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Electron orbital imaging is an X-ray synchrotron technique used to produce images of electron (or hole) orbitals in real space. It utilizes the technique
Electron_orbital_imaging
Function describing an electron in an atom
two electrons, each with its own projection of spin m s {\displaystyle m_{s}} . The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital, and f orbital refer
Atomic_orbital
Wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule
an electron in any specific region. The terms atomic orbital and molecular orbital were introduced by Robert S. Mulliken in 1932 to mean one-electron orbital
Molecular_orbital
Elementary particle with negative charge
absorbed by the electron. The orbital angular momentum of electrons is quantized. Because the electron is charged, it produces an orbital magnetic moment
Electron
Launches of Rocket Lab launch vehicle
Electron is a two-stage small-lift launch vehicle built and operated by Rocket Lab. The rocket has been launched to orbit 89 times with 85 successes and
List_of_Electron_launches
Electron trajectories in electromagnetic fields
microscopes, resolve the orbital angular momentum of a free electron, and to measure dichroism in the interaction between free electrons and magnetic materials
Electron_optics
Excited atomic quantum state with high principal quantum number (n)
periods and electron wavefunctions that approximate, under some conditions, classical orbits of electrons about the nuclei. The core electrons shield the
Rydberg_atom
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
pictures fail somewhat at these levels of scale, an electron in the lowest modern "orbital" with no orbital momentum, may be thought of as not to revolve "around"
Bohr_model
Principle of atomic physics
nodes, the concept now known as orbital penetration, and the influence of the core electrons on the valence orbitals. In 1961 the Russian agricultural
Aufbau_principle
European space-based solar observatory
its orbit. Initially, Solar Orbiter was confined to the same orbital plane as the planets, but each encounter of Venus will increase its orbital inclination
Solar_Orbiter
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
molecular orbital theory, a linear combination of atomic orbitals is performed first, followed by filling of the resulting molecular orbitals with electrons. The
Covalent_bond
American public spaceflight company
publicly traded aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider. Its Electron orbital rocket launches small satellites and has successfully completed over
Rocket_Lab
NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1978–1992)
had a mass of 0.8 kilograms and used only 0.7 watts of power. The Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe investigated the thermal properties of Venus’s ionosphere
Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter
polarization of XAS. Electron orbital imaging utilizes the technique of X-ray Raman scattering to produce images of electron (or hole) orbitals. X-ray scattering
X-ray_Raman_scattering
Smallest unit of a chemical element
shape and orientation. Each atomic orbital corresponds to a particular energy level of the electron. The electron can change its state to a higher energy
Atom
Super Jupiter orbiting Beta Pictoris
planet was discovered using the direct imaging technique, using reference star differential imaging. The discovery image was taken in 2003, but the planet
Beta_Pictoris_b
Atom of the element hydrogen
relativity, and it leads to the so-called spin–orbit coupling, i.e., an interaction between the electron's orbital motion around the nucleus, and its spin.
Hydrogen_atom
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
angular momenta despite having no orbital angular momentum. The relativistic spin–statistics theorem connects electron spin quantization to the Pauli exclusion
Spin_(physics)
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
puts its new electron in a 2p orbital; carbon (1s2 2s2 2p2) fills a second 2p orbital; and with nitrogen (1s2 2s2 2p3) all three 2p orbitals become singly
Periodic_table
Imaging by sections or sectioning using a penetrative wave
Chemical imaging 3D reconstruction Discrete tomography Geometric tomography Geophysical imaging Industrial computed tomography Johann Radon Medical imaging Network
Tomography
Probability density of electrons being somewhere
the electron density) provides an indicator of electrophilicity. And the LUMO map (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital mapped upon the electron density)
Electron_density
molecular orbital in momentum space. This interpretation relies on the assumption of a plane wave final state, i.e., the idea that the outgoing electron can
Photoemission orbital tomography
Photoemission_orbital_tomography
Analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces
transitions. Because of the interaction between an electron's spin and orbital angular momentum (spin-orbit coupling) and the concomitant energy level splitting
Auger_electron_spectroscopy
Long conducting wires which can act as electrical motors or generators
and possibly secondary electron and ion emission. In addition, the collection along a thin bare tether is described using orbital motion limited (OML) theory
Electrodynamic_tether
Quantum bit
2010 Schuster and co-workers proposed that for an electron in a lateral trapping potential the orbital states for motion parallel to the helium surface
Electron-on-helium_qubit
Study of magnetic properties of chemical compounds
spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. Molecular
Magnetochemistry
American physicist
