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Warfare of the Mesoamerican civilization
of Maya society. The goals and motives of warfare in Maya culture are not thoroughly understood, but scholars have developed models for Maya warfare based
Maya_warfare
Mesoamerican civilization (c. 2000 BC – 1697 AD)
and initiative could become influential members of Maya society. Warfare was prevalent in the Maya world. Military campaigns were launched for a variety
Maya_civilization
Social organization of the Pre-Hispanic Maya
Maya society concerns the social organization of the Pre-Hispanic Maya, its political structures, and social classes. The Ancient Maya people were indigenous
Maya_society
Conquest dating from 1511 to 1697
territory of the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Maya occupied the Maya Region, an area that is now
Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya
Type of Maya conflict
extension to the type of conflict that it indicates. Maya inscriptions assign episodes of Maya warfare to four distinct categories, each represented by its
Star_war
2006 film by Mel Gibson
of films featuring eclipses Maya civilization – Mesoamerican civilization (c. 2000 BC – 1697 AD) Maya warfare – Warfare of the Mesoamerican civilization
Apocalypto
Spanish maritime expedition, 1527–1528
maritime and military expedition of conquest against Postclassic Maya polities of the Maya Lowlands in the Yucatan Peninsula in 1527 to 1528. The campaign
Montejo_expedition
Period in Maya history
The Preclassic period in Maya history stretches from the beginning of permanent village life c. 1000 BC until the advent of the Classic Period c. 250 AD
Preclassic_Maya
Spanish military campaign, 1531–1532
The Davila entrada was a Spanish military expedition to the Maya Lowlands in 1531–1532, during the conquest of Yucatan, led by Alonso Davila under commission
Davila_entrada
Indigenous people of Mesoamerica
Maya (/ˈmaɪə/ MY-ə, Spanish: [ˈmaʝa]) are an ethnolinguistic group of Indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica. Maya peoples are generally descended from the
Maya_peoples
Warfare of the Mesoamerican civilization
and gold artifacts. Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Maya warfare Muisca warfare Inca warfare Indian auxiliaries Carrasco, Pedro (1961). "The Civil-Religious
Aztec_warfare
American professional wrestler (born 2002)
Ashanti Wilson-Stevenson (born July 26, 2002), better known by her ring name Maya World, is an American professional wrestler. As of December 2025[update]
Maya_World
Propaganda warfare via Internet memes
Memetic warfare is a modern form of information and psychological warfare that involves the propagation of Internet memes on social media. While different
Memetic_warfare
Decline of classic Maya civilization
In archaeology, the classic Maya collapse is a model to describe the destabilization of Classic Maya civilization and the violent collapse and abandonment
Classic_Maya_collapse
Beliefs of the ancient Maya people
The traditional Maya or Mayan religion of the extant Maya peoples of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, and the Tabasco, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche
Maya_religion
Weapon used by pre-columbian mesoamericans
blades, as in the Madrid specimen. Mesoamerica portal Aztec warfare Leiomano Macana Maya warfare Obsidian use in Mesoamerica /məˈkwɑːwɪt(əl)/ mə-KWAH-wit(l);
Macuahuitl
Ritual offering of human flesh and lives to gods and goddesses
sacrifice in Maya culture was the ritual offering of nourishment to the gods. Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and
Human sacrifice in Maya culture
Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture
Writing system of the Maya civilization
Maya script, also known as Maya glyphs, is historically the native writing system of the Maya civilization of Mesoamerica and is the only Mesoamerican
Maya_script
Campaign against Late Postclassic Maya
campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities in the Yucatán Peninsula, a vast limestone plain covering
Spanish_conquest_of_Yucatán
Centers of power for the Maya civilization
Maya monarchs, also known as Maya kings and queens, were the centers of power for the Maya civilization. Each Maya city-state was controlled by a dynasty
Maya_monarchs
Overview of and topical guide to war
Aztec warfare Celtic warfare Dacian warfare Endemic warfare Gaelic warfare Gothic and Vandal warfare Illyrian warfare Maya warfare Roman warfare Thracian
Outline_of_war
Mesoamerican civilization
The history of Maya civilization is divided into three principal periods: the Preclassic, Classic and Postclassic periods; these were preceded by the Archaic
History of the Maya civilization
History_of_the_Maya_civilization
Aspect of Precolumbian Maya science
Maya astronomy is the study of the Moon, planets, Milky Way, Sun, and astronomical phenomena by the Precolumbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica. The
Maya_astronomy
Aspect of Mayan culture
Ancient Maya art comprises the visual arts of the Maya civilization, an eastern and south-eastern Mesoamerica culture made up of a great number of small
Ancient_Maya_art
Ancient Maya women had an important role in society: beyond propagating the culture through bearing and raising children, Maya women participated in economic
Women_in_Maya_society
Calendar used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca
Maya_calendar
Archeological sites
Archaeological Evidence for Cave Desecration in Ancient Maya Warfare. In Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context. Edited by Keith M.
