26 Purcell & Morin 2013, pp. 5–6
Electric_flux
List of physics and engineering textbooks covering electromagnetism
The Theory of Electromagnetism, Pergamon, 1964. Kong JA, Electromagnetic Wave Theory, 3rd ed, EMW, 2008. Schelkunoff SA, Electromagnetic Waves, Van Nostrand
List of textbooks in electromagnetism
List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism
Electromagnetic property of matter
electric charges with an electromagnetic field (a combination of an electric and a magnetic field) is the source of the electromagnetic (or Lorentz) force,
Electric_charge
Property of electrical conductors
manifestation of the concept of electromagnetic mass. The history of electromagnetic induction, a facet of electromagnetism, began with observations of the
Inductance
Motor which works on direct current
of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields
DC_motor
Assemblage of connected electrical elements
Cyclotron radiation Faraday's law Eddy current Induction Lenz's law Electromagnetic mass Abraham–Lorentz force Larmor formula Poynting's theorem Maxwell tensor
Electrical_network
German physicist (1857–1894)
conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves proposed by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was born
Heinrich_Hertz
Object that has a magnetic field
magnetic dipoles. Dipole magnet Earnshaw's theorem Electret Electromagnetic field Electromagnetism Halbach array Magnetic nanoparticles Magnetic switch Magneto
Magnet
Physical process by which matter takes up a photon's energy and stores it
absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy
Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)
Relationship between relativity and pre-quantum electromagnetism
important role in the modern theory of classical electromagnetism. It gives formulas for how electromagnetic objects, in particular the electric and magnetic
Classical electromagnetism and special relativity
Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity
Imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material
powders with resistance above 1010 ohms, or also deep through the powder mass. Cone discharges are not usually observed in dust volumes below 1 m3. The
Static_electricity
Magnet in the shape of a horseshoe
through the wires creating the first practical electromagnet. This was the first magnet that could lift more mass than the magnet itself when the seven-ounce
Horseshoe_magnet
Rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit
ISBN 978-0-7381-6058-0. Hayt, William H.; Buck, John A. (2012). Engineering Electromagnetics (8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-07-338066-7. "Yearly electricity
Electric_power
Concept relating to waves and signals
spectrometer for chemical analysis. Electromagnetic spectrum refers to the full range of all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and also to the characteristic
Spectrum_(physical_sciences)
British physicist (1856–1940)
issues of electromagnetism. He examined the electromagnetic theory of light of James Clerk Maxwell, introduced the concept of electromagnetic mass of a charged
J._J._Thomson
Italian chemist and physicist (1745–1827)
Cyclotron radiation Faraday's law Eddy current Induction Lenz's law Electromagnetic mass Abraham–Lorentz force Larmor formula Poynting's theorem Maxwell tensor
Alessandro_Volta
Law of classical electromagnetism
Zahn, Marcus (2003). "Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach". ocw.mit.edu. Retrieved July 3, 2022. Electromagnetism (2nd Edition), I.S
Biot–Savart_law
Shielding an object from view using materials made to redirect light
by the object itself. Electromagnetic metamaterials respond to chosen parts of radiated light, also known as the electromagnetic spectrum, in a manner
Metamaterial_cloaking
Types of electrical circuits
Cyclotron radiation Faraday's law Eddy current Induction Lenz's law Electromagnetic mass Abraham–Lorentz force Larmor formula Poynting's theorem Maxwell tensor
Series_and_parallel_circuits
Formulations of electromagnetism
various mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field that are used in the study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental interactions
Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field
Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field
Electrically insulating substance able to be polarised by an applied electric field
from the standpoint of their interaction with electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields. Thus we are concerned with gases as well as with liquids and
Dielectric
Sudden flow of electric current between two electrically charged objects by contact
shipping, and it may be necessary to incorporate electrostatic or electromagnetic shielding in the packaging material. A common example is that semiconductor
Electrostatic_discharge
Force acting on charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
electric and magnetic fields. It determines how charged particles move in electromagnetic environments and underlies many physical phenomena, from the operation
Lorentz_force
British physicist and teacher
Searle is known for his work on the velocity dependence of the electromagnetic mass. This was a direct predecessor of Einstein's theory of special relativity
George Frederick Charles Searle
George_Frederick_Charles_Searle
Electric current that periodically reverses direction
charge) creates electromagnetic waves (a phenomenon known as electromagnetic radiation). Electric conductors are not conducive to electromagnetic waves (a perfect
Alternating_current
Fundamental physical law of electromagnetism
2022-10-09. Heaviside, Oliver (1894). Electromagnetic waves, the propagation of potential, and the electromagnetic effects of a moving charge. Archived
Coulomb's_law
Propulsion or acceleration using electromagnetic force
of the phenomenon. The term electromagnetic propulsion (EMP) can be described by its individual components: electromagnetic – using electricity to create
Electromagnetic_propulsion
Electromagnetic stress
In classical electromagnetism, the Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is the stress tensor of an electromagnetic field. In tensor
Maxwell_stress_tensor
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
that the Meissner effect was a consequence of the minimization of the electromagnetic free energy carried by superconducting current. The theoretical model
Superconductivity
Electromagnetic effect in physics
voltage. It was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879 through a study of the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell, becoming a critical confirmation of
Hall_effect
Foundational law of electromagnetism relating electric field and charge distributions
Covariant Representation of Integral Equations of the Electromagnetic Field". Progress in Electromagnetics Research C. 96: 109–122. arXiv:1911.11138.
