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Method of data encryption
Filesystem-level encryption, often called file-based encryption, FBE, or file/folder encryption, is a form of disk encryption where individual files or
Filesystem-level_encryption
Data security technology
still-encrypted files and folders. Unlike disk encryption, filesystem-level encryption does not typically encrypt filesystem metadata, such as the directory structure
Disk_encryption
Feature in Microsoft Windows
is a feature introduced in version 3.0 of NTFS that provides filesystem-level encryption. The technology enables files to be transparently encrypted to
Encrypting_File_System
This is a list of filesystems with support for filesystem-level encryption. Not to be confused with full-disk encryption. AdvFS on Digital Tru64 UNIX Novell
List of cryptographic file systems
List_of_cryptographic_file_systems
Package of disk encryption software for Linux
cryptographic filesystem) is a package of disk encryption software for Linux. Its implementation is a POSIX-compliant filesystem-level encryption layer, aiming
ECryptfs
Security and privacy measure
Database encryption can generally be defined as a process that uses an algorithm to transform data stored in a database into "cipher text" that is incomprehensible
Database_encryption
Topics referred to by the same term
Encrypted filesystem may refer to: Filesystem-level encryption, a form of disk encryption where individual files or directories are encrypted by the file
Encrypted_filesystem
File system from DragonFly BSD
entry indexing, multiple mountable filesystem roots, mountable snapshots, a low memory footprint, compression, encryption, zero-detection, data and metadata
HAMMER2
Type of decentralized filesystem
InfiniBand. There are different architectural approaches to a shared-disk filesystem. Some distribute file information across all the servers in a cluster
Clustered_file_system
Software that uses cryptography
encrypted using volume encryption. File systems, also composed of one or more partitions, can be encrypted using filesystem-level encryption. A directory is
Encryption_software
Steganography tools BPCS-Steganography Filesystem-level encryption Poul-Henning Kamp. "GBDE - GEOM Based Disk Encryption" (PDF). GBDE Design Document. Original
Steganographic_file_system
Flash memory file system
Inline xattrs/data/dir Offline filesystem check (Check and fix inconsistency) Atomic operations Filesystem-level encryption Offline resizing (shrinking not
F2FS
Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists
used by Julian Assange and Ralf Weinmann in the Rubberhose filesystem. Deniable encryption makes it impossible to prove the origin or existence of the
Deniable_encryption
File system designed to run on flash memory
as SD cards. Overlayfs, Unionfs, and aufs are union filesystems, that allow multiple filesystems to be combined and presented to the user as a single
Flash_file_system
File system from DragonFly BSD
HAMMER file system provides configurable fine-grained and coarse-grained filesystem histories with online snapshots availability. Up to 65536 master (read–write)
HAMMER_(file_system)
Interface to device driver that appears in filesystem
Advanced filesystem implementor's guide. IBM. Daniel Robbins (2001-10-01). "Part 5: Setting up devfs". Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's
Device_file
prevent an attacker from triggering kernel bugs by breaking the filesystem. Disk encryption methods are also distinguished into "narrow-block" and "wide-block"
Disk_encryption_theory
Software interface for Unix-like systems
Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) is a software interface for Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems that lets non-privileged users create their own
Filesystem_in_Userspace
Journaling file system for Linux
ext4 (fourth extended filesystem) is a journaling file system for Linux, developed as the successor to ext3. ext4 was initially a series of backward-compatible
Ext4
Peer-to-peer web-based torrent client
friend. Connections are already encrypted, but you may add extra layers of encryption with keys to send another way. RAM limits may be managed with IndexedDB
WebTorrent
File encryption system
data corruption of the filesystem can be corrected with a reliable filesystem repair utility like fsck. Some whole-disk encryption systems lack one or both
EncFS
solid-state drive will contain at least 1,000,000,000,000 (1012, 10004) bytes), filesystem limits are invariably powers of two, so usually expressed with IEC prefixes
Comparison_of_file_systems
on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-25. uses the lower filesystem (stacking) "Intel Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Instructions Set - Rev 3". Intel. Retrieved
Comparison of disk encryption software
Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software
Professional, and Windows Server 2003 is in fact a user-transparent filesystem-level encryption feature for NTFS. The file manager merely enables or disables
Comparison_of_file_managers
with 1.0.0 through 1.1.4. Free and open-source software portal Filesystem-level encryption List of cryptographic file systems Anderson, Ross; Needham, Roger;
StegFS
Log-structured file system for flash memory devices
prevent confusion if power is lost during an erase operation). To make wear-levelling more even and prevent erasures from being too concentrated on mostly-static
JFFS2
Type of command for solid-state drive
space can safely issue the command, and on the system level this ability tends to lie in the filesystem driver itself. As of January 2017[update], support
