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Form of reproduction where fertilization occurs outside of the female's body
External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm fertilizes a female organism's egg outside of the female's body. It is
External_fertilization
Union of an egg and sperm to form a zygote within the female body
counterpart, external fertilization, brings more control to the female with reproduction. Most taxa that reproduce by internal fertilization are gonochoric
Internal_fertilization
Union of a human egg and sperm
finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, external ejaculation
Human_fertilization
Assisted reproductive technology procedure
parenthood project during in vitro fertilization and after discontinuation of unsuccessful in vitro fertilization". Fertility and Sterility. 92 (1): 149–156
In_vitro_fertilisation
Animal sexual reproductive act in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body
is an aspect of mating. Many aquatic animals use external fertilization, whereas internal fertilization may have developed from a need to maintain gametes
Copulation_(zoology)
Form of human sexual intercourse
ejaculation so that sperm can enter the female reproductive tract and fertilize the egg, thereafter beginning the next stage in human reproduction – pregnancy
Penile–vaginal_intercourse
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
sexes and mating types. The original form of sex was external fertilization. Internal fertilization, or sex as we know it, evolved later and became dominant
Biological_sex
Haploid sex cell
cell, is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. The name gamete was introduced
Gamete
Released by an organism to attract an individual of the opposite sex
acting as an aggregation pheromone. It is likely that most externally fertilizing species (e.g. marine worms, sea urchins) coordinate their sexual behaviour
Sex_pheromone
Process of pairing in biology
parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (autogamy). The basis of this is a process called fertilization, which is the fusion of two gametes
Mating
Biological part involved in sexual reproduction
responsible for producing and transporting gametes, as well as facilitating fertilization and supporting the development and birth of offspring. Sex organs are
Sex_organ
System of organs used for reproduction
amphibians exhibit external fertilization of eggs, typically within the water, though some amphibians such as caecilians have internal fertilization. All have
Reproductive_system
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
Aquatic arthropods may breed by external fertilization, as for example horseshoe crabs do, or by internal fertilization, where the ova remain in the female's
Arthropod
Organism that produces both male and female gametes
hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization. The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants
Hermaphrodite
Phylum of invertebrate animals
remain of one sex all their lives and rely on external fertilization. Some molluscs use internal fertilization and/or are hermaphrodites, functioning as both
Mollusca
Procreative biological processes of humanity
which involve alternative methods of fertilization, which do not involve sexual intercourse; the fertilization of the ovum may be achieved by artificial
Human_reproduction
Subphylum of arthropods
marine horseshoe crabs rely on external fertilization, air-breathing chelicerates use internal but usually indirect fertilization. Many species use elaborate
Chelicerata
Reproductive biofluid of male or hermaphroditic animals
the species, spermatozoa can fertilize ova externally or internally. In external fertilization, the spermatozoa fertilize the ova directly, outside of
Semen
Body posture in mammals for sexual receptivity
lordosis reflex is uninhibited. The female is ready for copulation and fertilization. When a male mammal mounts the female, tactile stimuli on the flanks
Lordosis_behavior
Biological development of male sex characteristics
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
Virilization
Penetrative sexual activity for reproduction or sexual pleasure
indefinitely. Many animals that live in water use external fertilization, whereas internal fertilization may have developed from a need to maintain gametes
Sexual_intercourse
Provision of nutrients to the upper layers of the oceans
atmosphere. A number of techniques, including fertilization by the micronutrient iron (called "ocean iron fertilization" or OIF) or with nitrogen and phosphorus
Ocean_fertilization
Family of amphibians
suborder with external fertilization. This is critical to phylogeny, as Salamandroidea, the third suborder, use internal fertilization which may be pair
Sirenidae
Union of opposite-sex gametes in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes
Fertilisation
Sex change as part of the normal life cycle of a species
Although self-fertilization is avoided and cross-fertilization favored by this strategy, self-fertilization is still possible. Self-fertilized eggs develop
Sequential_hermaphroditism
Development of female characteristics
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
Feminization_(biology)
Sex-specific adaptations
