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Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important
Lignin
The term "lignin characterization" (or "lignin analysis") refers to a group of activities within lignin research aiming at describing the characteristics
Lignin_characterization
Any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot
both digest a tree's cellulose and hemicellulose but not its lignin; white rot digests lignin as well. The residual products of decomposition from fungal
Wood-decay_fungus
In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol + H2O2
Lignin_peroxidase
Lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) are various types of enzymes produced by fungi and bacteria that catalyze the breakdown of lignin, a biopolymer commonly
Lignin-modifying_enzyme
Byproducts from the production of wood pulp
which connect many of the constituents of lignin. Sulfonated lignin (SL) refers to other forms of lignin by-product, such as those derived from the much
Lignosulfonates
Chemical compound
(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol). Today, artificial vanillin is made either from guaiacol or lignin. Lignin-based artificial vanilla flavoring is alleged to have a richer flavor
Vanillin
Fibrous material from trees or other plants
cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as
Wood
Solution used for paper pulping
sodium sulfide. It is used in the first stage of the Kraft process in which lignin and hemicellulose are separated from cellulose fiber for the production
White_liquor
Plant dry matter
hemicellulose, and an aromatic-rich polymer called lignin. Any biomass rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin is commonly referred to as lignocellulosic
Lignocellulosic_biomass
Fibrous material used notably in papermaking
the unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres. In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining
Pulp_(paper)
Chemical process in paper making
contain very little lignin, while mechanical pulps contain most of the lignin that was present in the wood used to make the pulp. Lignin is the main source
Bleaching_of_wood_pulp
Paper created exclusively from chemical pulp
to minimize lignin contents (the "wood" in question). It is not as susceptible to yellowing as paper containing mechanical pulp. Lignin is a natural
Wood-free_paper
Measure of lignin content in wood pulp
The kappa number is an indication of the residual lignin content or bleachability of wood pulp by a standardized analysis method. The kappa number is determined
Kappa_number
Industrial by-product
from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose
Black_liquor
Ground tissue found in vascular plants, with Collenchyma having little to no lignin, and Sclerenchyma having lignified secondary cells walls. Secondary cell
Secondary_cell_wall
Fossilized remains of plants
mineralization. There needs to be a balance between the decay of cellulose and lignin and mineral templating for cellular detail to be preserved with fidelity
Petrified_wood
Chemical reaction
Lignin, a polyphenol that is found in most plants, is a very abundant form of biomass that arises, in part, by oxidative coupling of phenols. Lignins
Oxidative_coupling_of_phenols
Adhesive used to bond wood and wood-based materials
lignin(MWL), formaldehyde-protected lignin (FPL) and acetone-protected lignin adhesives that were prepared with lignins separated under either mild conditions
Wood_glue
Outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants
of various biopolymers, tannins, lignin, suberin and polysaccharides. Up to 40% of the bark tissue is made of lignin, which forms an important part of
Bark_(botany)
Salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid
reagents cleave the bonds between the cellulose and lignin components as well as C-O bonds within the lignin itself. Some alkylsulfonates occur naturally. Taurine
Sulfonate
lignols, are the source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin and consist mainly of paracoumaryl alcohol (H), coniferyl alcohol (G) and
Monolignol
Norwegian chemical company
products are speciality cellulose, lignin products (lignosulphonates), bio ethanol, yeast and yeast extracts and lignin-based vanillin. The company also
Borregaard
American academic (born 1954)
134. Biosynthesis of lignin (including the delineation of pathways), structure of lignin, chemistry of lignin, reactions of lignin. Analysis of the impacts
John_Ralph
Molecule produced by a living organism
saccharide concentration. Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most
Biomolecule
Facility which pulps wood or plant fibre
the constituent fibers. Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules that can be washed
Pulp_mill
Chemical compound
wood smoke. Lignin, comprising a major fraction of biomass, is sometimes classified according to the syringyl component. Pyrolysis of lignin derived from
Syringol
Material for writing, printing, etc.
