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Word initial consonantal sound changes in Irish
materials. Irish, like all modern Celtic languages, is characterised by its initial consonant mutations. These mutations affect the initial consonant of
Irish_initial_mutations
Sound change happening in linguistics
for their initial consonant mutations. The individual languages vary on the number of mutations available: Scottish Gaelic has one, Irish and Manx have
Consonant_mutation
Spelling and punctuation of the Irish language
on this page are in Connacht Irish. See Irish phonology for an explanation of the symbols used and Irish initial mutations for an explanation of eclipsis
Irish_orthography
Topics referred to by the same term
addition of a preceding letter to indicate eclipsis in the Irish language; see Irish initial mutations § Eclipsis (urú) Uruguay, IOC country code Üru, a village
Uru
Oldest widely attested Gaelic language
mutations to the initial consonant of a word. Apparently, neither characteristic was present in the preceding Primitive Irish period, though initial mutations
Old_Irish
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
syntactically connected words produced extensive sandhi effects (Irish initial mutations). The variations became an important part of the grammar. Both
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
Grammar of the Old Irish language
(see Irish initial mutations). They were often crucial in distinguishing various grammatical forms, which would be homophones if not for the mutations. For
Old_Irish_grammar
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
Sanskrit. Many of the characteristics of modern (and medieval) Irish, such as initial mutations, distinct "broad" and "slender" consonants and consonant clusters
Primitive_Irish
Grammatical structure
following consonant, while the relativizer triggers eclipsis (see Irish initial mutations). Both direct and indirect relative particles can be used simply
Relative_clause
Celtic language indigenous to the island of Ireland
Spoken Irish The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht (Gaeltacht Mhúscraí) Problems
Irish_language
Grammar of the Irish language
Indo-European, such as the presence of inflected prepositions and the initial consonant mutations. Irish syntax is also rather different from that of most Indo-European
Irish_grammar
processes are discussed in Scottish Gaelic phonology. See also Irish initial mutations. Lewis & Pedersen (1989), §167ff; Calder (1923), §6 Thurneysen
Scottish_Gaelic_grammar
One of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection
Drosophila with De Vries's supposed mutations in Oenothera, showing that they could work the same way. No actual mutations were involved, but infrequent chromosome
Mutationism
Irish language dialect
article uses the IPA to transcribe Irish. Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see Help:IPA/Irish for a comparison of the IPA system with
Ulster_Irish
Consonant sound change
across word boundaries. This explains the rise of grammaticalised initial consonant mutations in modern Celtic languages through the loss of endings. A Scottish
Lenition
Neuromuscular disease
disorder primarily caused by genetic mutations that disrupt critical proteins within peripheral nerves. These mutations predominantly affect proteins essential
Charcot–Marie–Tooth_disease
Irish language Old Irish language Middle Irish language Irish language Ulster Irish Irish initial mutations Irish language in Northern Ireland Irish morphology
List of Northern Ireland–related topics
List_of_Northern_Ireland–related_topics
Topics referred to by the same term
the spot-winged wood quail Urú or eclipsis, a type of initial consonant mutation in the Irish language Uru (disambiguation) Urús, a village in Girona
Urú
Combination cystic fibrosis medication
primary target is to treat class III CFTR gating mutations like G551D as well as other less common mutations. In the crystalline figure is shown ivacaftor
Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor
Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor
Celtic language spoken in France
Wales mae car gyda ni). Breton has four initial consonant mutations. Though modern Breton lost the nasal mutation of Welsh (but for rare words such the
Breton_language
Rare metabolism disorder
syndrome, and no data has been published on average life expectancy. Mutations in four different genes can lead to Sanfilippo syndrome. Each gene codes
Sanfilippo_syndrome
Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
preNATO). In languages such as Scottish Gaelic and Irish, where lenition (initial consonant mutation) is commonplace, acronyms must also be modified in
Acronym
Non-exhaustive list of articles related to Ireland, grouped by selected topics
Recent changes: Irish topics Aran Islands Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Northern Ireland List of castles in Ireland Cities in Ireland Armagh Belfast
List of Ireland-related topics
List_of_Ireland-related_topics
Genetic disorder caused by a mutation of chromosome 15
