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Operating system virtualization paradigm
OS-level virtualization is an operating system (OS) virtualization paradigm in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user space instances
OS-level_virtualization
application virtualization software Comparison of OS emulation or virtualization apps on Android Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements Virtual DOS machine
Comparison of platform virtualization software
Comparison_of_platform_virtualization_software
Method to encapsulate computer programs
(physical hardware). Full application virtualization requires a virtualization layer. Application virtualization layers replace part of the runtime environment
Application_virtualization
Software that emulates an entire computer
hardware-assisted virtualization, with virtualization-specific hardware features on the host CPUs providing assistance to hypervisors. Process virtual machines
Virtual_machine
Hardware-assisted virtualization on x86/x86-64 CPUs
x86 virtualization is the use of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities on an x86/x86-64 CPU. In the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved
X86_virtualization
computing, virtualization is the use of a computer to simulate another computer. The following is a chronological list of virtualization technologies
Timeline of virtualization technologies
Timeline_of_virtualization_technologies
Combining resources into a single entity
a virtual network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource virtualization. Network virtualization is categorized
Network_virtualization
Operating system-level virtualization for Linux
Linux Containers (LXC) is an operating system-level virtualization method for running multiple isolated Linux systems (containers) on a control host using
LXC
Open-source x86 virtualization application
portal Comparison of platform virtualization software VMware Workstation OS-level virtualization x86 virtualization "VirtualBox 7.2.12". 30 June 2026. Retrieved
VirtualBox
Security-focused Linux-based operating system
the use of virtualization technology. This allows the segmentation of applications into secure virtual machines called qubes. Virtualization services in
Qubes_OS
Methods for dividing computing resources
computer. In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the machine that is used by the virtualization and the guest machine is the virtual machine. The words
Virtualization
Value identifying a user account in Unix and Unix-like operating systems
check for and avoid conflicts with UID's already existing on NSS. OS-level virtualization can remap user identifiers, e.g. using Linux namespaces, and therefore
User_identifier
Operating-system level virtualization technology
Comparison of platform virtualization software OS-level virtualization Proxmox Virtual Environment "Performance Evaluation of Virtualization Technologies for
OpenVZ
Way of using computer memory
user-mode process. BIOS CPU modes Early user space Memory protection OS-level virtualization Older operating systems, such as DOS and Windows 3.1x, do not use
User_space_and_kernel_space
Operating system
Hardware virtualization Native zones provide SmartOS applications isolation environment, based on Solaris Containers, an OS-level virtualization, without
SmartOS
Performing the actions encoded in a computer program
and operating systems written for another CPU or architecture. OS-level virtualization allows the resources of a computer to be partitioned via the kernel
Execution_(computing)
Virtual machine running on a host computer
several approaches to virtualization. In hardware virtualization, a hypervisor such as the Kernel-based Virtual Machine allows each virtual machine (VM) to
Virtual_private_server
Software for deploying containerized applications
Docker is a set of products that uses operating system-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. Docker automates the deployment
Docker_(software)
Piece of software or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines
against kernel-mode rootkits. Comparison of platform virtualization software OS-level virtualization Virtual memory super- is from Latin, meaning "above", while
Hypervisor
Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox
used in containers providing quick boot-up times, on virtual machines (e.g., OS-level virtualization) as well as on real hardware in embedded devices, such
Alpine_Linux
Collection of loosely coupled services used to build computer applications
computing, and applications using lightweight container deployment via OS-level virtualization. According to Fowler, because of the large number (when compared
Microservices
Project for adding Rust language to Linux kernel
is being developed on the freedesktop.org project infrastructure LynxOS RedoxOS Vaughan-Nichols, Steven. "Rust in Linux: Where we are and where we're
Rust_for_Linux
American technology company
automates the deployment of code inside software containers via OS-level virtualization. Major commercial products of the company are Docker Hub, a central
Docker,_Inc.