Bibcode:2003Natur.424..387A. doi:10.1038/424387a. PMID 12879056. Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans, edited by Brian Dale Shaw AJ (2000). "Population
Sexual_dimorphism
Type of mating behavior exhibited by some externally fertilizing species
contact between male and female, distinguished from other forms of external fertilization, such as broadcast spawning, where sperm and eggs are freely shed
Amplexus
Type of hermaphroditism
species with mix mating systems). In simultaneous hermaphrodites, self-fertilization is possible in some species, where in others it is absent. The evolution
Simultaneous_hermaphroditism
Order of sea urchins
the sperm enters the female's egg, beginning fertilization. After roughly 80 minutes of fertilization, cell division will begin to occur, also known
Sand_dollar
Species of fish
a length of 15 centimetres (5.9 in) SL. It is an egglayer with external fertilization, and deposits its eggs in narrow crevices. It is fished commercially
Tanganyika_killifish
Reproductive system of female humans
zygote. If no fertilization occurs, the uterine lining has to be shed as blood, mucus, and tissue, a process known as menstruation. Fertilization usually occurs
Female_reproductive_system
Method of determining sex
pellucida, which the sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg. Once viewed simply as an impediment to fertilization, recent research indicates the zona pellucida
XY_sex-determination_system
Sex characteristics between male and female
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
Intersex_(biology)
Group of marine animals ("spoon worms")
female. Members of the order Echiurida have external fertilization and are sexual monomorphic. Fertilized eggs hatch into free-swimming trochophore larvae
Echiura
Family of fishes
with external fertilization occurring in the water column. During spawning, both males and females release gametes simultaneously, and the fertilized eggs
Moray_eel
Genus of amphibians
lungs. It was previously assumed the fertilization was the opposite of that other salamanders with external fertilization, with the male first depositing a
Ranodon
Chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior
from a genotype that is neither XX nor XY. It can also occur when two fertilized embryo fuse, producing a chimera that might contain two different sets
Sex_chromosome
majority of gastropods have internal fertilization, but there are some prosobranch species that have external fertilization. Gastropods are capable of being
Reproductive system of gastropods
Reproductive_system_of_gastropods
Ecological concept
potential for iron fertilization. A white paper by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration rated iron fertilization as having "moderate
Iron_fertilization
Biological process
Aquatic arthropods may breed by external fertilization, as for example horseshoe crabs do, or by internal fertilization, where the ova remain in the female's
Sexual_reproduction
Gamete-producing cell
oocyte leaves the ovary and matures rapidly into an egg ready for fertilization. Fertilization will cause the egg to complete meiosis II. In human females there
Germ_cell
Production of new offspring in plants
nuclei to the ovule to fertilize the egg cell and central cell within the female gametophyte in a process termed double fertilization. The resulting zygote
Plant_reproduction
Suborder of siphonophores
a limited number of species, in a typical physonect life cycle, external fertilization happens between eggs and sperm released by free-swimming eudoxids
Physonectae
Species of worm
individuals release sperm and eggs into the water column, where external fertilization occurs. The resulting embryos develop into planktonic trochophore
Eunice_aphroditois
Process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell
through the female reproductive tract (internal fertilization) or through water (external fertilization) to reach the egg. Sperm motility can also be thought
Sperm_motility
External organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation
the male intromittent organ is a hallmark characteristic of internal fertilization. Male cephalopods have a specialized arm, the hectocotylus, which is
Intromittent_organ
Species of fish
spawning (release of 1 batch of eggs per breeding season), and external fertilization. Smooth lumpfish perform spawning migration from deep-ocean to coastal
Smooth_lumpfish
Species of coral
capture prey. Anthopleura xanthogrammica reproduce sexually via external fertilization of sperm and eggs in the late fall. Newly formed pelagic, planktotrophic
Anthopleura_xanthogrammica
Biological system in certain moths
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
ZO_sex-determination_system
Family of amphibians
China, Russia, Afghanistan and Iran. Hynobiid salamanders practice external fertilization, or spawning. And, unlike other salamander families which reproduce
Asiatic_salamander
Class of cnidarians distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae
millimeters. Chirodropida reproduces by external fertilization. Carybdeida instead reproduces by internal fertilization and is ovoviviparous; sperm is transferred
Box_jellyfish
Species of fish found in the Indo-Pacific region
sunset. Although paternal care is normal in teleost fishes with external fertilization, it is the mothers in this species that guard and care for eggs
Lagoon_triggerfish
