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Hardening technique in the Linux kernel
Kernel page-table isolation (KPTI or PTI, previously called KAISER) is a Linux kernel feature that mitigates the Meltdown security vulnerability (affecting
Kernel_page-table_isolation
Computer security technique
2017-12-29. Corbet, Jonathan (2017-12-20). "The current state of kernel page-table isolation". Linux Weekly News. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04
Address space layout randomization
Address_space_layout_randomization
Topics referred to by the same term
KPTI is the kernel page-table isolation hardening feature in the Linux kernel to mitigate the Meltdown security vulnerability in Intel and other CPUs
KPTI_(disambiguation)
Microprocessor security vulnerability
as kernel page-table isolation (KPTI). KPTI patches have been developed for Linux kernel 4.15, and have been released as a backport in kernels 4.14.11 and
Meltdown (security vulnerability)
Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)
Topics referred to by the same term
(supermarket), a German supermarket chain KAISER, an alternate name for kernel page-table isolation, a security method Kaiser window, a window function used for
Kaiser_(disambiguation)
Core of a computer operating system
invoking the kernel function varies from kernel to kernel. If memory isolation is in use, it is impossible for a user process to call the kernel directly
Kernel_(operating_system)
Distributed operating system kernel
the kernel. On HongMeng Kernel, the HKIP module provides various protection mechanisms. Other than code, the read-only data, and kernel page table, other
HongMeng_Kernel
system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems. The following tables compare
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels
Processor design concept
system kernel process and the user processes – as was highlighted by the Meltdown security vulnerability. Mitigation strategies such as kernel page-table isolation
Translation_lookaside_buffer
Operating system virtualization paradigm
the current running process and its children. In addition to isolation mechanisms, the kernel often provides resource-management features to limit the impact
OS-level_virtualization
Formally verified capability-based microkernel
prior L4 kernels: it only handles memory management/process isolation and process scheduling - everything else is handled outside of kernel mode. At boot
SeL4
Feature of the Linux kernel that partitions kernel resources
Namespaces are a feature of the Linux kernel that partition kernel resources such that one set of processes sees one set of resources, while another set
Linux_namespaces
Memory data structure in Intel processors
Descriptor Table Archived 2009-10-17 at the Wayback Machine at OSDev.org GDT Tutorial Archived 2009-02-14 at the Wayback Machine at OSDev.org Bran's Kernel Dev
Global_Descriptor_Table
Computer memory management scheme
the operating system's kernel. In CPUs implementing the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) for instance, the memory paging is enabled via the CR0
Memory_paging
Resource limit method in Linux
cgroups (abbreviated from control groups) is a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O,
Cgroups
Piece of software or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines
1966; it included page-translation-table hardware for virtual memory and other techniques that allowed a full virtualization of all kernel tasks, including
Hypervisor
UNIX system component
Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; in most Unix-like systems, a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it or
Init
Family of second-generation microkernels
cross-platform and to improve security, isolation, and robustness. There have been various re-implementations of the original L4 kernel application binary interface
L4_microkernel_family
Computer memory management technique
due to memory isolation, and being able to conceptually use more memory than might be physically available, using the technique of paging or segmentation
Virtual_memory
Subsystem of the Linux kernel
The Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) is a subsystem of the Linux kernel responsible for interfacing with GPUs of modern video cards. DRM exposes an API that
Direct_Rendering_Manager
Software that manages computer hardware resources
than others. Those with no isolation between the kernel and applications are least secure, while those with a monolithic kernel like most general-purpose
Operating_system
Free and open-source object relational database management system
compliance. PostgreSQL features transactions with atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability (ACID) properties, automatically updatable views, materialized
PostgreSQL
are; kernel In some operating systems, the OS is split into a low level region called the kernel and higher level code that relies on the kernel. Typically
Comparison of operating systems
Comparison_of_operating_systems
Topics referred to by the same term
as a successor to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Page-table isolation, a Linux kernel feature that mitigates the Meltdown security vulnerability
PTI
Dynamic scheduling algorithm
multi-processor real-time scheduler for the Linux kernel, particularly suitable for temporal isolation and provisioning of QoS guarantees to complex multi-threaded