Daemonless OCI-compliant container runtime
pods on the Linux operating system, with support for macOS and Microsoft Windows via a virtual machine. Based on the libpod library, it offers APIs for
Podman
Container for a set of identifiers
can partition kernel resources by isolated namespaces to support OS-level virtualization containers. Similarly, hierarchical file systems organize files
Namespace
Integration of software development and operations
facilitate DevOps automation technologies like virtual machines, containerization (or OS-level virtualization), and CI/CD, with the Git version control system
DevOps
Virtualization of computers or operating systems
Hardware virtualization is the virtualization of computers as complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their componentry, or only the
Hardware_virtualization
Software capable of working on a device without a graphical user interface
users and AI agents to access data through third-party tools. OS-level virtualization Secure Shell (SSH) Headless browser Headless computer Headless
Headless_software
Layer of protection in computer systems
host OS. Before hardware-assisted virtualization, guest operating systems ran under ring 1. Any attempt that requires a higher privilege level to perform
Protection_ring
Remote mobile virtualization, like its counterpart desktop virtualization, is a technology that separates operating systems and applications from the
Remote_mobile_virtualization
Cloud computing concept
engineering, containerization is operating-system-level virtualization or application-level virtualization over multiple resources so that software applications
Containerization_(computing)
Open-source sandboxing computer program
Sandboxie is an open-source OS-level virtualization solution for Microsoft Windows. It is a sandboxing solution that creates an isolated operating environment
Sandboxie
Virtualization module in the Linux kernel
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a free and open-source virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the kernel to function as a hypervisor
Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
version 4, jails are a security mechanism and an implementation of OS-level virtualization that enables the user to run multiple instances of a guest operating
FreeBSD
Free, cross-platform and open-source computer program
and open-source computer program that performs operating system-level virtualization also known as containerization. One of the main uses of Apptainer
Apptainer
Software technology
Desktop virtualization can be used in conjunction with application virtualization and user profile management systems, now termed user virtualization, to
Desktop_virtualization
Operating system component
architecture to be run. Operating system-level virtualization is a server virtualization technology which virtualizes servers on an operating system (kernel)
System_virtual_machine
Cluster manager designed by Google
Kubernetes. Apache Mesos List of cluster management software Kubernetes OS-level virtualization (containerization) Verma, Abhishek; Pedrosa, Luis; Korupolu, Madhukar;
Borg_(cluster_manager)
OS-level virtualisation
Operating system-level virtualization Operating system-level virtualization § Implementations Comparison of platform virtualization software Virtual machines
Solaris_Containers
Free software operating system based on Solaris
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), a virtualization infrastructure. KVM supports native virtualization on processors with hardware virtualization extensions
Illumos
Hardware that translates virtual addresses to physical addresses
tables to a more physically oriented data structure. This makes OS-level virtualization, later called paravirtualization, easier. Starting in August, 1972
Memory_management_unit
Version of Windows Server, released in 2016
Server version 1709, Nano Server can only be installed inside an OS-level virtualization container host. Microsoft has been reorganized by Satya Nadella
Windows_Server_2016
Shell command and system call that changes the apparent root directory
$TARGETDIR ln -s /proc/mounts /etc/mtab List of Unix commands OS-level virtualization Sandbox (computer security) sudo "jail, section 9". docs.freebsd
Chroot
Cloud computing software and services company
certification for the Kubernetes and Docker containerization via OS-level virtualization. The company released Mirantis Cloud Platform, which combines OpenStack
Mirantis
Free and open-source software operating system
kernels. Genode supports virtualization at different levels: Using NOVA or Genode's custom kernel, faithful virtualization via VirtualBox allows for the execution
Genode
Hardware-assisted virtualization technology
Second Level Address Translation (SLAT), also known as nested paging, is a hardware-assisted virtualization technology which makes it possible to avoid
Second Level Address Translation
Second_Level_Address_Translation
Free Unix-like operating system kernel
concurrent processing). OS-level virtualization (with Linux-VServer), paravirtualization and hardware-assisted virtualization (with KVM or Xen, and using
Linux_kernel
Application virtualization software refers to both application virtual machines and software responsible for implementing them. Application virtual machines
Comparison of application virtualization software
Comparison_of_application_virtualization_software
Feature of the Linux kernel that partitions kernel resources
groups), are the foundational technologies underpinning modern OS-level virtualization and Linux containerization platforms such as Docker, Kubernetes
Linux_namespaces