those criteria underwent revision in 2005. Angelman syndrome is caused by mutations in the UBE3A gene. This gene is located within a region of chromosome
Angelman_syndrome
Rare, severe disease of lysosomal storage
different mutations had been identified in the human HEXA gene. These mutations have included single base insertions and deletions, splice phase mutations, missense
Tay–Sachs_disease
conjugated verb). Mutations are also frequently used to indicate the gender of a mutable noun. As well as at the beginning of words, mutations are also regularly
Colloquial_Welsh_morphology
Language family
consonant mutations (Insular Celtic only) inflected prepositions (Insular Celtic only) two grammatical genders (modern Insular Celtic only; Old Irish and the
Celtic_languages
Aspect of the Irish language
forms in Irish: an and na. Their distribution depends on number, case, and gender, and they trigger mutation partly on the basis of the initial sound of
Irish_declension
Fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien
plural. Sindarin has a series of consonant mutations, varying between dialects as follows. The mutations of "early conceptual Noldorin" are defined in
Sindarin
Goidelic Celtic language of the Isle of Man
Like all modern Celtic languages, Manx shows initial consonant mutations, processes whereby the initial consonant of a word is altered according to its
Manx_language
Irish language dialect
article uses the IPA to transcribe Irish. Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see Help:IPA/Irish for a comparison of the IPA system with
Munster_Irish
Phonology of the Irish language
article uses the IPA to transcribe Irish. Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see Help:IPA/Irish for a comparison of the IPA system with
Irish_phonology
Omicron subvariant of SARS-CoV-2
spike protein on top of BA.2's mutations, and 60 additional mutations compared to BA.2 overall, with a total of 90+ mutations compared to the original Wuhan
BA.2.86
Sounds and pronunciation of the Welsh language
system of consonant mutations, in which certain consonants are replaced by other consonants in certain contexts. These mutations are found both at the
Welsh_phonology
The next mutation that occurs turns the ratchet once more. Additional mutations in a population continually turn the ratchet and the mutations, mostly
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa
Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
different mutations. If a family has a known uncommon mutation, specific screening for that mutation can be performed. Because not all known mutations are found
Cystic_fibrosis
Cancer of the lymphatic system
sufficient to cause lymphoma; other mutations must also be present. These additional mutations include mutations of the tumor suppressor TP53, which interacts
Burkitt_lymphoma
American drummer (born 1961)
(2016) Firepower (2018) Invincible Shield (2024) War of Words (1993) Mutations (1994) A Small Deadly Space (1995) Let the Metal Live (2009) Virginia
Scott_Travis
Alternate phonetic realization of a morpheme
languages, where words undergo various initial consonant mutations depending on their syntactic position. For example, in Irish, an adjective undergoes lenition
Alternation_(linguistics)
North/South Ministerial Council (NSMC) in Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland with regard to the Irish and Ulster-Scots (or "Ullans") languages on a cross
The_North/South_Language_Body
Mitochondrial disease
children. MELAS is mostly caused by mutations in the genes in mitochondrial DNA, but it can also be caused by mutations in the nuclear DNA. Some of the genes
MELAS_syndrome
Dictionary of the Irish language
contemporary Irish, available to search for free on Focloir.ie [ga]. It is an ordinary explanatory dictionary in that headwords in Irish are explained
An_Foclóir_Nua_Gaeilge
Medical condition
There have been more than 400 mutations in the heme biosynthesis identified to cause AIP. In the erythroid variant, mutations in the exon 1 sequence of the
Acute_intermittent_porphyria
Excessive production of thyroid hormone
in 1786; however, he did not publish his findings until 1825. In 1835, Irish doctor Robert James Graves discovered a link between the protrusion of the
Hyperthyroidism
Abnormal accumulation of iron in the body
hemochromatosis type 1 (HH type 1) is caused by mutations of HFE gene, mainly C282Y/C282Y mutation. This mutation is present in 1:200-300 of the Caucasian population
Iron_overload
Medical condition
drainage system. Genetic factors play a significant role, with several mutations identified like thrombospondin-1 that contribute to the development of
Primary_congenital_glaucoma
involved in the promotion of the Irish language. Its mission was to "strengthen and consolidate goodwill and support for the Irish language and its usage as
Comhdháil Náisiúnta na Gaeilge
Comhdháil_Náisiúnta_na_Gaeilge
a house". Welsh has three mutations across four paradigms: the soft mutation (Welsh: treiglad meddal), the nasal mutation (Welsh: treiglad trwynol),
Literary_Welsh_morphology
Genetics on the peopling of the Americas