Earliest deadline first scheduling
Earliest_deadline_first_scheduling
Way to control memory access rights on a computer
page table for each process, a page table for each segment, or a hierarchy of page tables, depending on the architecture and the OS. The page tables are
Memory_protection
Application of computer system
a kernel that is not evaluated to an MLS-capable protection profile. Those types of features are services run on the kernel and depend on the kernel to
Multilevel_security
Computer system for maintaining order among running programs
scheduling and handling the network.[citation needed] Process isolation "A Sneak-Peek into Linux Kernel – Chapter 2: Process Creation" "CreateProcessA function
Process management (computing)
Process_management_(computing)
Operating system designed to operate on multiple systems over a network computer
MINIX distributed operating system Scale and performance in the Denali isolation kernel. The multikernel: a new OS architecture for scalable multicore systems
Distributed_operating_system
Processor security vulnerability
issue at the cost of performance. Mitigations were applied to the Linux kernel, the Windows operating system, and some vulnerable user-mode applications
Spectre (security vulnerability)
Spectre_(security_vulnerability)
Interface to device driver that appears in filesystem
Filesystem. "Driver Core: devtmpfs - kernel-maintained tmpfs-based /dev". LWN. Retrieved 2009-08-10. "devfs(7FS)". man pages section 7: Device and Network Interfaces
Device_file
a Dynamic System Address Space that allocates virtual memory and kernel page tables on-demand. It also supports very large registry sizes. Includes enhanced
Technical features new to Windows Vista
Technical_features_new_to_Windows_Vista
access the same data, but the methods of data access differ. The Micro-Kernel Database Engine, the transactional database engine, interacts directly with
Actian_Zen
Machine learning method
able to perform a good forecast about future behaviors. LLM starts from a table including a target variable (output) and some inputs and generates a set
Logic_learning_machine
Type of machine learning model
the use of a different quantization codebook per layer, either a lookup table of values or a linear mapping (scaling factor and bias), at the cost of
Large_language_model
Computer vulnerability using speculative execution
families: Cascade Lake, Ice Lake, Tiger Lake and Alder Lake. According to Linux kernel developers AMD CPUs are also affected. In March 2022, a vulnerability affecting
Transient execution CPU vulnerability
Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerability
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
each token is converted into a vector via lookup from a word embedding table. At each layer, each token is then contextualized within the scope of the
Transformer_(deep_learning)
2006 Microsoft operating system version
that currently relies on the unsupported practice of patching the kernel (see Kernel Patch Protection). An update to DirectX 10, named DirectX 10.1, marked
Windows_Vista
Native hypervisor by Microsoft
Server 2008 and later Windows Vista and later Linux with a 3.4 or later kernel FreeBSD The Hyper-V role is only available in the x86-64 variants of Standard
Hyper-V
24-pin USB connector system
with release 7.2 Linux has supported USB 3.0 since kernel version 2.6.31 and USB version 3.1 since kernel version 4.6. OpenBSD began supporting USB 3.0 in
USB-C
Legume cultivated as a grain and oil crop
2015. Onwudike, O.C. (November 1986). "Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 1. Composition of palm kernel meal and availability of its amino acids to
Peanut
General-purpose programming language
been and continues to be used to implement operating systems (especially kernels), device drivers, and protocol stacks, though its use in application software
C_(programming_language)
often providing multiple virtual machines on one physical platform. The table below compares basic information about platform virtualization hypervisors
Comparison of platform virtualization software
Comparison_of_platform_virtualization_software
Relational model database server
features - Application Functionality Configuration Groups, a new threaded kernel, compression for large object (LOB) and regular data, End-to-End CIS Kerberos
Adaptive_Server_Enterprise
Species of plant in the palm family
Barker, J. H.; Arnold, G. M.; Ayad, G.; Hodgkin, T.; Karp, A. (1999). "Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in Cocos nucifera
Coconut
Free and open-source display server for X Window System
exposed through a DRM mode-setting interface, the new approach being called "kernel mode-setting" (KMS). But the 2D rendering acceleration remained. In Debian
X.Org_Server
AI's tendency to abruptly and drastically forget old info after learning new info
network that is sensitive to, but not disrupted by, new information. Lookup tables and connectionist networks lie on the opposite sides of the stability plasticity
Catastrophic_interference
recompilation. kernel The first section of an operating system to load into memory. As the center of the operating system, the kernel needs to be small
Glossary_of_computer_science
General-purpose programming language
6.8. In 2025, kernel developers at the Linux Kernel Developers Summit determined the project to be a success, and Rust usage for kernel code will no longer
