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A theory of capitalism describes the essential features of capitalism and how it functions. The history of various such theories is the subject of this
History_of_capitalist_theory
International relations theory
The capitalist or commercial peace theory posits that market openness contributes to more peaceful behavior among states, and that developed market-oriented
Capitalist_peace_theory
Political ideology and movement opposed to capitalism
movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism. Anti-capitalists seek to combat the worst effects of capitalism and to eventually
Anti-capitalism
2009 book by Mark Fisher
Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? is a 2009 book by British philosopher Mark Fisher. It explores his concept of "capitalist realism", defined
Capitalist_Realism
Economic system based on private ownership
sell the same or similar products to the same buyers. Adherents of the capitalist theory believe that competition leads to innovation and more affordable
Capitalism
Ownership or control of an economy by a government
the neo-Trotskyist theory of the USSR as state capitalist in What Was The USSR? "Modern History Sourcebook: The Common Program of The Chinese People's
State_capitalism
and Islam Capitalist mode of production Enclosure and British Agricultural Revolution Fernand Braudel History of capitalist theory History of globalization
History_of_capitalism
Type of economic system
operated for a profit, structured on the process of capital accumulation. In general, in capitalist systems investment, distribution, income and prices
Market_economy
Promotion of capitalist ideology
Capitalist propaganda is the promotion of capitalism, often via mass media, education, or other institutions, primarily by the ruling private and political
Capitalist_propaganda
Political and economic ideology
of ever-increasing prosperity. This underpinned the move towards a capitalist economic system in the late 18th century and the subsequent demise of the
Economic_liberalism
Political philosophy emphasising social ownership of production
skeptical of centralised state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation..." Roderick T. Long. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." Social
Socialism
Entity owned by a person or a group of people
argued that an essential characteristic of the capitalist market economy is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system
Property
State whose economic system is no longer a form of capitalism
classical Marxist and social evolutionary theories, post-capitalist societies may come about as a result of spontaneous evolution as capitalism becomes
Post-capitalism
Market dominated by a small number of sellers
aware of the actions of their competition. According to game theory, the decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by, the decisions of other
Oligopoly
This is a list of countries of the world by wealth per adult, from UBS's Global Wealth Databook. Wealth includes both financial and non-financial assets
List of countries by wealth per adult
List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult
Philosophy of individual rights and liberty
two into a collective whole designed to overthrow the developing capitalist order of the 19th century. Vladimir Lenin stated that—in contrast with Marxism—liberal
Liberalism
Arguments against the economic system of capitalism
Criticism of capitalism typically ranges from disagreement with particular aspects or outcomes of capitalism to rejection of the capitalist system in
Criticism_of_capitalism
Social and economic model in Nordic countries
of millennials becoming poorer than the generations which came before. Social democracy is a centre-left, social, economic, predominantly capitalist political
Nordic_model
Marxist theory of history and society
materialism is a theory of history and sociology in Marxist thought that posits that material and economic conditions are the primary drivers of societal structure
Historical_materialism
Systems of organizing production and distribution within capitalist societies
critique of political economy and subsequent Marxian analyses, the capitalist mode of production (German: Produktionsweise) refers to the systems of organizing
Capitalist_mode_of_production
Concept of the state in a capitalist system
accumulation of capital. Different normative theories exist on the necessary and appropriate function of the state in a capitalist economy, with proponents of laissez-faire
Capitalist_state
Economic theories regarding cyclical recessions
Crisis theory, concerning the causes and consequences of the tendency for the rate of profit to fall in a capitalist system, is associated with Marxian
Crisis_theory
Post-Marxist social and economic concept
capitalism History of capitalist theory Racial equality Settler colonialism Slave Trade Social equality Split labor market theory A similar sentiment is
Racial_capitalism
Maoist term for return to capitalism
Revolution in a capitalist direction. If allowed to do so, these forces would eventually restore the political and economic rule of capitalism; in other
Capitalist_roader
Economic system free from interventionism
international trade History of economic thought – Study of the development of economic thought Keynesian economics – Group of macroeconomic theories Market failure –