pioneering contributions to electron microscopy, including the co-invention of the electron microscope pixel array detector, imaging of negative capacitance
Kayla_Nguyen
Imaging Instrument
properties and interactions of electrons in the studied material, for example from quasiparticle interference imaging. Scanning tunneling microscopy can
Scanning_tunneling_microscope
Sudden increase in x-ray absorption
unfilled orbital, r is the transition dipole operator, and α 2 {\displaystyle \alpha ^{2}} is the "covalency" or ligand character in the orbital. Since
K-edge
Method of utilizing water in magnetic resonance imaging
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), has been used extensively to map white matter tractography in the brain. In diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), the intensity
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Diffusion-weighted_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Heat-activated light emission
molecule contains electron donating and electron accepting moieties showing small orbital overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Thermally_activated_delayed_fluorescence
instrument is an X-ray imaging spectrometer, whose purpose is to study the extremely hot solar plasma and the high-energy electrons accelerated during a
Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays
Spectrometer_Telescope_for_Imaging_X-rays
Curved path of an object around a point
mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object under the influence of an attracting force. Alternatively, it is known as an orbital revolution
Orbit
NASA Mars orbiter (2013–2025)
Space Sciences Laboratory: Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (SWEA) – measures solar wind and ionosphere electrons. The goals of SWEA with respect to MAVEN
MAVEN
Rocket engine
satellite constellations and better positioning for Earth imaging". It is 3D printed. The Electron third stage, which is powered by Curie, is equipped with
Curie_(rocket_engine)
Chemical data page
quantum offset of the velocity imaging-based measurements was revealed in 2025, which could make a revision of all electron affinities marked with a dagger
Electron_affinity_(data_page)
Triplet state of the dioxygen molecule
According to molecular orbital theory, the electron configuration of triplet oxygen has two electrons occupying two π molecular orbitals (MOs) of equal energy
Triplet_oxygen
Satellite manufacturing company
Valley funding". 26 August 2021. "Unicorn-2 Images". Alba Orbital. Retrieved 11 September 2025. Wired. "Alba Orbital: pushing the limits of space development"
Alba_Orbital
Molecule containing main group elements with more than eight valence electrons
four-electron (3c–4e) bonds or delocalized molecular orbitals that do not require invoking d-orbital participation. Nevertheless, the d-orbital hybridization
Hypervalent_molecule
Failed Japanese orbiter mission to Mars (1998–2003)
carried on Nozomi were an imaging camera, neutral mass spectrometer, dust counter, thermal plasma analyzer, magnetometer, electron and ion spectrum analyzers
Nozomi_(spacecraft)
Technique to study materials that have unpaired electrons
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron_paramagnetic_resonance
Rule in geometry of individual molecules
an atomic orbital and the electrons in the orbital overlap form a covalent bond. Atoms do not usually contribute a pure hydrogen-like orbital to bonds
Bent's_rule
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
of the 2-D imaging MCP or the SSD. In the first case, secondary electrons ejected from the back foil trigger a stop pulse in the 2-D imaging MCP, which
IMAGE_(spacecraft)
Mission to Saturn (1997–2017)
pallet") Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
Cassini–Huygens
on their website. Multi-slice image simulations for high-resolution scanning and coherent imaging transmission electron microscopy written by Juri Barthel
Multislice
Zone of energetic charged particles around the planet Earth
do not trap energetic charged particles in orbit around the planet. Geomagnetic storms can cause electron density to increase or decrease relatively quickly
Van_Allen_radiation_belt
Possible rings around Saturn's moon Rhea
absorbs the electron plasma. However, in the case of Rhea, the absorption pattern is symmetrical. In addition, the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)
Rings_of_Rhea
Study of the 3D shapes of molecules
and electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based on the distance between nuclei and concentration of electron density
Molecular_geometry
Oxygen with all of its electrons spin paired
the two excited states has its two valence electrons spin-paired in one π* orbital while the second π* orbital is empty. This state is referred to by the
Singlet_oxygen
line frequencies with the orbits of electrons in his atoms. The connection he adopted associated the atomic electron orbital angular momentum with the
History_of_atomic_theory
Chemical compound
carbenes have spin-paired electrons and a higher energy empty 2p orbital. In a triplet carbene, one electron occupies the hybrid orbital and the other is promoted
Difluorocarbene
American space technology company
purchase SkySat imaging data. On January 21, 2018, a Dove Pioneer CubeSat was part of the payload of a Rocket Lab Electron rocket, the first orbital-entry craft
Planet_Labs
Device used in television cameras
multi-dynode "electron multiplier" in 1937 made Farnsworth's image dissector the first practical version of a fully electronic imaging device for television
Video_camera_tube
Technology development overview
their primary body, their orbital motion, and their distinction from natural satellites, space probes, space stations, orbital debris, and other kinds of
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking
r 2 {\displaystyle 3z^{2}-r^{2}} orbital or the mainly x 2 − y 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2}} orbital. If the electron occupies the mainly 3 z 2 − r 2 {\displaystyle
Jahn–Teller_effect
Soviet Mars moon probe (1988–1989)
on 12 July 1988, and entered orbit on 29 January 1989. Phobos 2 operated nominally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phase on 29 January
Phobos_2
Proposed NASA space mission to Uranus
The Uranus Orbiter and Probe is an orbiter mission concept to study Uranus and its moons. The orbiter would also deploy an atmospheric probe to characterize
Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe
European space observatory
ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), which studies the low coronal structure and activity. Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron experiment (ERNE
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory
Production of light due to absorption of high-energy photons or particles
are known as σ-electrons and the bonds are called σ-bonds. The pz orbital is called a π-orbital. A π-bond occurs when two π-orbitals interact. This occurs
Scintillation_(physics)
Computational quantum mechanical modelling method to investigate electronic structure
and the condensed phases. Using this theory, the properties of a many-electron system can be determined by using functionals – that is, functions that
Density_functional_theory
Excited quantum states with the convenient Rydberg energy formula
In general, at sufficiently high principal quantum numbers, an excited electron-ionic core system will have the general character of a hydrogenic system
Rydberg_state
Special type of aromaticity
molecules. In terms of molecular orbital theory these compounds have in common a monocyclic array of molecular orbitals in which there is an odd number
Möbius_aromaticity
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
Field electron emission, also known as field-induced electron emission, field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is the emission of electrons from
Field_electron_emission
Beam of electrons observed in vacuum tubes
light), caused when the electrons struck gas atoms, exciting their orbital electrons to higher energy levels. The electrons released this energy as light
Cathode_ray
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
unbinilium, elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s orbital being filled. This orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted;
Extended_periodic_table
Class of physical phenomena
resonance imaging (MRI). In many atoms and solids, electronic magnetic moments partially or completely cancel. Electrons occupying the same orbital have opposite
Magnetism
Antiparticle of the electron
1/2 ħ (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron. It is the antiparticle (antimatter counterpart) of the electron. When a positron collides
Positron
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
unoccupied orbital and an electron hole in the highest occupied molecular orbital, and since they are found within the same molecular orbital manifold,
Exciton
Weather forecasting application
improve its radar and imaging capabilities. ACME created a weather data satellite constellation named "Hyperspectral Orbital Remote Imaging Spectrometer" (HORIS)
MyRadar
When a particle's interactions with a material cause it to emit new particles
its noise figure. A typical such "orbital beam hexode" was the RCA 1630, introduced in 1939. Because the heavy electron current in such tubes damaged the
Secondary_emission
Semiconductor that has been doped
typically each metal atom releases one of its outer orbital electrons to become a conduction electron which can move about throughout the crystal, and carry
Extrinsic_semiconductor
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
proton and an electron) is a vector sum of the following contributions: the intrinsic moment of the electron, the orbital motion of the electron around the
Magnetic_moment
Deviation of electrons from their original trajectories
Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter or, if an
Electron_scattering
Model in organometallic chemistry
to the C=C bond. The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a C−C π bonding orbital between the carbon atoms, allowing the
Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson_model
spectroscopy, phase-resolved Speckle imaging / Lucky imaging to detect companion stars that the planets could be orbiting instead of the primary star, which
Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets
Natural satellites of the planet Saturn
mutually co-orbital, Janus and Epimetheus. The relatively large Hyperion is locked in an orbital resonance with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near
Moons_of_Saturn
Research apparatus for particle physics
particles, so these accelerators are invariably electron accelerators. Synchrotron radiation allows for better imaging as researched and developed at SLAC's SPEAR
Particle_accelerator
Form of electromagnetic radiation
If the electron has enough energy, it can knock an orbital electron out of the inner electron shell of the target atom. After that, electrons from higher
X-ray
NASA UV space telescope of the Explorer program, operated 2003-2013
redshift range of Z between 0 and 2. GALEX conducted an all-sky imaging survey, a deep imaging survey, and a survey of 200 galaxies nearest to the Milky Way
GALEX
Satellite Earth observation company BlackSky
Organisation (ISRO) PSLV rocket. The 44-kilogram demonstration satellite carried imaging payloads from Harris Corporation.[citation needed] In September 2017, BlackSky
BlackSky_Technology_Inc.