Application container for Linux
April 2026) Written in Shell language Operating system Linux Type OS-level virtualization License GNU GPLv3 Website distrobox.it Repository github.com/89luca89/distrobox
Distrobox
Programming technique for efficiently duplicating data
engines doing OS-level virtualization often perform copy-on-write in storage, either block-level copy-on-write (as described above) or file-level copy-on-write
Copy-on-write
Operating system from IBM
for a new virtualization company. A large bank in Moscow needed a way to use OS/2 on newer hardware that OS/2 did not support. As virtualization software
OS/2
Linux distribution for server virtualization
full virtualization, managed with a web-based user interface similar to other commercial offerings. Proxmox VE is an open-source server virtualization platform
Proxmox_Virtual_Environment
Testing environment for software development
layout of wiki pages. Comparison of online source code playgrounds OS-level virtualization Pastebin Sandbox (computer security) Sandbox effect (search engines)
Sandbox (software development)
Sandbox_(software_development)
Native hypervisor by Microsoft
process is transparent to the guest OS. Virtual devices can also take advantage of a Windows Server Virtualization feature, named Enlightened I/O, for
Hyper-V
Compiler backend for multiple programming languages
Architecture Neutral Distribution Format (ANDF) Comparison of application virtualization software SPIR-V "LLVM Logo". The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure Project
LLVM
OS-level virtualisation
Linux-VServer is a virtual private server implementation that was created by adding operating system-level virtualization capabilities to the Linux kernel
Linux-VServer
Linux-based operating system developed by Google
KVM virtualization tool. Although crosvm supports multiple virtual machines, the one used for running Linux apps, Termina, contains a basic ChromeOS kernel
ChromeOS
Management tool
tool for managing platform virtualization. It can be used to manage KVM, Xen, VMware ESXi, QEMU and other virtualization technologies. These APIs are
Libvirt
Providing to a computer system a logical view of physical storage
a storage system, there are two primary types of virtualization that can occur: Block virtualization used in this context refers to the abstraction (separation)
Storage_virtualization
Type of computer data storage
Storage virtualization, the generalized category of approaches and historic products. External-controller based arrays include storage virtualization to manage
Software-defined_storage
Software that manages computer hardware resources
easier for programmers. Virtualization also enables the operating system to mask limited hardware resources; for example, virtual memory can provide a program
Operating_system
Hosted hypervisor for Windows and Linux
Comparison of platform virtualization software OS-level virtualization VirtualBox VMware Fusion VMware Workstation Player x86 virtualization Thiruvathukal, George
VMware_Workstation
Operating system for Apple computers
operating systems, including iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, audioOS and visionOS, are derivatives of macOS. During its history, macOS has supported three major
MacOS
Computer memory management technique
providing two levels of virtual memory; few if any operating systems do so, instead using only paging. Early non-hardware-assisted x86 virtualization solutions
Virtual_memory
Technique for compromising hypervisor software
Retrieved 27 February 2015. Ryan, Sherstobitoff. "Virtualization Security - Part 2". Virtualization Journal. Archived from the original on 27 February
Hyperjacking
Set of software subsystems or components needed to create a complete platform
(database, written in Erlang) Erlang (functional programming language) MAMP Mac OS X (operating system) Apache (web server) MySQL or MariaDB (database) PHP,
Solution_stack
Operating system for IBM mainframes
implementations had a single virtual address space, shared by all jobs. OS/VS1 is OS/360 MFT within a single virtual address space; OS/VS2 SVS was OS/360 MVT within
MVS
Computer security model
on a common hardware platform. With virtualization, NSA saw a way to preserve periods processing on a virtual level, no longer needing the physical system
Multiple_single-level
Type of computing virtualization
Network function virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept that leverages IT virtualization technologies to virtualize entire classes of network
Network function virtualization
Network_function_virtualization
Operating system for IBM S/360 and later mainframes
2023[update] and maintain application-level compatibility with OS/360. IBM announced three different levels of OS/360, generated from the same tapes and
OS/360_and_successors
Utility to run Linux containers on macOS
provides a native macOS experience for developers enabling them to run Linux-based containers. It leverages the macOS Virtualization.framework to spawn
Apple_container
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
limitations, or up to 128 PiB (virtual) and 4 PiB (physical) with 5-level paging enabled. Mac OS X 10.4.7 and higher versions of Mac OS X 10.4 run 64-bit command-line
X86-64
Feature of specific microprocessor
processor is running a protected mode operating system. It is a hardware virtualization technique that allowed multiple 8086 processors to be emulated by the
Virtual_8086_mode
Virtualisation software
Kernel-based Virtual Machine OS-level virtualization Landley, Rob (2009-12-16). "Rob's quick and dirty UML howto". Retrieved 2023-08-08. "Virtual Network User-Mode-Linux"