Trim_(computing)
Disk encryption software for Microsoft Windows
volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for
BitLocker
Journaling file system for IRIX and Linux
first Linux distribution to introduce an option for XFS as the default filesystem in mid-2002. FreeBSD added read-only support for XFS in December 2005
XFS
encryption Disk encryption theory Disk encryption software Comparison of disk encryption software BitLocker Encrypting File System Filesystem-level encryption
List of cybersecurity information technologies
List_of_cybersecurity_information_technologies
Storage area in computer file system
extent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Getting to know the Solaris filesystem, Part 1: Allocation and storage strategy – a comparison of block-based
Extent_(file_systems)
Fast File System (FFS) to accomplish rapid filesystem consistency after an unclean shutdown of the filesystem and better general use performance over regular
Write Ahead Physical Block Logging
Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging
File system
is over raw flash devices on embedded systems like ARM and MIPS, the filesystem is less suitable for use on consumer SSD (because consumer SSDs already
CHFS
Family of archive file formats
DES, RC2, RC4 supported for encryption (not published online until the publication of APPNOTE 5.2) 5.2: (2003) AES encryption support for SES (defined in
ZIP_(file_format)
Copy-on-write file system
Per-user, per-group, per-project, and per-dataset quota limits. Filesystem encryption since Solaris 11 Express, and OpenZFS (ZoL) 0.8. (on some other
ZFS
distributed fault-tolerant filesystem. Tahoe-LAFS is an open source secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant filesystem utilizing encryption as the basis for a least-authority
List_of_file_systems
Stored data in computer systems
in your [information repository] archive." Filesystem dump: A copy of the whole filesystem in block-level can be made. This is also known as a "raw partition
Backup
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
data encryption and in the copy-on-write filesystem Bcachefs for the purpose of optional whole filesystem encryption. It's also one of the encryption traffic
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Computer filing system
In computing, a file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to FS or fs) governs file organization and access. A local file system is a capability of
File_system
Disk encryption software
dm-crypt is a transparent block device encryption subsystem in Linux kernel versions 2.6 and later and in DragonFly BSD. It is part of the device mapper
Dm-crypt
Drive cloning software
Samba network share, locally-attached hard disk drive or to a network filesystem file-share. Alternatively, Clonezilla Live can clone the data on one storage
Clonezilla
Software product
Create a file system in VRAM kbfs: Keybase Filesystem (KBFS), a distributed filesystem with end-to-end encryption and a global namespace. "dokan-dev / dokany
Dokan_Library
Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft
that FAT and HPFS lack, including: access control lists (ACLs); filesystem encryption; transparent compression; sparse files; file system journaling and
NTFS
Approach to maintaining file system
Updates: A Technique for Eliminating Most Synchronous Writes in the Fast Filesystem". USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pp. 1–18. Margo I. Seltzer; et al
Soft_updates
Parallel distributed file system
in a single filesystem more effectively. When a new subdirectory is created near the root of the filesystem (the top three directory levels by default)
Lustre_(file_system)
Open-source storage platform
and scalability to the exabyte level. Since version 12 (Luminous), Ceph does not rely on any conventional filesystem and directly manages HDDs and SSDs
Ceph_(software)
Phenomenon associated with solid state storage
to remove all user data from a drive. With an SSD without integrated encryption, this command will put the drive back to its original out-of-box state
Write_amplification
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
reliable backup of a live filesystem. GEOM is a modular framework that provides RAID (levels 0, 1, 3 currently), full disk encryption, journaling, concatenation
FreeBSD
Journaling file system for Linux
ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used with the Linux kernel. It used to be the default file system for many
Ext3
not provide redundancy. RAID 1C provides both redundancy and encryption. Some filesystems, such as Btrfs, and ZFS/OpenZFS (with per-dataset copies=1|2|3
Non-standard_RAID_levels
Filesystem service for Linux
Unionfs is a filesystem service for Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD which implements a union mount for other file systems. It allows files and directories of
UnionFS
Open-source file archiver
clients connected \\.: Same as "Computer" except loads the drives in low-level filesystem access. This results in critical drive files and deleted files still
7-Zip
Copy-on-write file system for Linux
Linux-based operating systems. Features include caching, full file-system encryption using the ChaCha20 and Poly1305 algorithms, native compression via LZ4
Bcachefs
Free software backup utility
timestamps. This feature should always be used if an accurate state of the filesystem is important. Which criteria should be applied is configurable, i.e. inode
Bacula
File system
of the GNU General Public License (GPL). HP-UX has another, different filesystem named JFS that is actually an OEM version of Veritas Software's VxFS.