Maya_cave_sites
Guided-missile destroyer class in the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces
The Maya class of guided-missile destroyers (まや型護衛艦, Maya-gata Goeikan) in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is a modified version of the Atago class
Maya-class_destroyer
R S T U V W X Y Z Bottom warfare In anthropology, warfare in Maya politics or technology. Western Maya 1. An ancestral Maya people. 2. Of or relating
Glossary of the Maya civilisation
Glossary_of_the_Maya_civilisation
Pre-Columbian Maya book
The Maya Codex of Mexico (MCM) is a Maya screenfold codex manuscript of a pre-Columbian type. Long known as the Grolier Codex or Sáenz Codex, in 2018 it
Maya_Codex_of_Mexico
Use of hallucinogenic plants by the Maya
during spiritual rituals among cultures such as the Aztec, the Maya, and Inca. The Maya are indigenous people of Mexico and Central America that had significant
Entheogenics_and_the_Maya
Centres of ancient Maya civilization in Mesoamerica
Maya cities were the centres of population of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica. They served the specialised roles of administration,
Mayan_cities
1963 British film by J. Lee Thompson
Company. The price on the cover: 40¢. List of American films of 1963 Maya warfare Whitewashing in film The Feathered Serpent (TV series) Tino Balio, United
Kings_of_the_Sun
Pre-Columbian archaeological site
orthography) is a pre-Columbian archaeological site and ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas, some 13 km
Toniná
Maya archaeological site in Belize
Caracol is a large ancient Maya archaeological site, located in what is now the Cayo District of Belize. It is situated approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi)
Caracol
Clothing of the Maya peoples
Maya textiles (k’apak) are the clothing and other textile arts of the Maya peoples, indigenous peoples of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
Maya_textiles
Medicine in the ancient Maya civilization
Maya medicine concerns health and medicine among the ancient Maya civilization. It was a complex blend of mind, body, religion, ritual and science. Important
Maya_medicine
Ancient game
reign. The Maya Twin myth of the Popol Vuh establishes the importance of the game (referred to in Classic Maya as pitz) as a symbol for warfare intimately
Mesoamerican_ballgame
Mayan archaeological site
Aguateca is a Maya site located in northern Guatemala's Petexbatun Basin, in the department of Petén. The first settlements at Aguateca date to the Late
Aguateca
Second-order subdivision of Mesoamerica
The Maya Lowlands (Spanish: tierras bajas mayas) are the largest cultural and geographic, first order subdivision of the Maya Region, located in eastern
Maya_Lowlands
British rapper (born 1975)
Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (Tamil: மாதங்கி அருள்பிரகாசம்; born 18 July 1975), known professionally as M.I.A. (Tamil: எம்.ஐ.ஏ.; an initialism for both
M.I.A._(rapper)
Mesoamerica such as the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec and Aztec cultures practiced some kind of taking of human trophies during warfare. Captives taken during
Human trophy taking in Mesoamerica
Human_trophy_taking_in_Mesoamerica
6th century conflict in Mesoamerica
long time. This conflict resulted in the increasing sophistication of Maya warfare, including the construction of large, well-fortified citadels to protect
Tikal–Calakmul_wars
Mayan god
In the Late Post-Classic Maya mythology of the Popol Vuh, Camazotz (/kɑːməˈsɒts/ from Mayan /kama ˈsots’/) (alternate spellings Cama-Zotz, Sotz, Zotz)
Camazotz
Mayan archaeological site in Mexico
ek-bælæm) is a Yucatec-Maya archaeological site within the municipality of Temozón, Yucatán, Mexico. It lies in the Northern Maya lowlands, 25 kilometres
Ekʼ_Balam
