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Grammatical case
grammar, the ergative case (abbreviated erg) is the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive
Ergative_case
Pattern relating to the subject and object of verbs
measure, 17% of the world's languages use an ergative alignment in the marking of noun phrases. Examples of ergative–absolutive languages include Basque, Georgian
Ergative–absolutive_alignment
Grammatical case
In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated abs) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive
Absolutive_case
Feature in the typology of certain languages
expressed in an ergative language, "Max" in the former and "Jane" in the latter would be parallel grammatically. Also, a different form (the ergative) would be
Split_ergativity
Case specifying the use of the object form of pronouns
case, such as ergative–absolutive languages; in the Northwest Caucasian languages, for example, the oblique-case marker serves to mark the ergative,
Oblique_case
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
quantifier of the noun phrase all receive ergative marking: yalu-nggu DIST-ERG mawun-du man-ERG gujarra-lu two-ERG ngu=wula REAL=3.AUG.SBJ yunbarn-ana sing-PRES
Grammatical_case
Topics referred to by the same term
up ergative in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The term ergative is used in grammar in three different meanings: Ergative case, the grammatical case of
Ergative
Words in Hindi that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
accusative and the dative). The oblique and ergative case is used with the case marking postpositions to form the ergative, accusative/dative, instrumental/ablative
Pronouns_in_Hindi
Type of morphosyntactic alignment in linguistic typology
transitive (in ergative languages). Thus, whereas in English, "she" in "she runs" patterns with "she" in "she finds it", and an ergative language would
Tripartite_alignment
Inuit varieties spoken in Alaska and the Northwest Territories
expressing genitive are marked in ergative for all persons. This suffix applies to all singular unpossessed nouns in the ergative case. Please note the underlying
Iñupiaq_language
Verbs in the Hindi and Urdu languages
intentionally done. Ergative — these verbs require the subject to be in the ergative case when the verb is in the perfective aspect. Non-ergative — these verbs
Hindustani_verbs
Endangered Yupik language spoken by the Siberian Yupik people near the Bering Strait
has seven noun cases: absolutive relative (ergative-genitive) ablative-modalis localis terminalis vialis aequalis As in other ergative-absolutive languages
Central Siberian Yupik language
Central_Siberian_Yupik_language
Northern Je language spoken in Brazil
clauses, or by ergative phrases in nonfinite clauses. In nouns, nominative, absolutive and accusative are unmarked, whereas the ergative case is marked by
Kayapo_language
Grammatical relationship between arguments
and accusative cases. Basque is an ergative–absolutive system (or simply ergative). The name stemmed from the ergative and absolutive cases. S is said to
Morphosyntactic_alignment
Grammatical case
In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated gen) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus
Genitive_case
Grammatical features of the Hindustani lingua franca
can take in the ergative case (the subject can be in the ergative case). Non-ergative — these verbs cannot take in the ergative case (the subject can
Hindustani_grammar
Language of the Basque people
and also has a nor-nork (absolutive–ergative) paradigm and possibly a nor-nori-nork (absolutive–dative–ergative) paradigm. The last is exemplified by
Basque_language
between the dative case and the theta role goals/ experiencers. There are two types of ergative languages: languages that allow ergative subjects in intransitive
Case_role
Endangered Salish language of North America
verbs that only have a single direct object (monotransitive). For the ergative case, there are two variants of person markers: a stressed and an unstressed
Okanagan_language
Inuit language spoken in Greenland
of the ergative case for possessors and the use of fourth person possessors. ex: Anda-p Anda-ERG illu-a house-3SG/POSS Anda-p illu-a Anda-ERG house-3SG/POSS
Greenlandic_language
Language of the ancient Urartu, now the Eastern Anatolia region
Menua-ḫi-ne-šə 'Argišti (ergative), son of Menua (ergative)'. The plural form can also serve as a general plural marker in non-absolutive cases: arniuši-na-nə 'by
Urartian_language
Personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb
in the nominative case for languages with a nominative–accusative alignment pattern. On the other hand, a language with an ergative-absolutive pattern
Subject_pronoun
list of grammatical cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension. This list will mark the case, when it is used, an
List_of_grammatical_cases
Dormant Northwest Caucasian language