Rust_(programming_language)
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
verification; and center-of-attention mechanisms for image processing. The kernel perceptron algorithm was already introduced in 1964 by Aizerman et al. Margin
Perceptron
Internet Protocol-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities
software initiator uses code to implement iSCSI. Typically, this happens in a kernel-resident device driver that uses the existing network card (NIC) and network
ISCSI
Linux-based operating system developed by Google
project will use the Android system instead of the old "vanilla" Linux kernel based on Gentoo. In 2006, Jeff Nelson, a Google employee, created the concept
ChromeOS
Computer filing system
Rainier is an extension to UDF supported since 2.6 series of the Linux kernel and since Windows Vista that facilitates rewriting to DVDs. A flash file
File_system
Data input device
crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The Print screen command used to capture the entire
Computer_keyboard
Kernel-based Virtual Machine, was developed by Avi Kivity at Qumranet in 2006. Laser Keyboard – a virtual keyboard is projected onto a wall or table top
List of Israeli inventions and discoveries
List_of_Israeli_inventions_and_discoveries
Web browser developed by Google
vulnerabilities were in Flash, one was in Chrome, and one was in the Windows kernel. In 2016, Google announced that it was planning to phase out Flash Player
Google_Chrome
Arrangement of keys on a typographic keyboard
crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The print screen command is used to capture the entire
Keyboard_layout
Organized collection of data in computing
database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard
Database
Computer architecture for security
specifically for secure embedded systems. Codasip is actively developing a Linux kernel implementation for the RISC-V architecture. The CHERI Alliance, a non-profit
Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions
Capability_Hardware_Enhanced_RISC_Instructions
Feature of specific microprocessor
paging mechanism is still active, and it is transparent to the real mode code; thus, memory protection is still applicable, and so is the isolation of
Virtual_8086_mode
Edible fruit-bearing tree in family. Moraceae
Ragone; Kamlesh R. Chauhan; Paula N. Brown & Susan J. Murch (2012). "Isolation and Identification of Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Biting Deterrent Fatty
Breadfruit
Computer security exploit
not addressed in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern
Row_hammer
New features added in Windows XP
clock cycles to transition to and from user mode to kernel mode to speed up system calls. The kernel page write protection limit in Windows XP is enabled
Features_new_to_Windows_XP
Borough and county in New York, US
Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In a parallel development,
Brooklyn
Concept in machine learning
function such that C ( η ) = C ( 1 − η ) {\displaystyle C(\eta )=C(1-\eta )} . Table-I shows the generated Bayes consistent loss functions for some example choices
Loss functions for classification
Loss_functions_for_classification
Laptop or tablet computer running ChromeOS
2021. "Why Chromebooks don't get kernel upgrades". Retrieved August 26, 2016. "Developer Information, device table". Kastrenakes, Jacob (March 26, 2018)
Chromebook
Method of data analysis
generalization is kernel PCA, which corresponds to PCA performed in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space associated with a positive definite kernel. In multilinear
Principal_component_analysis
Method for discovering interesting relations between variables in databases
Threshold is 30%, Confidence Threshold is 50% The Table on the left is the original unorganized data and the table on the right is organized by the thresholds
Association_rule_learning
Self-correcting computer data storage
Correction". Archived 2009-09-05 at the Wayback Machine. 2005–2009. "The 'edac' kernel module goal is to detect and report errors that occur within the computer
ECC_memory
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
where each object is moved to the densest area in its vicinity, based on kernel density estimation. Eventually, objects converge to local maxima of density
Cluster_analysis
General Purpose Interface Bus specification
Protocols and Common Commands, replaces IEEE 488.2/IEC 60625-2. The Linux kernel got support for GPIB with version 6.19, after Greg Kroah-Hartman merged
GPIB
Genus of grass cultivated for grain
Laurence; Nublat, Aurélie; Keller, Beat (9 December 2003). "Map-based isolation of the leaf rust disease resistance gene Lr10 from the hexaploid wheat
Wheat
Polity in Africa and Arabia before 960
identical with Gudit." The legend appears to have been constructed around a kernel of truth regarding a late 10th-century queen of the Banu l-Ham(u)wiya who
Kingdom_of_Aksum
Russian actor and theatre director (1863–1938)
choreography of the actors' every gesture, in Stanislavski's words "the inner kernel of the play was revealed by itself". Analysing the Society's production
Konstantin_Stanislavski
1996 studio album by Korn
2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) "Korn kernels on Internet spread word". The Vindicator. July 17, 1997. p. C4. Archived