Divides the history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica into several periods
and the Maya of Yucatan, such as at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. This is sometimes thought to have been a period of increased chaos and warfare. The Postclassic
Mesoamerican_chronology
Music of the ancient Maya people
even warfare would have been unthinkable without musical support. Therefore, the musical director in Yucatán, the holpop, was held in high esteem. Maya dictionaries
Maya_music
Maya deity
Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Maya peoples recognize in their staple crop, maize, a vital force with which they strongly identify. This is clearly
Maya_maize_god
Pre-Columbian Maya city in Mexico
Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period. The archeological site is located in Tinúm Municipality
Chichen_Itza
Language family spoken in Mesoamerica
northern Central America. Mayan languages are spoken by at least six million Maya people, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras
Mayan_languages
Maya or Mayan mythology is part of Mesoamerican mythology and comprises all of the Maya tales in which personified forces of nature, deities, and the
Maya_mythology
8th century Maya queen
Ayala (2001-12-20). "Lady K'awil, Goddess O, and Maya Warfare". In Ardren, Traci (ed.). Ancient Maya Women. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 109–110.
Lady_K'awiil_Yopaat
Ancient Mayan city in Campeche, Mexico
Calakmul (/ˌkɑːlɑːkˈmuːl/; also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants) is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, deep in the jungles
Calakmul
Ancient Maya city in Campeche, Mexico
Valeriana is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche in the tropical rainforest jungle near its eastern border with the state of Quintana
Valeriana (archaeological site)
Valeriana_(archaeological_site)
Military history of Colombia
Conquistadors in Colombia Spanish conquest of the Muisca Muisca Aztec, Maya warfare (in Spanish) El país de El Dorado y de los muiscas - El Tiempo Francis
Muisca_warfare
Autonomous underwater vehicle from National Institute of Oceanography, India
Indigenous Indian armed drones for air warfare and surveillance Indian AUVs for underwater warfare and surveillance AUV-150 Maya AUV India Indian Extra-Large unmanned
Maya_AUV_India
2021 event in California, United States
the Naval Information Warfare Center. Millete was born in the Philippines. Her family immigrated to Hawaii in 1995, when Maya was 13. She was then raised
Murder_of_Maya_Millete
Class of destroyer of Royal Australian Navy
service Equivalent destroyers of the same era Maya class Visakhapatnam class Zumwalt class Type 055 "The Air Warfare Destroyer program". "Control of troubled
Hobart-class_destroyer
Carved stone slabs made by the Pre-Columbian Maya
Maya stelae (singular stela) are monuments that were fashioned by the Maya civilization of ancient Mesoamerica. They consist of tall, sculpted stone shafts
Maya_stelae
1524–1697 defeat of Mayan kingdoms
diseases, against which they had no resistance. The Maya preferred raiding and ambush to large-scale warfare, using spears, arrows and wooden swords with inset
Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala
The Southern Maya Area (SMA), also known as the Maya Highlands are a region of Pre-Columbian sites in Mesoamerica. It is long believed important to the
Southern_Maya_area
Mayan archaeological site in Chiapas, Mexico
Ake or, in its immediate area as Usiij Witz, 'Vulture Hill') is an ancient Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The site is approximately
Bonampak
Transfer of ownership of goods and services
Trade was a crucial factor in maintaining Maya cities. Activity consisted mainly of foods like fish, squash, yams, corn, honey, beans, turkey, vegetables