singular absolutive /ɜ/ - 3rd singular dative /n/ - 3rd ergative /tʷ/ - to give a /ɐ/ - ergative plural /n/ - present tense However, some words may be as
Ubykh_language
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
words with original g̃ omission of the ergative marker -/e/ and apparent loss of the notion of an ergative case; use of 𒆤 -ke4, originally expressing
Sumerian_language
Type of grammatical voice
predominantly occurs in ergative languages where the deletion of an object "promotes" the subject from ergative case to absolutive case. In certain accusative
Antipassive_voice
Tacanan language of Bolivia
absolutive bound pronouns) and the ergative suffix -ra (in ergative bound pronouns) do not show up when absolutive or ergative pronouns occur last among the
Cavineña_language
Grammatical indication of whether an action was intentional or not
gets the ergative case suffix. If the subject did not intend to do something, the subject noun is in the nominative case instead. The ergative case takes
Volition_(linguistics)
Aspect of verb grammar
whose subjects take the ergative case, such as the verb eztul egin (cough—literally "make (a) cough"). ex:1 Haurrak child.ERG katua cat.ABS hil die du
Causative
Concept in linguistics
past tense "Ergative verbs" has been used to describe both unaccusitive and labile functions. For clarity, we will avoid using "ergative" if possible
Burzio's_generalization
Grammatical phenomenon in Austronesian
direct case morpheme, which marks the subject in Kalagan, is ya. The direct case form of the first person, singular pronoun is aku, whereas the ergative case
Symmetrical_voice
Grammar of the Hittite language
by the ergative case; hence, only neuter nouns show the ergative case in their declension, which means that common/animate nouns show 8 cases, while neuter
Hittite_grammar
Language family of the Arctic and sub-Arctic
communicated, ergative case marking will not be expressed. If a transitive object or object of possession is not openly communicated, then ergative case marking
Eskaleut_languages
Extinct indigenous language of Mississippi and Louisiana
complex verbal inflection and a relatively simple nominal inflection (the ergative case marks nouns in transitive clauses), and its syntax is characterized
Natchez_language
Northeast Caucasian language
[-qhdi]; added to the Ergative): rarely used case, meaning 'toward(s)'. Subessive case (ending -к [-k]; added to the Ergative): means either 'below'
Lezgian_language
Linguistic phenomenon
In some cases, this can be seen as evidence for the influence of active–stative typology. In ergative–absolutive languages, the absolutive case is not
Quirky_subject
Grammar of the Marathi language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Maharashtra, India
nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive alignment. In the latter type, the subject of a transitive verb takes the ergative marking (identical to that
Marathi_grammar
Extinct ancient language of Mesopotamia
singular ergative subject was -m. A third person plural ergative subject was marked with the suffix -it-, which, however, unlike the other ergative endings
Hurrian_language
Language of the Yupik family
predominantly ergative alignment: case marking follows the ergative pattern for the most part, but verb agreement can follow an ergative or an accusative
Central_Alaskan_Yupʼik
Official language of the country of Georgia
and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case. Georgian is a left-branching language, in which adjectives precede
Georgian_language
Grammatical case
Lezgian the suffix -хъ (-qh), when added to the ergative-case noun, marks the postessive case. This case is now rarely used for its original meaning "behind"
Postessive_case
Process of word formation, by alteration to express grammatical categories
transitive verb receives a special case suffix, called the ergative case. There is no case marking concord in Basque; case suffixes, including those fused
Inflection
Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Bhutan
indicated by the suffix ལུ་ -lu. ergative case - used for ergative and instrumental functions. There are 3 ergative suffixes in written Dzongkha: གྱིས་ -g°i
Dzongkha
Subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family
the ergative construction of sentences. Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian: The following example shows an ergative–absolutive case marking
Circassian_languages
Cariban language spoken in South America
split ergativity, with one set of verbs presenting ergative case, and the other, a mixed system. Wayana is a special case in split ergativity, since
Wayana_language
Northeast Caucasian language
arguments. As Tsez is an absolutive–ergative language, the subject, or—to be more precise—the agent, requires the ergative case, while the direct object (or
Tsez_language
Northeast Caucasian language
has an ergative-absolutive case-marking system. As the following examples (repeated from above) show, the transitive subject has the ergative case, while