Laissez-faire
Dynamic that motivates pursuit of profit
Culture of capitalism – Overview of the culture of a capitalist system Dual-sector model – Model in developmental economics History of capitalist theory Internal
Capital_accumulation
1760–1840 agrarian to industrial era shift
of industry. Business portal Technology portal World portal Industrial Revolution in the United States Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory) –
Industrial_Revolution
Marxist and neo-Marxist international relations theories are paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation, instead focusing
Marxist international relations theory
Marxist_international_relations_theory
Social theory developed by Karl Marx
Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, the theory is a foundational concept of Marxism. At its core, it posits that under the capitalist mode of production, workers
Marx's_theory_of_alienation
Acquisition of goods beyond essential needs
view stood in direct opposition to Karl Marx's critique of the capitalist economy as a system of exploitation. For social critic Vance Packard, however
Consumerism
Relationship between employee and employer
conflicts of interests between various groups (e.g., the competing capitalist and working classes in a Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social
Employment
Relationship where a worker sells labour to an employer
developed on slave plantations. Capitalism Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory) Child labour Critique of work Eight-hour day Four-day workweek Full
Wage_labour
Economic system with both capitalist and socialist elements
of factors of production. The idea behind a mixed economy, as advocated by John Maynard Keynes and several others, was not to abandon the capitalist mode
Mixed_economy
Political ideology and economic theory
the anti-capitalist and egalitarian tradition of anarchism. Although anarcho-capitalist theory implies the abolition of the state in favor of a fully laissez-faire
Anarcho-capitalism
Abundance of financial assets or possessions
In both Marxist and Weberian theory, class is divided into upper and lower, with each further subdivided. Capitalist economic classes also typically
Wealth
Measurement in economics
In mainstream economic theories, the labour supply is the total hours (adjusted for intensity of effort) that workers wish to work at a given real wage
Labour_supply
Economic system in which a market economy exists alongside an authoritarian government
capitalism, or illiberal capitalism, is an economic system in which a liberal capitalist market economy exists alongside an authoritarian government. It overlaps
Authoritarian_capitalism
Taking financial risks in the hope of profit
with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk: the capitalist did. Schumpeter
Entrepreneurship
Dominant post-WWII post-industrial global economy
theme of "the end of history" was rekindled by Kojève in his Introduction to the Reading of Hegel. Advanced capitalism Capitalist Realism Crisis theory Criticism
Late_capitalism
Anti-Capitalist cartoon caricature from 1911
The Pyramid of Capitalist System is a common name of a 1911 American cartoon caricature critical of capitalism, copied from a Russian flyer of c. 1901. The
Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System
Concept in economics
Marx's theory, surplus value is equal to the new value created by workers in excess of their own labour-cost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit
Surplus_value
Form of society
An affluent society is form of society characterized by material abundance for broad segments of the population. A typical image for the affluent society
Affluent_society
Term for commodity-based art
The term "capitalist realism" has been used, particularly in Germany, to describe commodity-based art, from Pop Art in the 1950s and 1960s to the commodity
Capitalist_realism
Italian economist (born 1948)
the theory of capitalist institutions. His research spans the analysis of capitalist forms, the theory of global imperialism, the reinterpretation of Marxian
Ernesto_Screpanti
General term for rules, including delegated legislation and self-regulation
management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and
Regulation
People without work and actively seeking work
In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely modelling the effects of unemployment within
Unemployment
Temporary spike in asset prices
a large amount of wealth and cause continuing economic malaise; this view is particularly associated with the debt-deflation theory of Irving Fisher,
Economic_bubble
Theoretical concept and policy movement
inequalities and their threat to the capitalist system. In 2014, Conference on Inclusive Capitalism, co-hosted by the City of London and E. L. Rothschild holding
Inclusive_capitalism
Term used in agriculture and business
incompatibility (help) Hamilton, Shane (2016). "Revisiting the History of Agribusiness". Business History Review. 90 (3): 541–545. doi:10.1017/S000768051600074X
Agribusiness
Approach emphasizing the world-system as the primary unit of social analysis
through its division of labor based on capitalist enterprises. World-Systems Theory can be useful in understanding world history and the core countries'