Trade_in_Maya_civilization
Maya deity of wind, storm and fire
legged"), often referred to as U Kʼux Kaj, the "Heart of Sky", is a Kʼicheʼ Maya god of wind, storm, fire and one of the creator deities who participated
Huracan
Intense armed conflict
territorial objectives. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted
War
Nito was a trading post of the Maya civilization in Mesoamerica. The site was located at the mouth of the Dulce River, where the river empties into the
Nito_(Maya_site)
Religious activity involving killings of humans and animals
Sacrifice was a religious activity in Maya culture, involving the killing of humans or animals, or bloodletting by members of the community, in rituals
Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture
1948 Israeli biological warfare operation
Docs Point to Israeli Army's 1948 Biological Warfare". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 September 2024. Wind, Maya (2024-01-30). Towers of Ivory and Steel: How Israeli
Operation_Cast_Thy_Bread
Capital city of the Mayan kingdom of Petén Itzá; now Flores, Guatemala
and also known as Tayasal and Tah Itza) was the capital city of the Itza Maya kingdom of Petén Itzá. It was located on an island in Lake Petén Itzá in
Nojpetén
Structure that creates a barrier or obstacle
Barricade and Abandonment of Chunchucmil: Implications for Northern Maya Warfare". Latin American Antiquity. 11 (3): 283–298. doi:10.2307/972179. ISSN 1045-6635
Barricade
This list of Maya sites is an alphabetical listing of a number of significant archaeological sites associated with the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian
List_of_Maya_sites
Historical period in Belize, 1500–1638
the comfort and survival of the colonists.' Though little is known of Maya warfare prior to conquest, its rules of engagement are broadly thought to have
Spanish_period_of_Belize
great deal of political complexity seen both in Maya royal houses as well as in the Maya area. Warfare was a significant factor in political competition
Women_rulers_in_Maya_society
One of three surviving pre-Columbian Maya books
Tro-Cortesianus Codex or the Troano Codex) is one of four surviving pre-Columbian Maya books dating to the Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology (circa
Madrid_Codex_(Maya)
Classic Period Maya artifact
ancient painted Maya vase featuring one of the longest hieroglyphic texts found in the Maya Lowlands. It was discovered in 2015 at the Maya archaeological
Komkom_Vase
Archaeological site in Belize
Cerros is an Eastern Lowland Maya archaeological site in northern Belize that functioned from the Late Preclassic to the Postclassic period. The site reached
Cerros
Ritualized practice of self-cutting in Mesoamerica
cultural functions within ancient Mesoamerican societies, in particular the Maya. When performed by ruling elites, the act of bloodletting was crucial to
Bloodletting_in_Mesoamerica
Prominent architectural features of ancient Mesoamerican civilizations
Mesoamerican creation myths, ritualistic sacrifice, etc. written in the form of Maya script on the rises of the steps of the pyramids, on the walls, and on the
Mesoamerican_pyramids
Ajaw
Kʼahkʼ [pronunciation?](Ta Batzʼ[pronunciation?]) (died October 1, 630) was a Maya ruler of the Kaan kingdom. He became a king on March 28, 622. This ruler's
Tajoom_Ukʼab_Kʼahkʼ
Combat involving sea-going ships
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river. The
Naval_warfare
Maya polity in Yucatan, dissolved 1544
Chetumal was a Postclassic Maya polity (kuchkabal) in the Maya Lowlands, in what is now northern Belize and southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. It is thought
Chetumal_province
Indigenous people of Mexico