Life_Is_Peachy
Group that is also a differentiable manifold with group operations that are smooth
the thesis of Lie's student Arthur Tresse. Lie's ideas did not stand in isolation from the rest of mathematics. In fact, his interest in the geometry of
Lie_group
Number, approximately 3.14
theory because it is the simplest Furstenberg measure, the classical Poisson kernel associated with a Brownian motion in a half-plane. Conjugate harmonic functions
Pi
2020 text-generating language model
published by OpenAI, they mentioned 8 different sizes of the main GPT-3 model (Table 2.1): Half of the models are accessible through the API, namely GPT-3-medium
GPT-3
function, often just a few lines long. KernelBench: 250 PyTorch machine learning tasks, for which a CUDA kernel must be written. MBPP (Mostly Basic Programming
Language_model_benchmark
Mathematical description of quantum state
Treves, Francois (2006). Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. Weinberg, S
Wave_function
IBM mainframe transaction monitor
region, operated with the same memory protection key including the CICS kernel code. Program corruption and CICS control block corruption was a frequent
CICS
Nanoclusters
last table contains some structures which are partially determined experimentally and partially predicted by theoretical calculations. Every table lists
Monolayer-protected cluster molecules
Monolayer-protected_cluster_molecules
Country in West Africa
agricultural exports of the pre-petroleum exporting years (cocoa, palm oil, palm kernel, rubber, groundnuts and cotton), cocoa is the one still standing tall in
Nigeria
Structural carbohydrate in the cell walls of land plants and some algae
weight of isolated pectine greatly varies by the source and the method of isolation. Values have been reported as low as 28 kDa for apple pomace up to 753
Pectin
American computer manufacturer (1957–1998)
engineering department. Compaq software engineers developed special Linux kernel modules. A well-known Linux distribution that ran on AlphaServer systems
Digital_Equipment_Corporation
Japanese language feature
word, and thus potentially more than one accent. An "accent nucleus" or "kernel" (アクセント核, akusento kaku) is another name for an accented mora, a mora that
Japanese_pitch_accent
French abstract painter (1921–2012)
Painting. In 1950 his drips became more solid and aggregate around a central kernel. The palette was limited to warm colors. From 1951 Mathieu studied tachism
Georges_Mathieu
High-speed interconnect technology
XMC OpenVPX VXS Processor-agnostic RapidIO support is found in the Linux kernel.[citation needed] The RapidIO interconnect is used extensively in the following
RapidIO
not apply to some groupings and are therefore omitted from that groupings table. For Apache Ant tasks. For AppleScript. For unit testing frameworks for
List of unit testing frameworks
List_of_unit_testing_frameworks
Machine learning algorithm
value would be 8 and the FP value would be 2 (the underlined numbers in the table). When we plug these numbers in the equation we are able to calculate the
Decision_tree_learning
Statistical model validation technique
must be carried out repeatedly. In some cases such as least squares and kernel regression, cross-validation can be sped up significantly by pre-computing
Cross-validation_(statistics)
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
Statistics with Special Reference to the Biological Sciences., McGraw Hill, 1960, page 288. Rouaud, Mathieu (2013). Probability, Statistics and Estimation (PDF)
Regression_analysis
Political philosophy emphasising social ownership of production
agreement—at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist. "B
Socialism
that he would also leave kernel development and agreed with Sharp's assessment of Torvalds' communication style. One kernel developer, James Bottomley
Gender equality in the technology industry
Gender_equality_in_the_technology_industry
Storage of digital data readable by computers
2008. Retrieved 18 June 2011. "Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/ — The Linux Kernel documentation". The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture
Computer_data_storage
Mountain range in Henan, China
97–98 Su 2015, p. 1 Zhong 2020, p. 2 Kram 2012, p. 165 Kram 2012, p. 135, Table 2-3 Su 2015, p. 167 Dengfeng PMO; Dengfeng City Water Resources Bureau (DCWRB)
Mount_Song
Sourcing services or funds from a group
around the world contribute to the GNU operating system. Linux kernel is one of the kernels used in this operating system, thus forming the GNU/Linux operating
Crowdsourcing
Out-of-band management platform
GitHub. Retrieved July 14, 2021. "Introduction — The Linux Kernel documentation". www.kernel.org. Retrieved July 14, 2021. Joanna Rutkowska. "A Quest to
Intel Active Management Technology
Intel_Active_Management_Technology
was sown by broadcasting, reaped by sickles, and threshed by flails. The kernels were then taken to a grist mill for grinding into flour. In 1830, it took
History of agriculture in the United States
History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States
Brian David Josephson Heavily involved in the development of the Linux kernel – Andrew Morton & Alan Cox Manchester Baby was the world's first electronic
List of British innovations and discoveries
List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a diminutive of Page.
