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Chemical data page
This page provides supplementary chemical data on methane. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Table data obtained from
Methane_(data_page)
Hydrocarbon compound (CH4) in natural gas
Methane (US: /ˈmɛθeɪn/ METH-ayn, UK: /ˈmiːθeɪn/ MEE-thayn) is a chemical compound that has the chemical formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen
Methane
Sources of methane gas in Earth's atmosphere
Sources of methane emissions due to human activity (year 2020 estimates) Fossil Fuel Use (33.0%) Animal Agriculture (30.0%) Plant Agriculture (18.0%)
Methane_emissions
Methane-water lattice compound
Methane clathrate (CH4·5.75H2O) or (4CH4·23H2O), also called methane hydrate, hydromethane, methane ice, fire ice, natural gas hydrate, or gas hydrate
Methane_clathrate
United Nations initiative
data. IMEO’s mission is to provide open, reliable and actionable data to the individuals who have the agency to reduce methane emissions. This data enables
International Methane Emissions Observatory
International_Methane_Emissions_Observatory
Form of natural gas extracted from coal beds
Coalbed methane (CBM or coal-bed methane), coalbed gas, or coal seam gas (CSG) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. In recent decades it
Coalbed_methane
1993 video game
reviewers compared it to Data East's 1991 title, Tumblepop. The protagonists of the game, Puff and Blow, each have a Methane Gas Gun which fires a cloud
Super_Methane_Bros.
Supplementary information on noble gases
This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus. Oganesson
Noble_gas_(data_page)
Gaseous fossil fuel
Natural gas (also gas, methane gas or fossil gas) is a fossil fuel, naturally occurring in geological formations. Typically, the gas is a mix of gaseous
Natural_gas
Largest moon of Saturn
candidate for this interior reservoir is methane hydrate, or "methane-filled ice," within Titan's icy shell. Methane hydrate has been shown experimentally
Titan_(moon)
Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan, a moon of Saturn
Lakes of liquid ethane and methane exist on the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. This was confirmed by the Cassini–Huygens space probe, and had
Lakes_and_rivers_of_Titan
Science instrument on New Horizons spacecraft
announced, based on New Horizons high resolution data, that some of the plains of Pluto have dunes made of methane ice granules. The dunes are thought to have
Ralph_(New_Horizons)
Canadian satellite constellation for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions
satellite constellation designed to measure greenhouse gas emissions (methane and carbon dioxide). As of 2026, it consists of more than ten 16U CubeSats
GHGSat
Gases produced by decomposing organic matter
digester or other type of bioreactor. The gas composition is primarily methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide
Biogas
Chemical compound
Studies have demonstrated that methane output is lowered by 30%. DSM has patented and commercialized 3-NOP as a methane inhibitor for production animals
3-Nitrooxypropanol
Greenhouse gases emitted from human activities
resulting from human activities. It accounts for more than half of warming. Methane (CH4) emissions have almost the same short-term impact. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Greenhouse_gas_emissions
Burning natural gas field in Turkmenistan
average of about 1,300 kilograms of methane per hour from 2022 to 2025. Data collected in October 2025 shows methane emission of 1,960 kilograms per hour
Darvaza_gas_crater
also very important. With regard to direct emissions, nitrous oxide and methane make up over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. A
Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture
Global energy think tank
methane emissions, including research on the EU, India, Indonesia, Australia and Türkiye. Ember’s open data covers annual electricity generation data
Ember (non-profit organisation)
Ember_(non-profit_organisation)
Area of astronomical research
trace amounts of methane. Venus – the atmosphere may contain a large amount of methane from 60 km (37 mi) to the surface according to data collected by the
Extraterrestrial_atmosphere
Table of constants for a list of gases and volatile liquids
1164 Iodobenzene 33.52 0.1656 Krypton 2.349 0.03978 Mercury 8.200 0.01696 Methane 2.283 0.04278 Methanol 9.649 0.06702 Methylamine 7.106 0.0588 Neon 0.2135
Van der Waals constants (data page)
Van_der_Waals_constants_(data_page)
Heat-trapping gas in an atmosphere
order of average global mole fraction, are: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone. Other greenhouse gases of concern include chlorofluorocarbons
Greenhouse_gas
Meteorological hypothesis
occasionally released methane clathrate on upper continental slopes. This would have had an immediate impact on the global temperature, as methane is a much more
Clathrate_gun_hypothesis
Fringe theory about the origin of petroleum