World-systems_theory
Three-volume work by Karl Marx, 1867–1894
transformation problem, crisis theory (particularly the tendency of the rate of profit to fall), and the nature of capitalist accumulation have been central
Das_Kapital
Theory in classical and Marxian economics
his theory of surplus value, which holds that profit originates from the exploitation of workers, whose unpaid labor is appropriated by capitalists. The
Labor_theory_of_value
Disconnection in social relationships
in capitalist societies occurs because in work each contributes to the common wealth but they can only express this fundamentally social aspect of individuality
Social_alienation
Political and economic system
other point in history. Policy makers in Europe and Asia adopted democratic capitalist policies in an attempt to satisfy the social needs of their voters
Democratic_capitalism
Development theory
The Non-Capitalist Way of Development (NCWD) or The Non-Capitalist Path or The Non‐Capitalist Road is a development theory which was proposed by theorists
Non-capitalist way of development
Non-capitalist_way_of_development
Law maintaining market competition
protection Cartel theory The History of the Standard Oil Company (book) Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies Irish Competition law List of competition regulators
Competition_law
English cultural theorist (1968–2017)
creating the bureaucracy he describes in Capitalist Realism. The concept of capitalist realism stems from the concept of cultural hegemony proposed by Italian
Mark_Fisher
Capitalist appropriation and assimilation of feminism
incorporation of some principles of the feminist movement into capitalism and the market economy. The critique of capitalism in terms of feminism is based
Feminist_capitalism
Concept in economics
ISBN 978-1-84467-095-6. Harvey, David (1985). The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Johns Hopkins University Press
Creative_destruction
Anarchist organisational model for trade unions
unions to be the prefiguration of a post-capitalist society, and seek to use them in order to establish workers' control of production and distribution.
Anarcho-syndicalism
Theory of capitalism and globalization
underconsumptionist theories of imperialism, superprofits tend to be a side-effect of capitalist efforts to avoid crisis, whereas in other theories, superprofits
Theories_of_imperialism
Form of communication for marketing
Littlejohn, Stephen W., ed. (2009). "Advertising Theories". Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. Vol. 1. SAGE. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7. Archived
Advertising
Economic doctrine in which the state plays a strong directory role
ceased to be a capitalist economy directed by the accumulation of capital, profit-maximizing enterprise and market-based allocation of producer goods
Dirigisme
Process and policies to improve economic well-being
attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of industrialized countries. Economic development can also be considered as a static theory that documents
Economic_development
Organizational theory
deny the legitimacy of most forms of economically significant private property, viewing capitalist property relations as forms of domination that are
Decentralization
Major force in capitalist economies
The history of advertising can be traced to ancient civilizations. It became a major force in capitalist economies in the mid-19th century, based primarily
History_of_advertising
Process of removing or reducing state regulations
Prime Mover of Airline Deregulation". New York Times. Peltzman, Sam; Levine, Michael E.; Noll, Roger G. (1989). "The Economic Theory of Regulation after
Deregulation
(PDF). University of Chicago. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2009. For a short educational video of the "economic history of India". Nick Gillespie
Economic liberalisation in India
Economic_liberalisation_in_India
Theory developed by Karl Marx
Marx's theory of class is a central element of Marxist thought, referring to the social stratification and conflict that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Marx's_theory_of_class
Form of market-based economy
savings and become 'an owner or capitalist at the same time that he remains a worker. Hayek, Friedrich (1941). The Pure Theory of Capital. Chartier, Gary; Johnson
Free_market
Political philosophy
supports capitalist property rights and market distribution of natural resources. The term right-libertarianism is used to distinguish this class of views
Right-libertarianism
1957 book by Ludwig von Mises
Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution is a treatise by Austrian school economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises. It
Theory_and_History
National ethos of the United States
legacies, and other examples of discriminatory violence. The meaning of the American Dream has changed over the course of history, and includes both personal
American_Dream
Application of political economy methods to anthropological study
application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including but not limited to non-capitalist societies
Political economy in anthropology
Political_economy_in_anthropology
Concept in Marxist analysis
them—traders, capitalists, landlords—are made to seem passive or obscured altogether. The concept is crucial to Karl Marx's critique of economic theory, which