JFS_(file_system)
Journaling file system developed by Apple
Storage and its encryption at the volume level can apply to file systems other than HFS Plus. With appropriate hardware, both encryption and decryption
HFS_Plus
Cloud storage management software
2020. "Difference between Rclone and Rsync when syncing to the Local Filesystem?". rclone forum. July 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 20
Rclone
Copy-on-write file system
September 2021). "Examining btrfs, Linux's perpetually half-finished filesystem". Ars Technica. Retrieved 11 June 2023. Chris Mason is the founding developer
Btrfs
High-performance clustered file system
processors and 27,000 NVIDIA Volta GPUs. The storage filesystem is called Alpine. Like typical cluster filesystems, GPFS provides concurrent high-speed file access
GPFS
Application programming interface
operations Multi-user systems required APIs for: Sharing Restricting access Encryption Writing user data to a file system is provided for use directly by the
File_system_API
with built-in XChaCha20-Poly1305 encryption and LZ4/Zstd compression. ObjectiveFS is a log-structured FUSE filesystem that uses cloud object stores (e
List of log-structured file systems
List_of_log-structured_file_systems
Security features as used in OpenBSD operating system
6.4 introduced the unveil system call for restricting filesystem visibility to a minimum level. pledge and unveil are used together to confine applications
OpenBSD_security_features
identification scheme • Feistel cipher • Félix Delastelle • Fialka • Filesystem-level encryption • FileVault • Fill device • Financial cryptography • FIPS 140
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers
The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems (though some support also exists for
Smart_File_System
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
(or below), with ZFS filesystem version "5.3", zpool version "5000" (some feature flags are not supported). Native ZFS encryption is noticeably missing
NetBSD
Logical volume management system on macOS
provisioning, different RAID levels or resiliency. However, like in Linux, but unlike in Windows, the LVM can be used as the root filesystem, a significant advantage
Core_Storage
Data that remains after deleting it
purging/sanitizing, or destruction. Specific methods include overwriting, degaussing, encryption, and media destruction. Effective application of countermeasures can be
Data_remanence
Storage network protocol
networked storage, SANs are low-level and high performance To use a SAN disk, the host must format it with a filesystem. Unlike a SATA or SCSI disk, however
ATA_over_Ethernet
IP-address variation." - from Radmind: The Integration of Filesystem Integrity Checking with Filesystem Management "For network security, Radmind supports SSL-encrypted
Comparison of open-source configuration management software
Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software
2003 operating system version
secure deletion, colored labels (resurrected from classic Mac OS) in the filesystem and Zip support built in. The Finder icon was also changed. Fast user
Mac_OS_X_Panther
2GL—Second-generation programming language 2NF—Second normal form 3DES—Triple Data Encryption Standard 3GL—Third-generation programming language 3GPP—3rd Generation
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Linux distribution for server virtualization
in a filesystem using the qcow2 format standard to QEMU, allowing disk images to be exchanged between virtualization environments at the file level. Both
Proxmox_Virtual_Environment
Clustered file system
images, including snapshots. Multiple servers can read/write the same filesystem simultaneously while individual virtual machine files are locked. VMFS
VMware_VMFS
Computer storage product
feature. NetApp Storage Encryption (NSE) is using specialized purpose build disks with low level Hardware-based full disk encryption (FDE/SED) feature and
NetApp_FAS
File format used to present documents
and various other data formats. The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file attachments, and metadata to enable workflows
Storage operating system
Manager. NetApp Volume Encryption (NVE) is FlexVol volume-level software-based encryption, which uses storage CPU for data encryption purposes; thus, some