Stockholm, Sweden. Within the mantle, carbon may exist as hydrocarbons—chiefly methane—and as elemental carbon, carbon dioxide, and carbonates. The abiotic hypothesis
Abiogenic_petroleum_origin
Methane monitoring satellite initiative
emissions, particularly methane and carbon dioxide, at facility scale. The initiative integrates satellite, airborne, and data analysis technologies to
Carbon_Mapper
Organosulfur chemical compound used as a solvent
"Material Safety Data Sheet: Dimethyl Sulfoxide". ScienceLab.com. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. "Material Safety Data Sheet: Ethyl
Dimethyl_sulfoxide
Methane-enriched biogas
and has a methane concentration of 90% or greater. By removing carbon dioxide and other impurities from biogas, the concentration of methane is high enough
Renewable_natural_gas
Liquid form of rocket propellants
therefore never flown. Liquid methane and liquid oxygen used together as rocket propellants are known as methalox propulsion. Methane is the primary component
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
similar to that of Pluto: it is highly reflective, covered largely by frozen methane, and stained reddish-brown by tholins. Makemake has one known moon, which
Makemake
Disposal of unwanted gas during extraction
flame). Where performed, the unwanted gas (mostly natural gas dominated by methane) has been deemed unprofitable, and may be referred to as stranded gas,
Routine_flaring
Analytical technique
systems (so-called pre-cast gels) usually use the buffer substance Bis-tris methane with a pH value between 6.4 and 7.2 both in the stacking gel and in the
SDS-PAGE
Asphalt pit or asphalt lake
light hydrocarbons. Light hydrocarbons include the following alkanes: methane, ethane, propane, and butane. These molecules have very low molecular weights
Tar_pit
Most massive dwarf planet
presence of methane ice, indicating that the surface may be similar to that of Pluto, which at the time was the only TNO known to have surface methane, and of
Eris_(dwarf_planet)
Chemical with a high vapor pressure at room temperature
terpenoids, alcohols, and carbonyls (methane and carbon monoxide are generally not considered). Not counting methane, biological sources emit an estimated
Volatile_organic_compound
Crater formed by permafrost gas release
buildup of gas stuck below a layer of permafrost. The gas is primarily methane (also known as "natural gas") and is generally believed by experts to have
Gas_emission_crater
(PDF) on September 5, 2006. "HCV (Molar Heat Capacity (cV)) Data for Methanol". Dortmund Data Bank Software and Separation Technology. Archived from the
Table of specific heat capacities
Table_of_specific_heat_capacities
Hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals
digestive physiology. Methane is produced by a type of archaea, called methanogens, as described above within the rumen, and this methane is released to the
Ruminant
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
1088/1748-9326/ac2966. Our World in Data, 18 September 2020 IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021, p. 67: "Concentrations of CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide
Climate_change
Reusable superheavy-lift general-purpose launch vehicle under development
the Starship spacecraft, both powered by Raptor engines burning liquid methane (the main component of natural gas) and liquid oxygen. Both stages are
SpaceX_Starship
Color between blue and green
planet Uranus is colored cyan because of the abundance of methane in its atmosphere. Methane absorbs red light and reflects the blue-green light, which
Cyan
Process to convert electric power into hydrogen or methane
systems) may convert the hydrogen into syngas, methane, or LPG. Single-stage P2G systems to produce methane also exist, such as reversible solid oxide cell
Power-to-gas
Type of saturated hydrocarbon compound
formula CnH2n+2 and therefore range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (CH4), where n = 1, to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like hexacontane
Alkane
Crystalline solid containing molecules caged in a lattice of frozen water
quantities. Around 6.4 trillion (6.4×1012) tonnes of methane is trapped in deposits of methane clathrate on the deep ocean floor. Such deposits can be
Clathrate_hydrate
Carbon compound
covalent bonds. Because of this symmetric geometry, CCl4 is non-polar. Methane (CH4) has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane
Carbon_tetrachloride
Seventh planet from the Sun
cyan-coloured ice giant. Most of the planet is made of water, ammonia, and methane in a supercritical phase of matter, which astronomers call "ice" or "volatiles"
Uranus
Thermal decomposition of materials
from coal. It is used also in the conversion of natural gas (primarily methane) into hydrogen gas and solid carbon char, recently introduced on an industrial
Pyrolysis
American artificial intelligence subsidiary of SpaceX
city was being worked out, the company deployed 14 VoltaGrid portable methane-gas powered generators. Environmental advocates said that the gas-burning