Female
English
Feminine form of English unisex Page, PAIGE means "page; young servant."
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Abel, ABLE means "vanity," i.e. "transitory."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, possibly originally a habitational name derived from a place named from Old Norse gafl, GABLE means "gable," a term used to denote a "triangular-shaped hill."Â
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, Arabic, Australian, British, Chinese, English, French, Greek, Jamaican
Sweet; Page; Young Child; A Young Attendant; Little Child; Server; Young Servant
Male
English
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Cenhelm, KENELM means "keen protection."Â
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Kornelios, CORNEL means "of a horn."
Female
English
Medieval English contracted form of Roman Latin Petronel, PERONEL means "little rock."
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Mabel, MABLE means "lovable."Â
Female
English
Feminine diminutive form of English unisex Page, PAGET means "little patrician; little servant."
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian, French, Jamaican
Page; Attendant; Server; Young Servant
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly London)
English (mainly London) : variant spelling of Page.
Male
Polish
Polish form of Roman Latin Cornelius, KORNELI means "of a horn."
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian, French, Greek
Page; Attendant; Young; Assistant
Female
English
Variant form of English Keren, KERENA means "horn (of an animal)."Â
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of German Werner, VERNER means "Warin warrior," i.e. "covered warrior."
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and French
English, Scottish, and French : status name for a young servant,
Middle English and Old French page (from Italian paggio,
ultimately from Greek paidion, diminutive of pais ‘boy’,
‘child’). The surname is also common in Ireland (especially Ulster and
eastern Galway), having been established there since the 16th century.North German : metonymic occupational name for
a horse dealer, from Middle Low German page ‘horse’.(Pagé) : North American form of French Paget.A Pagé, also known as Carsy, Quercy, and
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Muriel, MERIEL means "sea-bright."
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Greek Bartholomaios, JERNEJ means "son of Talmai."
Surname or Lastname
Swedish
Swedish : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -ell. The first element is unexplained, possibly from a place-name.English, Scottish, and northern Irish : unexplained; possibly a respelling of Scottish Kerneil, a habitational name from Carneil in Carnock, Fife.
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Heart Touching; Soft
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Beautiful Like Deer; Who's Really Good at Math; Female Deer; Lakshmi; Wife of Lord Vishnu; Deer Like
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Embodiment of Heroic Strength; Brave
Girl/Female
Indian
Initiation
Boy/Male
German, Norse
Thor's Bear
Girl/Female
English
Ash tree meadow.
Male
Swedish
Swedish form of Greek Stephanos, STAFFAN means "crown."
Girl/Female
Indian
Light Ray of Moon
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Binding; Fastening
Girl/Female
Tamil
Swan or beautiful lady
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
KERNEL PAGE-TABLE-ISOLATION
v. i.
To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels.
n.
Fig.: A record; a writing; as, the page of history.
v. t.
To lay or place on a table, as money.
a.
Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels.
n.
The type set up for printing a page.
v. t.
To put or keep in a kennel.
v. i.
To dwell or lodge in a stable; to dwell in an inclosed place; to kennel.
imp. & p. p.
of Page
n.
A table; a tablet.
v. t.
To enter upon the docket; as, to table charges against some one.
n.
The company assembled round a table.
n.
The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as, the kernel of an argument.
n.
Hence, food placed on a table to be partaken of; fare; entertainment; as, to set a good table.
v. t.
To delineate, as on a table; to represent, as in a picture.
v. i.
To live at the table of another; to board; to eat.
v. t.
To attend (one) as a page.
n.
A single seed or grain; as, a kernel of corn.
imp. & p. p.
of Kernel
n.
A small table or flat surface.
v. t.
To form into a table or catalogue; to tabulate; as, to table fines.