User-mode_Linux
Polish hacker and computer security expert (born 1981)
a technique dubbed Blue Pill, that used hardware virtualization to move a running OS into a virtual machine. Subsequently, she has been named one of Five
Joanna_Rutkowska
Type of computer kernel
separation kernel see Multiple Independent Levels of Security. Chroot FreeBSD jail OS-level virtualization John Rushby, "The Design and Verification of
Separation_kernel
Type-1 hypervisor
virtualization with PV drivers for IO devices. PVHVM (paravirtualization with hardware virtualization): PV supported hardware-assisted virtualization
Xen
64-bit extension of the ARM architecture
support for): Enhanced Counter Virtualization (ARMv8.6-ECV). Fine-Grained Traps (ARMv8.6-FGT). Activity Monitors virtualization (ARMv8.6-AMU). For example
AArch64
Network operating system
(Nexus 5000/7000 linecards) iSCSI IPsec Scheduling NPIV NX Port ID Virtualization Inter–VSAN Routing VSAN Zoning (Hard zoning) Callhome Cisco Fabric Services
Cisco_NX-OS
64-bit operating system for IBM mainframes
mainframes also offer two additional levels of virtualization: LPARs and (optionally) z/VM. From its inception z/OS has had tri-modal addressing (24-bit
Z/OS
Core of a computer operating system
state from the hardware, resulting in a hypervisor that enabled full virtualization, i.e. the capacity to run multiple operating systems on the same machine
Kernel_(operating_system)
Mobile operating system by Apple
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple for its iPhone line of smartphones. It was unveiled in January 2007
IOS
Family of second-generation microkernels
protection. The NOVA OS Virtualization Architecture is a research project with focus on constructing a secure and efficient virtualization environment with
L4_microkernel_family
Method of compromising a host OS though the VM
the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. "Virtual Machines: Virtualization vs. Emulation". Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved
Virtual_machine_escape
Software security mechanism
pastebin's server. FreeBSD jail Qubes OS, which uses an aggressive sandboxing method powered by Xen hypervisor virtualization Sandboxie seccomp Test bench Tor
Sandbox_(computer_security)
Apple operating systems from 1984 to 2001
Mac OS (originally System Software; retronym: Classic Mac OS) is the series of operating systems developed for the Macintosh family of personal computers
Classic_Mac_OS
Operating system that achieved security certification
controlled access protection sub-level of discretionary protection. MCP/AS obtained the C2 rating in August, 1987. The Unisys OS 2200 operating system includes
Security-evaluated operating system
Security-evaluated_operating_system
Mobile operating system
Palm OS (later versions of which were also known as Garnet OS) is a discontinued mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc., for personal
Palm_OS
Family of mainframe computers
unmodified on the newest IBM Z system. Virtualization is required by default on IBM Z systems. First layer virtualization is provided by the Processor Resource
IBM_Z
Distributed operating system by Huawei
for pure single framework OpenHarmony-based HarmonyOS platform that supports QEMU virtualization adaptations natively that can enable users to run full
HarmonyOS
ago (2016-10-04) Written in Go Operating system Linux Platform x86-64 Type OS-level virtualization License Apache License 2.0 Website github.com/docker-archive/deploykit
InfraKit
Orthogonally persistent managed-code general purpose operating system
Phantom OS is an orthogonally persistent managed code general-purpose operating system. It is based on a concept of persistent virtual memory, and executes
Phantom_OS
integrated cryptography. Qubes OS aims to provide security through isolation. Isolation is provided through the use of virtualization technology. This allows
List of security-focused operating systems
List_of_security-focused_operating_systems
Mixed reality headset by Apple
marketing the device as a virtual reality headset when discussing the product in presentations and marketing. The device runs visionOS, a mixed-reality operating
Apple_Vision_Pro
December 2008 Shefali Chinni, Radhakrishna Hiremane, Virtual Machine Device Queues, Intel Virtualization Technology White Paper, 2007 Tommaso Cucinotta, Dhaval
Temporal isolation among virtual machines
Temporal_isolation_among_virtual_machines
Operating system from Sun Microsystems
SunOS is a Unix-branded operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstation and server computer systems from 1982 until the mid-1990s
SunOS
Eleventh major version of Windows Server, released in 2024
"Windows Server 2025: Initial Glimpse with New Domain Functional Level". Virtualization Howto. Retrieved November 6, 2023. "Windows Server updates can now
Windows_Server_2025
Rhapsody's "Blue Box" virtualization layer, which served as a proof of concept. (Previously, Apple A/UX also offered a virtualized Mac OS environment on top
List_of_built-in_macOS_apps
Free incomplete Windows NT-like operating system
ReactOS is a free and open-source operating system for i586/amd64 personal computers that is intended to be binary-compatible with computer programs and
ReactOS
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bevill.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Revell.French : habitational name from any of the places so named, for example in Isère and Haute-Garonne.French and southern French : nickname from Old French, Occitan reveau ‘rebel’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Instrument to level something
Boy/Male
Yiddish
Dearly loved.