SpaceX_Super_Intelligence
Eighth planet from the Sun
nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of ices such as water, ammonia and methane. Similar to Uranus, its interior is primarily composed of ices and rock;
Neptune
Brown dwarf or exoplanet with atmospheric methane
An object with the spectral type T (also called T dwarf or methane brown dwarf) is either a brown dwarf or a young free-floating planetary-mass object
T_dwarf
Organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon
diverse range of molecular structures and phases: they can be gases (such as methane and propane), liquids (such as hexane and benzene), low melting solids
Hydrocarbon
Ion of carbon with five hydrogens
intermediate species in chemical reactions. The methanium ion is named after methane (CH4), by analogy with the derivation of ammonium ion (NH+4) from ammonia
Methanium
Model of atmospheric circulation on Mars
Mars, the data is rapidly updating making the Martian model highly advanced. Methane on Mars The Martian atmosphere contains 10 nmol/mol methane (CH4). In
Mars general circulation model
Mars_general_circulation_model
Possible alternative biochemicals used by life forms
methane comparable to that of a phospholipid bilayer (the type of cell membrane possessed by all life on Earth) in liquid water. An analysis of data obtained
Hypothetical types of biochemistry
Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry
Ecological experiment to make an Ice Age-Like Reserve
difference in April and early May. Methane is a greenhouse gas that is 24 times as potent as CO2. Permafrost produces methane underwater, in anaerobic conditions
Pleistocene_Park
Organic compound (H3C–CH3)
odorless gas. Natural gas consists of 1–6% ethane by volume, second only to methane. Like many hydrocarbons, ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from
Ethane
Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Titan
analyzing data from the Cassini–Huygens mission reported anomalies in the atmosphere near the surface which could be consistent with the presence of methane-producing
Life_on_Titan
Chemical compound
and is the lithium analog of methane. Its main route of production is by the lithiation of tetrakis(chloromercurio)methane (C(HgCl)4) by tert-butyllithium
Tetralithiomethane
Organic compound (H–CHO); simplest aldehyde
(/fɔːrˈmældɪhaɪd/ for-MAL-di-hide, US also /fər-/ fər-) (systematic name methanal) is a pungent colorless gas mainly used in the production of industrial
Formaldehyde
Chemical compound
ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. Yalkowsky, Samuel H. (2010). Handbook of aqueous solubility data (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4398-0246-5.
Pentaerythritol
Chemical compound
dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which is commonly found in the marine atmosphere(page 5 of 6, quote slightly edited). He X, Slupsky CM (December 2014). "Metabolic
Methylsulfonylmethane
NASA vertical landing and takeoff test vehicle
is intended to demonstrate a new nontoxic spacecraft propellant system (methane and oxygen) and an autonomous landing and hazard detection technology.
Project_Morpheus
Ocean floor area with hydrocarbon-rich seepage
area of the ocean floor where seepage of fluids rich in hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbons occurs, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold
Cold_seep
Cereal grain and staple food
croplands, some 30% of agricultural methane emissions, and 11% of agricultural nitrous oxide emissions. Methane is released from rice fields subject
Rice
Carbon-neutral drop-in replacement fuel
diesel, but include other alcohols and carbon-containing gases such as methane and butane. Electrofuels are hydrocarbons that are artificially synthesized
Electrofuel
Hypothetical compound with formula C(OH)4
interior of the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune, where water and methane are common. By loss of one through four protons, orthocarbonic acid could
Orthocarbonic_acid
Ice drilling site near the center of Greenland
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The original web page of the NGRIP project with field diaries and pictures. https://web.archive
North Greenland Ice Core Project
North_Greenland_Ice_Core_Project
Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)
a methane channel which measures the absorption by methane and second one is a no absorption channel (reference channel). The reference channel data acquired
Mars_Orbiter_Mission
Rocky bank off the coast of Oregon, United States
100–480 m. Microbial methane oxidation only accounts for roughly 14% of the overall methane transport in the area. On the shelf, methane transport is driven
Heceta_Bank
Advocacy Groups Appeal Permit for xAI's South Memphis Data Center Decisions Around Unpermitted Methane Gas Turbines". NAACP. 16 July 2025. Retrieved 2 April
Environmental_impact_of_AI
Principal curcuminoid of turmeric