after the initial colonization of their regions. The Na-Dene, Inuit, and Native Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, but are distinct
Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Types of dementia involving the frontal or temporal lobes
direct relationship between the type of tau mutation and the neuropathology of gene mutations. The mutations at the splice junction of exon 10 of tau lead
Frontotemporal_dementia
Cancer originating in or on the ovary
cited is 30% and the highest 60%. Mutations in BRCA1 have a lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer of 15–45%. Mutations in BRCA2 are less risky than those
Ovarian_cancer
American multinational biopharmaceutical company
December 2023, Amgen became the title sponsor of the Irish Open in golf, renaming it the Amgen Irish Open. In October 2017, the Amgen Foundation pledged
Amgen
undergo various initial mutations in Manx. For example: In Manx too, remnants of the deuterotonic/prototonic distinction of Old Irish are found in the
Dependent and independent verb forms
Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms
Rare neurodegenerative disease
ALS may also be due to disease-causing de novo mutations in SOD1, or C9orf72, or inherited mutations which were overlooked due to incomplete family history
ALS
Variant of the virus SARS-CoV-2
particular, Zeta only carries the E484K mutation and has neither of the other two mutations of concern, N501Y and K417T. Initial reports claimed that both P.1 and
SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant
Breed of cat
cat. Mutations in orthologs of this gene have been shown to cause tail-loss defects in a number of other species, notably the mouse. Mutations in the
Manx_cat
Neolithic monument in County Meath, Ireland
consonant mutation common in Irish grammar. The term síd refers to a mound or dwelling place of supernatural beings in early Irish tradition. Medieval Irish texts
Newgrange
Genetic skin disease
loss-of-function mutation in the ABCA12 gene. This gene is important in regulating protein synthesis for the development of the skin layer. Mutations in the gene
Harlequin-type_ichthyosis
variant contains several mutations that allow it to attach more easily to human cells because of the following three mutations in the receptor-binding
Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Valentino, Maria Lucia; et al. (2012). "Rare Primary Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Probable Synergistic Variants in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy"
Haplogroup_I_(mtDNA)
Variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19
partly because of one or more mutations in the virus' spike protein. The variant was also notable for having more mutations than normally seen. By January
SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant
since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit, and Indigenous populations of Alaska exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Aspect of verbs in the Irish language
d'ól mé (Munster Irish: d'ólas) "I drank": Tuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understands Irish." Thuig Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understood Irish." Thuigfeadh Seán
Irish_conjugation
of Ireland". In 1881 the Irish Beekeepers Associations (IBKA) was formed, holding a honey show in Dublin; in 1908 their name was changed to Irish Beekeepers'
Beekeeping_in_Ireland
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
Taisei (2005). "Microsatellite mutations show no increases in the children of the Chernobyl liquidators". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental
Chernobyl_disaster
brought to Ireland at the time of the Roman conquest of Britain and became Old Irish. Lowland British Celtic had velarization like Old and Modern Irish, which
Phonological history of Old English
Phonological_history_of_Old_English
1915 novella by Franz Kafka
236 n.2. Gooderham, WB (13 May 2015). "Kafka's Metamorphosis and its mutations in translation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Leeder, Karen, "An unsettling
The_Metamorphosis
Insertion of a sound at the beginning of a word
(Plato), itztadion (stadium). Modern Irish features t-prothesis in certain circumstances, such as when a vowel-initial masculine noun in the singular nominative
Prothesis_(linguistics)
be lost over time due to genetic mutations. Neofunctionalization occurs when one copy of the gene accumulates mutations that give the gene a new, beneficial
Gene_redundancy
Latin-script digraph
script. In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, ⟨th⟩ represents the lenition of ⟨t⟩. In most cases word-initially, it is pronounced /h/. For example: Irish and Scottish
Th_(digraph)
Human hair color
anglicisation of the Irish: Ruairí/Ruaidhrí/Ruaidhrígh/Raidhrígh, Scottish Gaelic: Ruairidh and Manx: Rauree which is common to the Irish, Highland Scots and
Red_hair
Medical condition featuring permanent bending of fingers
previous hand trauma, and epilepsy. Genetic studies have implicated mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway a possible hereditary genetic contributor
Dupuytren's_contracture
Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds
consonant mutation, is found in the Celtic languages like Irish and Welsh, whereby unwritten (but historical) final consonants affect the initial consonant
Syllable
Small domesticated bird
that control the expression of the Pitx1 and the Tbx5 genes, rather than mutations in the genes themselves. Pigeon foot feathering has been studied as a
Domestic_pigeon
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
hemochromatosis or their family members. Most of these mutations are rare. Many of the mutations cause or probably cause hemochromatosis phenotypes, often
HFE_(gene)
French breed of cattle
myostatin mutation are used in crossbreeding, only one of the mutations will be inherited (that is, progeny will be heterozygous for the mutation), and a
Limousin_cattle
Season of television series
Valley from all maps. Strangely, both Roger and Rocks have the mysterious initial D in their name. It is also revealed that the main reason Garp has refused
One_Piece_season_20
Sexual reproduction in canine species
fitness due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive mutations. The gray wolves (Canis lupus) of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan
Canine_reproduction
Degenerative neurological disorder
misfolded proteins disrupts neuronal cell function and causes cell death. Mutations in the gene for the prion protein can cause a misfolding of the dominantly
Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease
Disease outbreak in Kent, England
cases had been reported for a week. "Multiple potentially significant" mutations that may have changed the meningococcal bacterium's behaviour had been
2026_Kent_meningitis_outbreak
Variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
spike mutations. These findings were first reported by the DOH on February 18, 2021, noting that 37 out of 50 sequenced samples carried these mutations, with
SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant
Degenerative brain disease caused by prions
brain disease within the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy family. Initial symptoms include psychiatric problems, behavioral changes, and painful
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Variant_Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease
Volatile anaesthesia medication
anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations". British Journal of Pharmacology. 129 (4): 731–743. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp
Methoxyflurane
Irish and Scottish Gaelic for the lenition of ⟨f⟩. This happens to be silent, so that ⟨fh⟩ in Gaelic corresponds to no sound at all, e.g. the Irish phrase
List_of_Latin-script_digraphs
Effect on Tolkien's legendarium
legends, both Irish and Welsh, as likely sources of some of Tolkien's stories and characters; thus for example the Noldorin Elves resemble the Irish Tuatha Dé
Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien
2024 Marvel Studios film
on-screen acts" in the previous films. In contrast, Donald Clarke for The Irish Times was critical of the juvenile humor and scored the film just one star
Deadpool_&_Wolverine
Domesticated brown rat subspecies
from a broken or spotted hood to a misshaped blaze. Irish or English Irish – In England, the Irish is standardized by the NFRS as an equilateral triangle
Fancy_rat
Archaeological culture in the Pontic steppe circa 3300 BCE
Western_Steppe_EMBA, which reached central and south Asia was not the initial expansion from the steppe to the east but a secondary expansion that involved
Yamnaya_culture
Archipelago in Scotland
of Orkney, he added that the Roman fleet had seen "Thule, too". In early Irish literature, Shetland is referred to as Insi Catt — "the Isles of Cats" (meaning
Shetland
1943 novella by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
128 pages. It has been translated into minority languages, such as the Irish language, by Éabhloid publishers in 2015; and the Scots language in 2017
The_Little_Prince
Tumor of the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenal hormones
as those with HIF2α mutations. Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) is employed to assist in diagnosing tumors associated with VHL mutations. Other markers include
Pheochromocytoma
2007 film by Francis Lawrence
Neville Darrell Foster as Mike, a soldier who accompanied Neville during the initial stages of the outbreak Pat Fraley as voice of the President of the United
I_Am_Legend_(film)
Rare autosomal-recessive human disease
leading cause of mortality in patients. Friedreich's ataxia is caused by mutations in the FXN gene, which result in reduced production of frataxin, a protein
Friedreich's_ataxia
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
was significantly altered in the process of domestication, as specific mutations were selected to develop cat breeds. Most breeds are founded on random-bred
Cat
Antiretroviral medication
targets the p24 capsid, mutations that confer resistance to other antiretrovirals have no effect on lenacapavir. However, mutations of the capsid can still
Lenacapavir
Manx lexicographer and scholar