Process by which animal embryos form and develop
Embryonic development starts with the fertilization of an egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell (spermatozoon). Once fertilized, the ovum becomes a single diploid
Animal_embryonic_development
Marine animals, subphylum of chordates
All larvaceans are semelparous and have external fertilization, and all thaliaceans have internal fertilization. In solitary ascidians, sperm and eggs
Tunicate
Reproductive system of the human male
the urinary and reproductive organs. Sexual identity is determined at fertilization when the genetic sex of the zygote has been initialized by a sperm cell
Male_reproductive_system
Phylum of animals
vulnerable larval stage. Xenoturbella has external fertilization, and Acoelomorpha has internal fertilization. All xenacoelomorphs are bilateral, meaning
Xenacoelomorpha
Paraphyletic class of tunicates comprising sea squirts
sperm emission. Thus self-fertilization is avoided, and cross-fertilization is favored. Although avoided, self-fertilization is still possible in B. schlosseri
Ascidiacea
Male reproductive cell
fertilization. In some protists, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, rather than cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube
Sperm
Class of molluscs
Courtship and mating in gastropods: fertilization is internal or external according to the species. External fertilization is common in marine gastropods.
Gastropod
Chromosomal system
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
ZW_sex-determination_system
Type of injection fertilization
CULTAN Fertilization, or Controlled Uptake Long Term Ammonium Nutrition, is a type of injection fertilization where the entire amount of nitrogen needed
CULTAN_Fertilization
before the actual fertilization. Embryonic age, in contrast measures the actual age of the embryo or fetus from the time of fertilization. Nevertheless,
Timeline of human prenatal development
Timeline_of_human_prenatal_development
Organs involved in reproduction
fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Only one sperm is required to fertilize the ovum. Upon successful fertilization, the fertilized ovum, or zygote
Human_reproductive_system
Clade of spiders
through" system, sperm that enters first can be the first to fertilize eggs. Spider fertilization systems The copulatory openings are usually surrounded by
Entelegynae
Extinct genus of fishes
internal or external fertilization? The traditional model is that external fertilization is the primitive state with internal fertilization evolving at
Microbrachius
Species of Mediterranean fish
are no different, however, it is confirmed that eels reproduce by external fertilization. One parasitic crustacean, the trematode Folliculovarium mediterraneum
Mediterranean_moray
Species of amphibian
guard the eggs and care for young. This behavior is owed to their external fertilization mechanism. During the mating process, the female frog produces a
Grey_foam-nest_tree_frog
Species of fish
carried out by external fertilization; females release eggs into the water and males then immediately exert their sperm to capture and fertilize the eggs.
Humpback_anglerfish
Group of vertebrates consisting of amphibians and fish
can reproduce on dry land either by laying shelled eggs or by carrying fertilized eggs within the female. Older sources, particularly before the 20th century
Anamniotes
Biomechanics of human sexual intercourse
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
Mechanics_of_human_sexuality
Species of bivalve
be hermaphroditic, so they have both male and female gonads. In external fertilization, an organism will release both eggs and sperm. The lion's paw shell
Nodipecten_nodosus
Species of seaweed
Serrao; G. Pearson; L. Kautsky; S. H. Brawley (1996). "Successful external fertilization in turbulent environments". Proceedings of the National Academy
Fucus_vesiculosus
Development and formation of the human embryo
fertilization. The normal period of gestation (pregnancy) is about nine months or 40 weeks. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through
Human_embryonic_development
Species of fish
courtship rituals. Roosterfish are ovuliparous meaning they exhibit external fertilization where the sperm and eggs are shed directly into the water. When
Roosterfish
Class of mollusks
During the process of fertilization, the females use sperm provided by the male via external fertilization. Internal fertilization is seen only in octopuses
Cephalopod
Species of annelid worm
structures within the worm show the capability of both internal and external fertilization. Fauchald, Kristian (2008). "Eulagisca gigantea Monro, 1939". WoRMS
Eulagisca_gigantea
Species of fish
reception cells which are used as the sense of smell. They breed using external fertilization after laying their eggs. They communicate by making a clicking sound
Redtail_catfish
Genus of deep-sea fishes
into a single organ. External fertilization is likely, possibly with ripe eggs held by the pelvic fins to facilitate fertilization. The capture of multiple
Ipnops
Environmental sex determination by temperature during development
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction
Temperature-dependent sex determination
Temperature-dependent_sex_determination
Animals without a vertebral column