a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibre. A cooking liquor is used to dissolve the lignin, which is then washed from the cellulose;
Paper
Methoxyphenol compound, constituent of plant lignins and essential oils
The compound is present in wood smoke, resulting from the pyrolysis of lignin. The compound contributes to the flavor of many substances such as whiskey
Guaiacol
Industrial process to extract pure cellulose from wood pulp
bisulfite ions. These chemicals cleave the bonds between the cellulose and lignin components of the lignocellulose. A variety of sulfite/bisulfite salts are
Sulfite_process
Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae
from the arrangement of cellulose fibers intimately distributed into the lignin matrix. The mechanical role of cellulose fibers in the wood matrix responsible
Cellulose
Bonds linking one polymer chain to another
measure the volume change. The crosslink density can then be calculated. Lignin is a highly crosslinked polymer that comprises the main structural material
Cross-link
Type of paper or paperboard
leave most of the lignin with the fibers, whereas kraft pulping removes most of the lignin present originally in the wood. Low lignin is important to the
Kraft_paper
Process of converting wood into wood pulp
water—that breaks the chemical bonds that link the branched wood heteropolymers lignin and hemicellulose, and homopolymeric cellulose. The process entails several
Kraft_process
Organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms
Additionally, only wood-decay fungi have evolved lignin-modifying enzymes necessary to decompose lignin. These two factors make fungi the primary decomposers
Decomposer
Chemical compound
ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, functioning as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis. The ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid was identified in
Chlorogenic_acid
Technique in industrial paper-making
organosolv is a pulping technique that uses an organic solvent to solubilise lignin and hemicellulose. It has been considered in the context of both pulp and
Organosolv
Combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon
ability to produce lignin, a complex polymer that made their cellulose stems much harder and more woody. The ability to produce lignin led to the evolution
Coal
Hydrophobic lipid polyester in plant cell walls
with cutin and lignin and forms a protective barrier in the epidermal and peridermal cell walls of higher plants. Suberin and lignin are considered covalently
Suberin
Very large molecule
needed] Lignin is a pervasive natural macromolecule. It comprises about a third of the mass of trees. lignin arises by crosslinking. Related to lignin are
Macromolecule
Thickening in the root endodermis of vascular plants
plants (Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes). The composition of the region is lignin and some structural proteins, which are capable of reducing the diffusive
Casparian_strip
Galactomannan Glucomannan Guar gum Hemicellulose Inulin Levan Lentinan Lignin Lichenin Oat beta-glucan Pectin Schizophyllan (also called sizofiran) Starch
List_of_sugars
Tree whose DNA has been modified using genetic engineering techniques
environmental conditions, and herbicide tolerance, or the alteration of lignin levels in order to reduce pulping costs. Genetically modified forest trees
Genetically_modified_tree
Fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose
In addition to cellulose, the fibers may also contain hemicellulose and lignin, with different percentages of these components altering the mechanical
Cellulose_fiber
Biological process
of wood's structural components, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Chemical degradation is likewise significant. Degradation of wood in a
Wood_degradation
Process that alters fiber properties
or wool. Cottonization removes impurities (non-fibrous materials such as lignin or pectin) and shortens the fiber length of flax for subsequent spinning
Cottonization
Wood from angiosperm trees
polymers of hardwoods are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The constituents of hardwood lignin differs from those included in softwood. Sinapyl alcohol
Hardwood
Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely digested
components such as cellulose, resistant starch, resistant dextrins, inulins, lignins, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides. Food sources of
Dietary_fiber
Chinese-American scientist and engineer
genus in order to turn lignin into lipids, or fats, which can be used to produce biodiesel. Yuan later focused on converting lignin to plastics while also
Joshua_Yuan_(engineer)
Composite material made from wood
bamboo from bamboo; and similar engineered cellulosic products from other lignin-containing materials such as rye straw, wheat straw, rice straw, hemp stalks
Engineered_wood
Chemical compound
copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans. Coniferin is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. Coniferyl alcohol
Coniferyl_alcohol
Animal that feeds on decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces
remineralization. Plant tissues are made up of resilient molecules (e.g. cellulose, lignin, xylan) that decay at a much lower rate than other organic molecules. The