ONTAP
Family of encrypting ransomware discovered in 2016
to the perpetrator. Additionally, if the computer's filesystem was FAT based, the MFT encryption sequence was skipped, and only the ransomware's message
Petya_(malware_family)
Journaling filesystem based on ext3
subdirectories in one directory is fixed to 32000. Corbet, Jonathan. "The Next3 filesystem". LWN. Next3: Ext3 with snapshots. The H Open. June 11, 2010 Shread, Paul
Next3
File system used by MS-DOS and Windows 9x
for VFAT long filenames began with version 3.5. Linux provides a VFAT filesystem driver to work with FAT volumes with VFAT long filenames. For some time
File_Allocation_Table
2016 Android mobile operating system
Nougat supports an alternative drive encryption scheme known as "file-based encryption". Unlike full disk encryption, it allows less-sensitive contents
Android_Nougat
Distributed version control software system
management system. Torvalds explains: In many ways you can just see git as a filesystem—it's content-addressable, and it has a notion of versioning, but I really
Git
Cryptography software developer
(1991). "Combining the concepts of compression and caching for a two-level filesystem". Operating Systems Review. 25: 200–211. doi:10.1145/106974.106993
Vince_Cate
File system used on Amiga computers
computer from the computer-manufacturer Commodore Int'l. The previous Amiga filesystem was never given a specific name and known originally simply as "DOS" or
Amiga_Fast_File_System
Improved file system for AmgaOS
The Professional File System is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga, now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It
Professional_File_System
Data processing technique to eliminate duplicate copies of repeating data
hash value of the desired data. Deduplication is implemented in some filesystems such as in ZFS or Write Anywhere File Layout and in different disk arrays
Data_deduplication
Magnetic tape data storage technology
the encryption process. All current LTO manufacturers support encryption natively enabled in the tape drives using Application Managed Encryption (AME)
Linear_Tape-Open
Version history of the Linux kernel
kernelnewbies.org. Retrieved 31 May 2026. Corbet, Jonathan (23 January 2026). "Filesystem medley: EROFS, NTFS, and XFS". LWN.net. Retrieved 31 May 2026. "XFS Online
Linux_kernel_version_history
Software designed to enable access to unauthorized locations in a computer
APIs, for example, to hide a running process or file that resides on a filesystem. ...since user mode applications all run in their own memory space, the
Rootkit
Cloud computing platform for deploying virtual machines
Persistent disk provides the disk space for instances and contains the root filesystem from which the instance boots. Persistent disks can be used as raw block
Google_Compute_Engine
File system
system maintain their own protection information. This means in the same filesystem, one file may be protected at +1 (basic parity protection) while another
OneFS_distributed_file_system
Network communication protocol for providing shared access to resources
Hertel, Christopher (2003). Implementing CIFS – The Common Internet FileSystem Archived 2004-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-047116-X
Server_Message_Block
Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft
storage pool is limited to a maximum of 4 PB. It as well as all other filesystems supported by Windows are defined within the Open Specification. ReFS
ReFS
Operating system
exploited by intruders to hide malicious programs or data. CDFs and the CDF filesystem were dropped with release 10.0. HP-UX operating systems supports a variety
HP-UX
Free and open-source operating system
retrieved 20 November 2011 Dillon, Matthew (10 October 2007), "Re: HAMMER filesystem update - design document", kernel mailing list, retrieved 20 November
DragonFly_BSD
Clustered file system
to describe the message streaming capabilities. MapR FS is a cluster filesystem that provides uniform access from files to other objects such as tables
MapR_FS
Open-source container software
Filesystems in a Kubernetes container provide ephemeral storage, by default. This means that a restart of the container will wipe out its filesystem.