Akhvakh_language
Type of morphosyntactic alignment in linguistic typology
and with ergative languages that generally align S as S = P/O; that is, there are two types of S in active-stative languages. In ergative languages,
Active–stative_alignment
Topics referred to by the same term
hazardous-materials (HAZMAT) reference book Erg (indoor rower) Erg (tug), a Canadian tug, sunk in Halifax Harbour in 1943 Ergative case This disambiguation page lists
Erg_(disambiguation)
Grammar of the Adyghe language
demonstrates this ergative–absolutive case marking system: Here, "table" has the absolutive case mark -р /-r/ while "man" has the ergative case mark -м /-m/
Adyghe_grammar
Grammar of the Georgian language
often been said to exhibit split ergativity; morphologically speaking, it is said that it mostly behaves like an ergative–absolutive language in the Series
Georgian_grammar
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
Proto-Afroasiatic was an ergative-absolutive language, in which the ergative case marks the subject of transitive verbs and the absolutive case marks both the object
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique. Unlike
Kapampangan_language
Australian Aboriginal language
attachment to different words. The ergative case markers include -lu, -nggu, -gu, -gulu, -du, and -u. For example the ergative case suffix can be used as below:
Bilinarra_language
Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted
and all arguments. Hindi is a split-ergative language and when the subject of the sentence is in the ergative case (also when the sentence involves the
Pro-drop_language
Dargin language
The ergative case suffix -li (with allomorphs -ni, -ri, and -l) occurs on the agent of transitive and ditransitive predicates. hin-ni water-ERG heχ DEM
Sanzhi_language
Verb that does not entail a direct object
hugged by him). But in an ergative–absolutive language like Dyirbal, "I" in the transitive I hug him would involve the ergative case, but the "I" in I was
Intransitive_verb
Indigenous Australian language
However, they inflect for ergative case as well, resulting in a tripartite case system, as in the following: ngagun-yi 1SG.NOM-ERG ngonggo 2SG.ACC ngany-bu-ng
Wagiman_language
Extinct Bronze Age Indo-European language
There is a trend towards distinguishing fewer cases in the plural than in the singular. The ergative case is used when an inanimate noun is the subject
Hittite_language
Mesopotamian myth
” in the ergative case) in two first-millennium copies, although earlier (Old Babylonian) copies begin simply with lugal, omitting the case ending. A
Lugal-e
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kashmir
Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects
Kashmiri_language
Extinct branch of Indo-European languages
Anatolian branch also has a split-ergative system based on gender, with inanimate nouns being marked in the ergative case when the subject of a transitive
Anatolian_languages
Lezgic language of southern Dagestan, Russia
grammatical cases are formed as follows: The absolutive case is unmarked. E.g., xudul, "grandchild" There are multiple suffixes that can form the ergative: -i
Tabasaran_language
Standardized dialect of Tibetan
interacts with the volition of the verb to condition which nouns take the ergative case and which must take the absolutive, remaining unmarked. Nonetheless
Lhasa_Tibetan
Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Northern Iran and Southern Azerbaijan
to city 'to the city' The ergative case, on the other hand, has the following functions: indicating the subject of an ergative phrase; definite direct object
Talysh_language
Language family native to Asia
Tibeto-Burman languages have ergative and/or anti-ergative (an argument that is not an actor) case marking. However, the anti-ergative case markings can not be
Sino-Tibetan_languages
Mayan language spoken by the Kʼicheʼ people
their use of the ergative and absolutive agreement prefixes on verbs. Although three-year-old Kʼicheʼ speakers produce the ergative and absolutive person
Kʼicheʼ_language
Grammar of standard Tibetian
Tibetan is typologically an ergative–absolutive language. Nouns are generally unmarked for grammatical number, but are marked for case. Adjectives are never
Modern_Lhasa_Tibetan_grammar
Generative linguistics framework
the ergative case system of the Basque language is not a simple binary parameter, and that different languages can have different levels of ergativity. Also
Principles_and_parameters
Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal
this ergative-marked transitive, where the subject ŋà is marked with the ergative: ŋà=gi 1SG=ERG ɕò yoghurt úp-sin cover-PST ŋà=gi ɕò úp-sin 1SG=ERG yoghurt
Yolmo_language
Variety of Kurdish
in Sahneh. What distinguishes it most from Lekî is the lack of the ergative case. Kurdelî a.k.a. Pahlavi is quite distant, and may be a distinct language
Southern_Kurdish
Grammatical concept