Commodity_fetishism
Marxist–Leninist theoretical concept
had not passed through the capitalist stage. In the Soviet Union, the two-stage theory was opposed by the Trotskyist theory of permanent revolution. While
Two-stage_theory
Marxist theory
A short history of socialist economic thought., pp. 63–68. Bob Jessop, The capitalist state. Charlene Gannage, "E. S. Varga and the Theory of State Monopoly
State_monopoly_capitalism
Concept in economic theory
historical transformation of the one into the other. Sometimes their theories confused capitalist commodity trade with simple commodity trade. According to Marx
Simple_commodity_production
Economic phenomenon
The theory has been opposed by Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, among others. In History and Critique of Interest Theories (1884), he argues that capitalists do
Exploitation_of_labour
Archaic concept in US patent law
In United States patent law, the flash of genius doctrine was a test for patentability used by the United States Federal Courts for just over a decade
Flash_of_genius
Inefficiently allocated markets
"The Hesitant Hand: Mill, Sidgwick, and the Evolution of the Theory of Market Failure," History of Political Economy, 39(3), pp. 331–358. 2004 Online Working
Market_failure
American activist and writer
2025). "Ghostly Past, Capitalist Presence: A Social History of Fear in Colonial Bengal By Tithi Bhattacharya". Journal of Social History. doi:10.1093/jsh/shaf076
Tithi_Bhattacharya
Social philosophy
attempt to legitimize and strengthen the capitalist economic system which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist economic
Criticism_of_welfare
Economic scenario
models that highlight the advantages of networks. Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness
Competition_(economics)
Academic journal
capitalist market system would be restored. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Critique has become a more general journal of socialist theory
Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory
Marxist concept
(disambiguation). This theory of the capitalist mode of production can be found in Karl Marx's Capital. Marx used the term in his analysis of society's economic
Social_formation
Transferring something from the public sphere to the private
However, anarcho-capitalists prefer that every function of the state be privatized, including defense and dispute resolution. Proponents of privatization
Privatization
Marxist theory of cultural dominance
Althusser Marxist cultural analysis – Anti-capitalist cultural critique Marx's theory of alienation – Social theory developed by Karl Marx Nicos Poulantzas –
Cultural_hegemony
Term criticizing labor exploitation
development of economic theory.[citation needed] The concept of wage slavery could conceivably be traced back to pre-capitalist figures like Gerrard Winstanley
Wage_slavery
Philosophy merging secular humanism with liberal capitalism
universal basic income and an expanded safety net within a free-market capitalist economy. Welfare capitalism Social market economy Progressive capitalism
Humanistic_capitalism
Group of states aligned with the United States during the Cold War
Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, the Freedom Bloc, the Free Bloc, and the American Bloc, was an unofficial coalition of countries that were officially
Western_Bloc
Hypothesis in Marxist economics
tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF) is a theory in the crisis theory of political economy, according to which the rate of profit—the ratio of the
Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall
Class of wage-earners
of wage laborers, members of a capitalist society whose most significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). A member of such
Proletariat
Intervals of expansion and recession in economic activity
Machine, ScarLett, History Of Economic Theory and Thought Batra, R. (2002). "Economics in Crisis: Severe and Logical Contradictions of Classical, Keynesian
Business_cycle
Political philosophy
early philosophical writings of Marx, in which he develops his theory of alienation, and the structural description of capitalist society found in his later
Marxism
1913 book by Rosa Luxemburg
Marx's theory of capitalist reproduction, arguing that capitalism requires access to non-capitalist markets and societies to solve the problem of realizing
The_Accumulation_of_Capital
A capitalist republic is a republican form of government operating in the interest of capital and private property, typically under a capitalist market-based
Capitalist_republic
and international movements of capitalist modes of production and money flows. In his essay, "Notes towards a theory of uneven geographical development"
Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought
Pejorative term for reinterpretation of Marxism
various ideas, principles, and theories that are based on a fundamental reinterpretation of Marxism. According to critics of revisionism, this involves a
Revisionism_(Marxism)
Greek-French Marxist sociologist (1936–1979)
structuralist theory of the state as relatively autonomous from the direct control of the capitalist class, serving instead as a "factor of cohesion" for
Nicos_Poulantzas
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