Detritivore
Chemical compound
sinapaldehyde. This phytochemical is one of the monolignols, which are precursor to lignin or lignans. It is also a biosynthetic precursor to various stilbenoids and
Sinapyl_alcohol
Chemical compound
produced by hydrogenation of ethylbenzene and by hydrodeoxygenation of lignin. "Ethylcyclohexane". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Zhao, Chen; He, Jiayue; Lemonidou
Ethylcyclohexane
Chemical compound
featuring 4-hydroxy and 3-methoxy substituents. It is a major precursor to lignin. In sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), coniferyl aldehyde is a precursor
Coniferyl_aldehyde
Matter composed of organic compounds
involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter
Organic_matter
enzyme needs Ca2+ for activity. White rot fungi secrete this enzyme to aid lignin degradation. Manganese peroxidase (commonly referred to as MnP) was discovered
Manganese_peroxidase
Regenerated cellulose fibre made from dissolving pulp
sulfite process, to remove the lignin and hemicellulose. The pulp is bleached to remove the remaining traces of lignin, dried into a continuous sheet
Lyocell
Ethanol produced from cellulose
the mass of plants and is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Popular sources of lignocellulose include both agricultural waste products
Cellulosic_ethanol
Bast fiber from the genus ''Corchorus''
Corchorus capsularis. Jute fibers, composed primarily of cellulose and lignin, are collected from bast (the phloem of the plant, sometimes called the
Jute
Timber intended for processing into wood pulp for paper production
elongated cell and a secondary cellulosic wall containing a thick layer of lignin. Medullary rays and tracheids transport water and produce sap. Approximately
Pulpwood
Paper embrittlement of a book or document
pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which
Slow_fire
Agricultural byproduct of cereal crops
of the structual biopolymers cellulose (~30%), hemicellulose (~25%), and lignin (~10%). Current and historic uses of straw include: Straw may be fed as
Straw
Chemical compound
antioxidant and preservative. It is also suitable for the softening of lignin in the pulping and refining processes of wood and lignocellulosic materials
Sodium_sulfite
Type of paper used for preservation
long as the active acid pulp is eliminated during processing. It is also lignin- and sulfur-free.[failed verification] Acid-free paper addresses the problem
Acid-free_paper
Chemical compound, [NH3OH]Cl
carbon-carbon double bond. During the acetyl bromide method of extracting lignin from lignocellulosic biomass, hydroxylammonium chloride can be used to remove
Hydroxylammonium_chloride
Thermoplastic feedstock for 3D printers
Medium Low Medium Low 195-220 No heated bed needed Use hardened nozzle Lignin (bioFila) Biodegradable Stronger than PLA Medium Low Medium Low 190–225
3D_printing_filament
Class of plant cell wall polysaccharides
lignin. Solid bits of wood remain after autohydrolysis, as the lignin is largely untouched. A proper degree of autohydrolysis can preserve the lignin
Hemicellulose
Modified type of wood made transparent
is a composite material made by chemically removing the light-absorbing lignin from wood and impregnating the remaining porous cellulose scaffold with
Transparent_wood_composite
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
with the wood fibre lignin and the subsequent evolution of lignin-degrading fungi gave a period of time where vast amounts of lignin-based organic material
Carboniferous
Engineered wood product
small plugs using a screw feeder, heated for 30–120 seconds to soften the lignin in the wood, then fed into a defibrator. A typical defibrator consists of
Medium-density_fibreboard
Outermost layer of some cells
like cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Often, other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls. Algae
Cell_wall
Chemical compound
Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category Commons
Galactose-α-1,3-galactose
Chemical compound
and sometimes clinically. Toluidine blue solution is used in testing for lignin, a complex organic molecule that bonds to cellulose fibres and strengthens
Toluidine_blue
Organic compounds made of alkyl/aryl groups bound to oxygen (R–O–R')
prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin. Ethers were first isolated by Pierre-François-Guillaume Boullay and his
Ether
Type of engineered wood
process changes the chemical structure of the wood's cell wall components – lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose – which decreases its hygroscopicity and thus
Thermally_modified_wood
Tree bark tissue harvested for commercial use
However, in general, cork is made up of suberin (average of about 40%), lignin (22%), polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) (18%), extractables
Cork_(material)
Exposing food to smoke to flavor or preserve it
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose are the basic structural material of the wood cells; lignin acts as a kind of cell-bonding
Smoking_(cooking)
Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants
Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category Commons
Starch
committed step in monolignol biosynthesis, this enzyme plays a critical role in lignin formation, a process important in plants both for structural development