with the nature and range of variation in the initial letter of Manx words, due to initial consonant mutations, and to the addition of consonants (such as
Archibald_Cregeen
Grammar of the Cornish language
growing interest in the language. Initial mutation is a feature shared by all the modern Celtic languages, in which the initial consonant of a word may change
Cornish_grammar
1960–1963 unrecognised state in Africa
2005, p. 6. Boehme 2005, p. 7. "Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960", History Ireland, Issue 6 (Nov/Dec 2010), Volume 18. Brownell, Josiah
State_of_Katanga
Irregular beating of the atria of the heart
10q22-24, 6q14-16, and 11p15-5.3 and the discovery of mutations associated with the loci. Mutations have been found in the genes of K+ channels and Na+
Atrial_fibrillation
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sky
Boy/Male
Hindu
Nickname of names beginning with - Kris, Short form of Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu
Sight
Female
English
(ΊÏις) Greek name IRIS means "rainbow." In mythology, this is the name of a rainbow goddess. In use by the English as a feminine name, and by the Jews as a unisex name.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Sky
Male
Hindi/Indian
(ಗಿರೀಶà³) Hindi name GIRISH means "mountain lord." In mythology, this is a name belonging to Shiva.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord of the earth
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, Greek
Iris; Rainbow
Boy/Male
Hindu
Flower
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Sikh
God of Shiva
Girl/Female
Greek Russian
Rainbow.
Boy/Male
Hindu
God of mountain attributed to Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Hindu
To cherish, To hold dear
Female
English
Short form of English Trisha, TRISH means "patrician, of noble descent."Â
Girl/Female
Latin English
Noble. St. Patricia was a 7th century patron saint of Naples.
Boy/Male
Hindi
Lord of the mountains.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : ethnic name for someone of Irish origin. Compare Ireland.
Boy/Male
Hindu
A strong person, Bull of Lord Shiva, A zodiac sign
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
Surname or Lastname
Irish (Galway and Mayo)
Irish (Galway and Mayo) : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Béara or Ó Beargha (see Barry 1).Scottish and northern Irish : variant spelling of Barrie.English : habitational name from any of several places named with Old English byrig, dative case of burh ‘fortified manor house’, ‘stronghold’, such as Berry in Devon or Bury in Cambridgeshire, Greater Manchester, Suffolk, and West Sussex.French : regional name for someone from Berry, a former province of central France, so named with Latin Boiriacum, apparently a derivative of a Gaulish personal name, Boirius or Barius. In North America, this name has alternated with Berrien.Swiss German : pet form of a Germanic personal name formed with Old High German bero ‘bear’ (see Baer).
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Fortress; Tall
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Celebrity, French, German, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Swahili, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Forever; Long Life; Luck; Everlasting; The Immortal One; Never Die; Name of Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Grace.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Giver
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from either of the places named Harpole, in Kent and Northamptonshire, from Old English horu ‘dirt’ + pÅl ‘pool’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Serving the gods, Chariot of the gods
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Aadisakti: She who Maintains the Rules of Justice without the Slightest Error
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
A Midsummer Night's Dream' Snout, a tinker, acts as Wall in the play within the play.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, German, Muslim, Turkish
Lover
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
IRISH INITIAL-MUTATIONS
n. sing. & pl.
The language of the Irish; the Hiberno-Celtic.
a.
Of or pertaining to Hibernia, now Ireland; Irish.
a.
Beginning; predisposing; exciting; initial.
adv.
In an initial or incipient manner or degree; at the beginning.
v. t.
To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials.
imp. & p. p.
of Initial
a.
Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as, the initial letters of a name.
pl.
of Iris
a.
Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland.
n.
An ancient Irish or Scotch judge.
n.
The first letter of a word or a name.
n. sing. & pl.
The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, esp. the Celtic natives or their descendants.
n. sing. & pl.
An old game resembling backgammon.
a.
Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as, the initial symptoms of a disease.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Initial
n.
An Irish measure of two feet in length.
n.
An Irish serving woman or girl.
n.
A term of contempt for an Irish Methodist.
n.
The Irish elk.
pl.
of Iris