NASA probe of the Sun's outer corona
Research Laboratory. SWEAP (Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons). This investigation will count the electrons, protons and helium ions, and measure
Parker_Solar_Probe
Second NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter (2011–Present)
JunoCam data during each 11-day orbital period, limiting the number of images that are captured and transmitted during each orbit to somewhere between 10 and
Juno_(spacecraft)
Technology to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena
2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites. The first ever images of the heliosphere boundary
Energetic_neutral_atom
Any chemical compound containing an O2 ion (charge –1)
addition of an electron which fills one of the two degenerate molecular orbitals, leaving a charged ionic species with a single unpaired electron and a net
Superoxide
Particle accelerator designed to produce intense x-ray beams
for traditional X-ray imaging, phase-contrast X-ray imaging, and tomography. The Ångström-scale wavelength of X-rays enables imaging well below the diffraction
Synchrotron_light_source
Description of a molecule's true bond structure as a combination of structures
covalency, bonding is achieved primarily with the 2s orbital, with some contribution from a 2p orbital. (This bonding scheme is used in condensed phase aggregates
Resonance_(chemistry)
German material scientist (born 1958)
such as Solid State Materials Chemistry and Modelling Nanoscale Imaging in Electron Microscopy. He is the recipient of the 1996 R&D 100 award from R&D
Thomas_Vogt
Moon of Saturn
2013. Schenk Hamilton et al. 2011, pp. 745–46. "Cassini Imaging Science Team". Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations. Retrieved 2012-01-01
Methone_(moon)
Degree to which a particle's spin aligns with a given direction
to spin-orbit coupling. A Mott detector uses annular optics to decelerate back-scattered electrons and focus them onto a ring shaped electron multiplier
Spin_polarization
Experimental velocity measurement technique
Photofragment ion imaging (or product imaging) is an experimental technique for making measurements of the velocity of product molecules or particles
Photofragment-ion_imaging
of the Hydrogen atom orbital The same team of researchers that imaged the hydrogen electron's wave function are attempting to image helium. They report
Quantum_microscopy
Compound with a metal center bound to ligands
transfer bands. In a d–d transition, an electron in a d orbital on the metal is excited by a photon to another d orbital of higher energy, therefore d–d transitions
Coordination_complex
Ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 10–121nm
emitted by electrons which are bound to multicharged positive ions; for example, to remove an electron from a +3 charged carbon ion (three electrons already
Extreme_ultraviolet
Chemical compound
sp-hybridized orbital) of the imido ligand as well as the sp2-hybridized orbital from the carbon of the alkylidene ligand. The dxy, dyz, dxz orbitals receive
Molybdenum imido alkylidene complex
Molybdenum_imido_alkylidene_complex
Medical diagnostic method
Orbital x-ray or orbital radiography is an x-ray of both left and right eye sockets, to include the Frontal Sinuses and Maxillary Sinuses. The x-ray can
Orbital_x-ray
Air-launched rocket
developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation and later built and launched by Northrop Grumman. Pegasus was the world's first privately developed orbital launch
Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus
Method of measuring the extent of spatial localization of an electron
the electron localization function (ELF) is a measure of the likelihood of finding an electron in the neighborhood space of a reference electron located
Electron localization function
Electron_localization_function
Electronic structure imaging method
Quasiparticle interference (QPI) imaging is a technique used in condensed matter physics that allows a scanning tunneling microscope to image the electronic structure
Quasiparticle interference imaging
Quasiparticle_interference_imaging
Medical condition
from retro-orbital lesions can lead to thickening and twisting of the optic nerves. The lesions may also affect the lacrimal glands, orbital muscles, and
Erdheim–Chester_disease
Identical electron configuration
electronically to CN− ). Molecular orbital diagrams best illustrate isoelectronicity in diatomic molecules, showing how atomic orbital mixing in isoelectronic species
Isoelectronicity
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