distinction drawn here between ergative and object-deletion verbs is based on the role of the subject. The object of a transitive ergative verb is the subject of
Object_(grammar)
Northwestern Iranian language
other Iranian languages. Tati, similar to Zaza, has a two-gender, case and ergative system. The language is also referred to as Southern Tati and is considered
Tati_language_(Iran)
Grammatical case
and O and the oblique for A (an absolutive–ergative alignment). Because of this split (see split ergativity), neither "nominative" nor "absolutive" is
Direct_case
the noun and it takes the noun case suffix instead of the noun itself. Absolutive case Ergative case Instrumental case Someone or something that performs
Nouns_in_Circassian
Language belonging to the Lezgic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family
languages, Rutul has an ergative-absolutive case system, with 6 grammatical cases and a series of 12 spatial cases. The grammatical cases are the absolutive
Rutul_language
Northeastern Caucasian language
and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix. Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also, case if
Aghul_language
Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh, India
context. There are 7 cases: direct case ergative case dative case instrumental case associative case ablative case genitive case "ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS'
Ladakhi_language
Declensions in Hindi and Urdu
oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight
Hindustani_declension
Endangered Australian Aboriginal language
Bardi there are three core cases: ergative, absolutive, and instrumental. Nouns in Bardi are marked by the ergative case when they are the subject of
Bardi_language
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bangladesh and India
Bengali. This marked nominative case has been called an ergative case, and has also led to Sylheti being classified as an ergative–absolutive language. The particular
Sylheti_language
Sahaptian language in the United States
texts. Sahaptin has a split ergative syntax, with direct-inverse voicing and several applicative constructions. The ergative case inflects third-person nominals
Sahaptin_language
Aboriginal Australian language
harmony occurs with most other kinds of suffixes. For example, when the ergative case suffix -ngku is attached to the noun karli 'boomerang', the result is
Warlpiri_language
Indigenous language spoken in parts of South America
while the subject of a transitive verb is marked differently. The ergative case marker is -ny. The verb agrees with both the subject and object. Evidentiality
Yanomaman_languages
Language family
particles to indicate case and other relationships. The modern nominative case suffix -i is derived from an earlier ergative case marker *-i. In modern
Koreanic_languages
Ecolinguistics - Elative case - Endangered language - English pronunciation - Entailment - Ergative case - Error - Essive case - Ethnologue - Etymology
Index_of_linguistics_articles
Filipino language writing conventions
Philippine languages. It was notably used to shorten the words nang (ergative case marker) and man͠gá (pluralization particle) into ng̃ and mg̃á respectively
Filipino_orthography
Concept of sentence structure in linguistics
nominative–accusative and ergative–absolutive coding, a phenomenon called split ergativity. In fact, there are relatively few languages that exhibit only ergative–absolutive
Nominative–accusative alignment
Nominative–accusative_alignment
Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia
written ⟨ŵ⟩ in common spelling. Nias has an ergative–absolutive alignment. It is the only known ergative–absolutive language in the world that has a "marked
Nias_language
Cariban language spoken in Brazil
2-cry-CONT(-REL)-PL ‘you (pl) are crying’ To affect an ergative reading of a pronoun, it is prefixed to the ergative particle /heke/. The data below also shows that
Kuikúro_language
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
as they are not morphological categories. Glosses for case should be used instead, e.g. erg or nom for A. Morphosyntactic abbreviations are typically
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
21st-century BC Sumerian king
of Shulgi. The final ke4 𒆤 is the composite of -k (genitive case) and -e (ergative case). Shulgi completed the great Ziggurat of Ur Earrings inscribed
Shulgi
the subject is in the ergative case while the direct object is in the nominative case. Indirect object is in the dative case. The subject is indicated
Georgian_conjugation
Mayan language of Mexico
inflected for ergative and absolutive cases. Thus the morphemes in j-le-bel-at ("for me to look for you") correspond to (first-person ergative marker)-"look
Tzeltal_language
British linguist (born 1936)
She was a student of the German linguist Hans Krahe and studied the ergative case in languages such as Kurdish. She is known for her works on historical
Theodora_Bynon
Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Turkey
Kahangi, Vafsi, Balochi and Kurmanji features split ergativity in its morphology, demonstrating ergative marking in past and perfective contexts, and nominative-accusative
Zaza_language
Grammatical case
said to have a postpositional case. Nominals in Sindhi can take a “contracted” oblique form which may be used in ergative, dative, or locative constructions
Adpositional_case
Reconstructed ancestor of the Australian language family
*-ji, which functions to mark both ergative case and instrumental and possibly also comitative. Another possible ergative suffix, *-t̪u, probably does not
Proto-Australian_language
Munda language of South Asia
and North Dravidian languages, in contrast to the predominantly ergative or split ergative patterns found in Western India and the Himalayas. Historical
Santali_language
Western Desert dialect of Central Australia
show different case marking patterns. Consider the following example, where the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative case and the object
Pitjantjatjara_dialect
ERGATIVE CASE
ERGATIVE CASE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Creative
Girl/Female
Hindu
Creative
Girl/Female
Tamil
Creative
Girl/Female
Tamil
Creative
Boy/Male
Arabic
Creative.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Creative
Girl/Female
Hindu
Creative
Girl/Female
Indian
Creative
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Creative
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nivita | நீவிதா, நீவீதாÂ
Creative
Nivita | நீவிதா, நீவீதாÂ
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nivitha | நீவிதா, நீவீதாÂ
Creative
Nivitha | நீவிதா, நீவீதாÂ
Girl/Female
Muslim
Creative
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shrijani | à®·à¯à®°à¯€à®œà®¨à¯€
Creative
Shrijani | à®·à¯à®°à¯€à®œà®¨à¯€
Girl/Female
Hindu
Creative
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sarjena | ஸரà¯à®œà¯‡à®¨à®¾
Creative
Sarjena | ஸரà¯à®œà¯‡à®¨à®¾
Girl/Female
Tamil
Creative
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Creative
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Creative
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Creative
Girl/Female
Bengali, English, Indian
Creative
ERGATIVE CASE
ERGATIVE CASE
Girl/Female
Arabic, Indian
Smooth; Soft
Girl/Female
Celtic English
Strong. She ascends. Feminine of Brian.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for the Sun
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Listener
Boy/Male
Indian
Thankful
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Marissa, MARISE means "of the sea."Â
Boy/Male
Muslim
Little leopard
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Gaelic, Irish, Norse, Swedish
Spear; Small One
Boy/Male
English American
Supplanter.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord Shiva; Lord Vishnu
ERGATIVE CASE
ERGATIVE CASE
ERGATIVE CASE
ERGATIVE CASE
ERGATIVE CASE
n.
That side of a question which denies or refuses, or which is taken by an opposing or denying party; the relation or position of denial or opposition; as, the question was decided in the negative.
a.
Attended with eruption or efflorescence, or producing it; as, an eruptive fever.
n.
A relative pronoun; a word which relates to, or represents, another word or phrase, called its antecedent; as, the relatives "who", "which", "that".
imp. & p. p.
of Negative
a.
Indicating or expressing relation; refering to an antecedent; as, a relative pronoun.
a.
Negative; nonmetallic; acid; -- opposed to positive, metallic, or basic.
a.
Produced by eruption; as, eruptive rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic.
a.
Not positive; without affirmative statement or demonstration; indirect; consisting in the absence of something; privative; as, a negative argument; a negative morality; negative criticism.
n.
A proposition by which something is denied or forbidden; a conception or term formed by prefixing the negative particle to one which is positive; an opposite or contradictory term or conception.
a.
Having relation or reference; referring; respecting; standing in connection; pertaining; as, arguments not relative to the subject.
a.
Eruptive.
a.
Denying; implying, containing, or asserting denial, negation or refusal; returning the answer no to an inquiry or request; refusing assent; as, a negative answer; a negative opinion; -- opposed to affirmative.
a.
Creating anew; as, re-creative power.
a.
Asserting absence of connection between a subject and a predicate; as, a negative proposition.
n.
A purgative.
n.
An eruptive rock.
a.
Metalloidal; nonmetallic; -- contracted with positive or basic; as, the nitro group is negative.
n.
The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.
n.
One who, or that which, relates to, or is considered in its relation to, something else; a relative object or term; one of two object or term; one of two objects directly connected by any relation.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Negative