Girl/Female
Indian
Intelligent, Level headed
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
High Level
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Lovell, LOVEL means "little wolf."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a late Old English personal name Lēofweald, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + weald ‘power’, ‘rule’.French : variant spelling of Level.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish
Jewish : variant spelling of Levy.English : variant spelling of Leavey.
Male
Greek
(Γάϊος) Greek form of Latin Gaius ("lord"), GAÃOS means "lord." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a man from Derbe, a man of Corinth, an unknown Christian to whom John's third epistle is addressed, and a Macedonian who accompanied Paul in his travels.Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lovell.
Boy/Male
Hebrew
United.
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
King Richard III' Lord Lovel.
Boy/Male
English Norse
Divine.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : nickname for a fleet-footed or timid person, from Old French levre ‘hare’ (Latin lepus, genitive leporis). It may also have been a metonymic occupational name for a hunter of hares.English (of Norman origin) : topographic name for someone who lived in a place thickly grown with rushes, from Old English lǣfer ‘rush’, ‘reed’, ‘iris’. Compare Laver 3. Great and Little Lever in Greater Manchester (formerly in Lancashire) are named with this word (in a collective sense) and in some cases the surname may also be derived from these places.English (of Norman origin) : possibly from an unrecorded Middle English survival of an Old English personal name, Lēofhere, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + here ‘army’.
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English, French
Little Wolf; Young Wolf
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Level Headed; Intelligent
Male
Yiddish
(לֶעמְל) Yiddish name LEMEL means "little lamb; meek."
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant spelling of Levin.English, North German, and Dutch : from the Germanic personal name represented by Old English Lēofwine, Saxon Liafwin, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + wine ‘friend’.English and Scottish : habitational name from places called Leven in East Yorkshire, Fife, and Renfrew. The first is probably from a stream name, possibly derived from a Celtic word meaning smooth (as in Welsh llyfyn). The Scottish place name is from a Gaelic river name meaning ‘elm river’.Dutch and North German : from a Flemish saint’s name, Lefwin (Lieven), the patron saint of Ghent (see Lewin 2).
Girl/Female
Muslim
Intelligent, Level headed
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
Boy/Male
Latin American English German
Greatest.
Male
English
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Wulfric, ULRIC means "wolf power."Â
Female
Russian
(Ирина) Russian form of Greek Eirênê, IRINA means "peace."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Giver
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Dark.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Tamil
Male
Danish
, reward of the gods.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of the Source of Goodness
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Mighty (Allah)
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
OS LEVEL-VIRTUALIZATION
pl.
of Os
pl.
of Os
a.
Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as, the telescope is now level.
a.
Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as, a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.]
v. i.
To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit.
n.
An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as, to climb from the level of the coast to the level of the plateau and then descend to the level of the valley or of the sea.
pl.
of Os
v. t.
To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower.
v. t.
To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as, to level remarks to the capacity of children.
v. t.
Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as, to level all the ranks and conditions of men.
n.
A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as, moving fluids seek a level.
n.
A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; -- this is the apparent level at the given point.
n.
A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as, to take a level.
a.
Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth's surface; as, a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake.
v. t.
To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as, to level a road, a walk, or a garden.
n. pl.
See 3d Os.