Gauss's_law
Textbook by Richard Feynman
Lorentz transformations of the fields Field energy and field momentum Electromagnetic mass (ref. to Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory) The motion of charges in
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
The_Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics
Electrical action produced by a non-electrical source
(analogous to voltage). In electromagnetic induction, emf can be defined around a closed loop of a conductor as the electromagnetic work that would be done
Electromotive_force
Type of potential in electrodynamics
electrodynamics, the retarded potentials are the electromagnetic potentials for the electromagnetic field generated by time-varying electric current or
Retarded_potential
Object or material which allows the flow of electric charge with little energy loss
cross-sectional area, its lower density makes it twice as conductive by mass. As aluminum is roughly one-third the cost of copper by weight, the economic
Electrical_conductor
British mathematician and electrical engineer (1850–1925)
Heaviside. 1885, 1886, and 1887, "Electromagnetic induction and its propagation", The Electrician. 1888/89, "Electromagnetic waves, the propagation of potential
Oliver_Heaviside
Physical quantity, density of magnetic moment per volume
magnetization reversal by circularly polarized light; i.e., incident electromagnetic radiation that is circularly polarized Demagnetization is the reduction
Magnetization
Class of physical phenomena
electric and magnetic fields are frame-dependent components of a single electromagnetic field. A field that is purely electric or purely magnetic in one inertial
Magnetism
Resistance to magnetic flux
Cyclotron radiation Faraday's law Eddy current Induction Lenz's law Electromagnetic mass Abraham–Lorentz force Larmor formula Poynting's theorem Maxwell tensor
Magnetic_reluctance
Effect of a nuclear explosion on electronic equipment
A nuclear electromagnetic pulse (nuclear EMP or NEMP) is a burst of electromagnetic radiation created by a nuclear explosion. The resulting rapidly varying
Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse
Concept in classical electromagnetism
able to hypothesize (correctly) that light was a form of electromagnetic wave. See electromagnetic wave equation for a discussion of this important discovery
Ampère's_circuital_law
Binding of quarks in subatomic particles
in the same way that electromagnetic forces between neutral atoms (van der Waals forces) are much weaker than the electromagnetic forces that hold electrons
Strong_interaction
Measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric material
permeability µ of a medium together determine the phase velocity v = c/n of electromagnetic radiation through that medium: ε μ = 1 v 2 . {\displaystyle \varepsilon
Permittivity
Measure of absorption of energy by humans
absorbed per unit mass by a human body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and
Specific_absorption_rate
Model of electrically conducting fluids
referred to these waves as "electromagnetic–hydrodynamic waves"; however, in a later paper, he noted, "As the term 'electromagnetic–hydrodynamic waves' is
Magnetohydrodynamics
Electromagnetic metamaterials are metamaterials affecting electromagnetic waves that impinge on or interact with its structural features, which are smaller
Electromagnetic_metamaterial
Unidirectional flow of electric charge
Cyclotron radiation Faraday's law Eddy current Induction Lenz's law Electromagnetic mass Abraham–Lorentz force Larmor formula Poynting's theorem Maxwell tensor
Direct_current
Difference in electric potential between two points in space
charge (e.g., a capacitor), and from an electromotive force (e.g., electromagnetic induction in a generator). On a macroscopic scale, a potential difference
Voltage
History of the physical concept
increasingly tried to explain inertia and mass in terms of electromagnetic fields, leading to the concept of electromagnetic mass, where the inertia of charged particles
History_of_energy
Theorem in classical electromagnetism
time-harmonic electric current densities (sources) and the resulting electromagnetic fields in Maxwell's equations for time-invariant linear media under
Reciprocity (electromagnetism)
Reciprocity_(electromagnetism)
Statement on equilibrium in electromagnetism
circle, and hence they would radiate the energy via a non-stationary electromagnetic field. Bohr's model of 1913 formally prohibited this radiation without
Earnshaw's_theorem
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
early 20th century. The mass of a charged particle should include the mass–energy in its electrostatic field (electromagnetic mass). Assume that the particle
Renormalization
competitors, i.e.: Ritz’s ballistic theory of light, the models of electromagnetic mass created by Abraham (1902), Lorentz (1904), Bucherer (1904) and Langevin
Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light
Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light
Mechanism that explains the generation of mass for gauge bosons
phase everywhere, also causes the electromagnetic field to gain an extra term. This extra term causes the electromagnetic field to become short range. Goldstone's
Higgs_mechanism
Liquid that is attracted by poles of a magnet
has also been proposed for targeted magnetic hyperthermia to convert electromagnetic energy into heat. It has also been proposed in a form of nanosurgery
Ferrofluid
Surface integral of the magnetic field
In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B
Magnetic_flux
French physicist (1736–1806)
Cyclotron radiation Faraday's law Eddy current Induction Lenz's law Electromagnetic mass Abraham–Lorentz force Larmor formula Poynting's theorem Maxwell tensor
Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb
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