Cinnamoyl-CoA_reductase
Species of bacterium
aerobic bacteria, the type species of its genus. It was first isolated from lignin-rich pulp mill effluent. Its type strain is IRE-31 (= ATCC 700072). GONZaLEZ
Microbulbifer_hydrolyticus
State of matter
of lignin are also readily cleaved into free radicals that are stabilized by hydrogen originating from the water. The aromatic rings of the lignin are
Supercritical_fluid
Hemicellulose found in cell walls of plants
oxidative coupling (in the same way as lignin units) forming crosslinks between arabinoxylan chains and with lignin. Whilst arabinose has been found linked
Arabinoxylan
Rigid structure that consists of two-force members only
Derivatives Birch-tar Cellulose nano Hemicellulose Cellulosic ethanol Dyes Lignin Liquid smoke Lye Methanol Pyroligneous acid Pine tar Pitch Sandalwood oil
Truss
Genus of fungi
Psathyrella, however the latter genus is usually found growing on wood or lignin-enriched soils and has brittle stipes. The gills of these mushrooms are
Panaeolus
Species of bacterium
Streptomyces viridosporus produces sistomycine and lignin peroxidase. Streptomyces viridosporus can degrade lignin and humic acids. Streptomyces viridosporus
Streptomyces_viridosporus
Pseudomonas species cleaves the ethylene bond in a general class of natural lignin derivatives called lignostilbenes. This enzyme belongs to the family of
Lignostilbene alphabeta-dioxygenase
Lignostilbene_alphabeta-dioxygenase
Biological material from living or recently living organisms
Major constituents Minor constituents Plants Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin Proteins, fats and waxes, minerals Animals Proteins, fats, bones, connective
Biomass
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer
Polysaccharide
Species of bacterium
types of clinical infections. Sphingomonas paucimobilis is able to degrade lignin-related biphenyl chemical compounds. Yabuuchi, Eiko; Yano, Ikuya; Oyaizu
Sphingomonas_paucimobilis
Natural fiber
pale when immature, but later become hardened and yellowed as a layer of lignin is deposited on their walls. Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long [citation
Coir
Chemical compound
the formation of sinapyl alcohol, a lignol that is a major precursor to lignin. In sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sinapaldehyde arises in two steps
Sinapaldehyde
Type and standard/grade of processed and sawn lumber
Derivatives Birch-tar Cellulose nano Hemicellulose Cellulosic ethanol Dyes Lignin Liquid smoke Lye Methanol Pyroligneous acid Pine tar Pitch Sandalwood oil
Canadian_Lumber_Standard
Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine
Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category Commons
Chitin
Covalent bond joining a sugar molecule to another group
Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category Commons
Glycosidic_bond
Polysaccharide of glucose
Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category Commons
Maltodextrin
Digestive tract waste expulsion opening
the digestible nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract;
Anus
Part of a plant
steam to bond the fibres together. The steaming process softens the natural lignin around the fibres which holds the fibres together in the board, which is
Wood_fibre
Woodchips made from small- to medium-sized branches
heartwood in larger branches is high in tannin. Because of their specific lignin, conifers may be used only in combination with deciduous RCW, and in no
Ramial_chipped_wood
Sugars that contain free OH group at the anomeric carbon atom
Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2→6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum Category Commons
Reducing_sugar
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
Boy/Male
Gaelic Scottish
A smith.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
A Name of Shiva
Male
Ukrainian
, defender of man.
Boy/Male
German Hungarian Swedish
Powerful ruler.
Male
African
heavenly.
Female
English
Pet form of English Beatrix, BEE means "voyager (through life)."
Boy/Male
Latin American English
Conqueror.
Boy/Male
British, English
Divine Warrior
Boy/Male
Indian, Marathi
Name of Lord Ganesha
Boy/Male
Muslim
Conqueror of the world.
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
LIGNIN
n.
The thickening matter of woody cells; lignin.
n.
The substance which constitutes the essential part of the solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper, etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain animals, as the tunicates. It is a carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, isomeric with starch, and is convertible into starches and sugars by the action of heat and acids. When pure, it is a white amorphous mass. See Starch, Granulose, Lignin.
n.
See Lignin.
n.
Lignin.
n.
See Lignin.
n.
See Lignin.
n.
A variety of lignin or cellulose found in the medulla, or pith, of certain plants. Cf. Lignin, and Cellulose.
n.
A material found in the cell walls of cork. It is a modification of lignin.
n.
A substance characterizing wood cells and differing from cellulose in its conduct with certain chemical reagents.
n.
A change in the character of a cell wall, by which it becomes harder. It is supposed to be due to an incrustation of lignin.