Kubernetes
Linux distribution for Xbox 360 consoles
360's predecessor console, the Xbox. The Xbox 360 uses hardware-based encryption and digital signatures for all of its executable programs, and as such
Free60
Computer storage device with no moving parts
to the kernel-level TRIM operation is to use a user-space utility called fstrim that goes through all of the unused blocks in a filesystem and dispatches
Solid-state_drive
Journaling file system for Linux
backing. Some of the goals of the Reiser4 file system are: Atomicity (filesystem operations either complete, or they do not, and they do not corrupt due
Reiser4
Line of smartphones by Apple
unapproved third-party apps and does not allow full access to the iPhone's filesystem. According to Jonathan Zittrain, the emergence of closed devices like
IPhone
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
Girl/Female
Muslim
Intelligent, Level headed
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lovell.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a late Old English personal name Lēofweald, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + weald ‘power’, ‘rule’.French : variant spelling of Level.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Level Headed; Intelligent
Male
Yiddish
(לֶעמְל) Yiddish name LEMEL means "little lamb; meek."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Revell.French : habitational name from any of the places so named, for example in Isère and Haute-Garonne.French and southern French : nickname from Old French, Occitan reveau ‘rebel’.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish
Jewish : variant spelling of Levy.English : variant spelling of Leavey.
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English, French
Little Wolf; Young Wolf
Boy/Male
Hebrew
United.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
High Level
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bevill.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King Richard III' Lord Lovel.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant spelling of Levin.English, North German, and Dutch : from the Germanic personal name represented by Old English Lēofwine, Saxon Liafwin, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + wine ‘friend’.English and Scottish : habitational name from places called Leven in East Yorkshire, Fife, and Renfrew. The first is probably from a stream name, possibly derived from a Celtic word meaning smooth (as in Welsh llyfyn). The Scottish place name is from a Gaelic river name meaning ‘elm river’.Dutch and North German : from a Flemish saint’s name, Lefwin (Lieven), the patron saint of Ghent (see Lewin 2).
Boy/Male
Indian
Instrument to level something
Boy/Male
Yiddish
Dearly loved.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Instrument to level something
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Lovell, LOVEL means "little wolf."
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : nickname for a fleet-footed or timid person, from Old French levre ‘hare’ (Latin lepus, genitive leporis). It may also have been a metonymic occupational name for a hunter of hares.English (of Norman origin) : topographic name for someone who lived in a place thickly grown with rushes, from Old English lǣfer ‘rush’, ‘reed’, ‘iris’. Compare Laver 3. Great and Little Lever in Greater Manchester (formerly in Lancashire) are named with this word (in a collective sense) and in some cases the surname may also be derived from these places.English (of Norman origin) : possibly from an unrecorded Middle English survival of an Old English personal name, Lēofhere, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + here ‘army’.
Boy/Male
Japanese
Flat and level field.
Girl/Female
Indian
Intelligent, Level headed
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Judge of Character; King of God
Girl/Female
Hindu
Girl/Female
Arabic Muslim
Light.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Affection; Love; Friendliness
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, from the Middle English personal name Kimbel, KIMBALL means "royal courage."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kinnary | கீநà¯à®¨à®¾à®°à¯à®¯Â
Shore, Musical instrument, Goddess of wealth
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Biblical
Empty, temple of the head.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
The Ray of Guru's Light
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
FILESYSTEM LEVEL-ENCRYPTION
a.
Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as, the telescope is now level.
n.
A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; -- this is the apparent level at the given point.
v. i.
To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit.
v. t.
Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as, to level all the ranks and conditions of men.
n.
A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as, to take a level.
v. t.
To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower.
v. t.
To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as, to level remarks to the capacity of children.
n.
An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as, to climb from the level of the coast to the level of the plateau and then descend to the level of the valley or of the sea.
v. t.
To attend the levee or levees of.
a.
Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as, a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.]
a.
Having the slant of a bevel; slanting.
n.
A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as, moving fluids seek a level.
v. t.
To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.
v. t.
To keep within a channel by means of levees; as, to levee a river.
a.
Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth's surface; as, a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake.
v. t.
To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as, to level a road, a walk, or a garden.