now spoken across the Yucatán Peninsula, and the ancestors of all other Maya languages. The only other language, besides Huastec, which arose from proto-Huastecan
Huastec_people
of the Preclassic Mesoamerican civilisation, literate and thought to be Maya. It lies in the Salamá valley. By 500 BCE, the inhabitants built terraces
El_Portón
Ceremonial dance in pre-Columbian Maya civilization
component of social, religious, and political endeavors for the ancient Maya. The entire community danced, including kings, nobles, and common people
Maya_dance
The Mayan and Aztec civilizations both practiced slavery. Warfare was important to Maya society, because raids on surrounding areas provided the victims
Slavery in pre-Columbian America
Slavery_in_pre-Columbian_America
Female demon in Yucatec Maya folklore
La Xtabay (Spanish pronunciation: [la iʃ.taˈβaj]) is a Yucatec Maya folklore tale about a demonic femme fatale who preys upon men in the Yucatán Peninsula
Xtabay
Diet of the Ancient Mesoamerican civilization
Ancient Maya cuisine was varied and extensive. Many different types of resources were consumed, including maritime, flora, and faunal material, and food
Ancient_Maya_cuisine
Maya creator god of wind and rain
alternatively Gukumatz) was a god of wind and rain of the Postclassic Kʼicheʼ Maya. It was the Feathered Serpent that according to the Popol Vuh created the
Qʼuqʼumatz
Historic site
Kabah (also spelled Kabaah, Kabáh, Kahbah and Kaba) is a Maya archaeological site in the Puuc region of western Yucatan, south of Mérida. It was incorporated
Kabah_(Maya_site)
German theoretical physicist
inventory of way characters on Maya ceramics", in J. Kerr (Herausgeber) "The Maya Vase Book", V. 4, 1994. Nahm: "Maya warfare and the Venus year", Mexicon
Werner_Nahm
Pre-classic Mayan ruin
Aguada Fénix is a large Preclassic Maya archaeological site located in the state of Tabasco, Mexico, near the border with Guatemala. It was discovered
Aguada_Fénix
Maya archaeological site in Belize
Colha, Belize is a Maya archaeological site located in northern portion of the country, about 52 km. north of Belize City, near the town of Orange Walk
Colha,_Belize
Late Postclassical Mayan group
recorded as Ko'woh, Couoh, Coguo, Cohuo, Kob'ow and Kob'ox, and Kowo) was a Maya group and polity, from the Late Postclassic period (ca. 1250–1697) of Mesoamerican
Kowoj
Deity
Tohil (IPA: [toˈχil], also spelled Tojil) is the Maya god of fire. He is a deity of the Kʼicheʼ Maya in the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. At
Tohil
Ajaw
Lachan Kʼawiil Ajaw Bot (25 June 760 - ?) was a Maya king of La Amelia, an ancient city near Itzan in the Petén Department of modern Guatemala. La Amelia
Lachan_Kʼawiil_Ajaw_Bot
Mayan archaeological site in Petén Department, Guatemala
Negras is the modern name for an ancient, ruined city of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization located on the north bank of the Usumacinta River in the Petén
Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)
Pre-Columbian cultural area in the Americas
the Maya civilization developed in the southern Maya highlands and lowlands, and at a few sites in the northern Maya lowlands. The earliest Maya sites
Mesoamerica
deciphered Mesoamerican writing system, and the most widely known, is the classic Maya script. Earlier scripts with poorer and varying levels of decipherment include
Mesoamerican_writing_systems
Maya people in northern Guatemala
(/keˈχätʃe/) (sometimes spelt Kehache, Quejache, Kehach, Kejach or Cehache) were a Maya people in northern Guatemala at the time of Spanish contact in the 17th century
Kejache
Spanish and Portuguese colonizers of the Age of Discovery
was a Maya war leader for Nachan Can, Lord of Chactemal. Gerónimo de Aguilar, who had taken holy orders in his native Spain, was captured by Maya lords
Conquistador
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