cephalopods and arthropods, nearly all other invertebrates exhibit external fertilization. Social behavior is widespread in invertebrates, including cockroaches
Invertebrate
Species of starfish
sea stars release their gametes into the seawater (external fertilization), resulting in fertilized eggs. These go through gastrulation and become larvae
Asterias_amurensis
Ways different insect species reproduce
mating by means of external genitalia. The sperm is stored within the female in one or more spermathecae. At the time of fertilization, the eggs travel
Insect_reproductive_system
Phylum of segmented worms
lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs
Annelid
Biological process
arrested at metaphase II, yielding mature ova and second polar bodies upon fertilization. This process is regulated by hormones like LH, FSH, GnRH, estrogen
Gametogenesis
Sac of skin that protects the testicles
vaginalis Tunica vasculosa testis Vas deferens During the fifth week after fertilization, the genital ridge grows behind the peritoneal membrane. By the sixth
Scrotum
Species of freshwater fish
Helostoma temminckii are oviparous, dioecious, and mate through external fertilization. Spawning occurs from May to October in Thailand at the beginning
Kissing_gourami
Eggs and sperm released into water
cephalopods use semi-internal fertilization where the male places his gametes inside the female's mantle cavity to fertilize the ova in the female's single
Spawning
Species of fish
two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilization. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, changing from male to
Sebae_clownfish
Species of fish
period can be affected by the temperature of water). Because of the external fertilization, males usually care for the eggs. They also have responsibilities
Ocellaris_clownfish
Species of echinoderm
mass above the seafloor and release gametes into the water for external fertilization. The larvae float and feed near the surface for two to ten weeks
Sunflower_sea_star
Substance added to soil to enhance plant growth
is why fertilization near the time of seeding is generally very effective. With fall-planted grains (e.g. winter wheat), fall N fertilization followed
Fertilizer
Species of amphibian
eggs, and the male simultaneously releases sperm, resulting in external fertilization. The eggs form a thin, floating sheet which may cover an area of
American_bullfrog
Species of amphibian
cloacal swelling. Unlike most salamanders, the hellbender performs external fertilization. Before mating, each male excavates a brood site, a saucer-shaped
Hellbender
Biological principle about the differential reproductive success in males versus females
These systems vary in numerous respects, including: external fertilization versus internal fertilization; dioecy versus hermaphroditism; female promiscuity
Bateman's_principle
Time of offspring development in mother's body
nine months. Counting by fertilization age, the length is about 38 weeks. Implantation occurs on average 8–9 days after fertilization. An embryo is the term
Pregnancy
Species of fish
involves eggs and sperm being released into the water column where external fertilization occurs. This fish can be found in the aquarium trade. It can be
Splitfin_flashlightfish
Biological system that determines the sex of offspring
are hermaphroditic, producing both eggs and sperm with which they can fertilize themselves, while rare individuals are male and have only one sex chromosome
XO_sex-determination_system
Species of fish
two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilization. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning that they develop
Tomato_clownfish
Sexual phenomenon
their sperm into the gills of the mussel hosting the eggs. This means fertilization and development of the offspring relies on the quality and survival
Coolidge_effect
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EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Boy/Male
Muslim
Eternal
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Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
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Outside external
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Eternal.
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Hindu
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Nithyadevi | நீதà¯à®¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€Â
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Nithyadevi | நீதà¯à®¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€Â
Girl/Female
Hindu
Eternal
Boy/Male
Hindi
Eternal.
Boy/Male
Arabic American Egyptian Muslim
Eternal.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External; Outside
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Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External
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Tamil
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Eternal
Saswaty | ஸஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯Â
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Tamil
Nabhanyu | நபாநà¯à®¯à¯
Eternal
Nabhanyu | நபாநà¯à®¯à¯
Girl/Female
Tamil
Eternal
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Girl/Female
Tamil
Eternal
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
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