from FDA", and that the "FDA approves a new drug on the basis of scientific data and information demonstrating that the drug is safe and effective". Though
Curcumin
First spacecraft to land on Titan
implying a methane abundance of 5 ± 1% and methane relative humidity of 50% near the surface. Therefore, ground fogs caused by methane in the neighborhood
Huygens_(spacecraft)
Assessments of possible life on Mars
2018, NASA announced the detection of seasonal variation of methane levels on Mars. Methane could be produced by microorganisms or by geological means
Life_on_Mars
Gaseous phase of water
greenhouse effect than non-condensable gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Use of water vapor, as steam, has been important for cooking, and as a
Water_vapor
Long-term weather pattern of a region
quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases (particularly carbon dioxide and methane) determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading
Climate
surface. Large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have been released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels
Causes_of_climate_change
Average temperature of the Earth's surface
Antarctic reveal variation of latitudinal distribution of methane sources. Increase in methane concentration shown by Greenland ice core records implies
Global_surface_temperature
CHCl3, historical anaesthetic and common solvent
geometry with C3v symmetry. The chloroform molecule can be viewed as a methane molecule with three hydrogen atoms replaced with three chlorine atoms,
Chloroform
Medical condition
as an increased number of bacteria measured via exhaled hydrogen and/or methane gas following the ingestion of glucose or lactulose, or via analysis of
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth
Network of ocean observatories
micro- and macro-biological communities and concentrate methane to form massive methane gas and methane hydrate reservoirs. The OOI is composed of two coastal
Ocean Observatories Initiative
Ocean_Observatories_Initiative
Natural gas-fired power station in Los Angeles, California
additional air monitoring system to detect methane. It would later be revealed that the facility had been leaking methane gas for at least two years. City council
Valley_Generating_Station
CH3OH; simplest possible alcohol
on fossil fuels. The catalytic conversion of methane to methanol is effected by enzymes including methane monooxygenases. These enzymes are mixed-function
Methanol
Neighbourhood in Silivri, Istanbul, Turkey
Turkey. Carbon Mapper estimates that its landfill emitted over 6 tonnes of methane per hour in 2025. "Silivri Belediye Başkanı Balcıoğlu Seymen Mahallesi'nde
Seymen,_Silivri
Swamp in South Sudan
et al. (2019). "An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Sudd
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkanes CnH2n + 2 Linear alkanes Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Branched
Toluene
Chemical compound of sulfur and oxygen
sulfates is largely equivalent to the warming caused by atmospheric methane (and since methane is a relatively short-lived greenhouse gas), it is believed that
Sulfur_dioxide
Cryptocurrency buried in city in Wales
device and health concerns of city residents, including dangerous gases, methane, asbestos, the unearthing of hazardous materials, toxic leachate, and potential
Bitcoin buried in Newport landfill
Bitcoin_buried_in_Newport_landfill
Large liquid methane fuelled staged-combustion rocket engine by Blue Origin
is a liquid rocket engine developed by Blue Origin. It uses liquefied methane fuel and operates on an oxygen-rich staged combustion cycle. The BE-4 produces
BE-4
Chemical compound
thermoelectric materials. La2O3 has been examined for the oxidative coupling of methane. "Lanthanum Oxide". American Elements. Retrieved October 26, 2018. Greenwood
Lanthanum_oxide
Hydrothermal field in the mid-Atlantic Ocean
serpentinization, abiotically producing many simple molecules such as methane and hydrogen which are fundamental to microbial life. As such it has generated
Lost_City_Hydrothermal_Field
Tank ship transporting liquefied natural gas
transit. The first oceangoing liquified natural gas tanker in the world was Methane Pioneer, which entered service in 1959 with a carrying capacity of 5,500
LNG_carrier
was not obtained until 1995 when data from Hubble and other observations suggested the existence of liquid methane on Titan, either in disconnected pockets
Geology_of_Titan
Pumping fluids or gas through pipes
gas line carries Marcellus shale gas from Pennsylvania and other tied in methane or natural gas sources into the Canadian province of Ontario. It began
Pipeline
Lighting farts on fire
American Family Physician. 31 (4): 198–208. PMID 3984823. "Methane: Gas phase thermochemistry data". NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. Hydrogen sulfide[unreliable
Fart_lighting
Trans-Neptunian dwarf planet
which may be related to past cryovolcanic activity. Other compounds like methane or ammonia may also be present on its surface. Orcus was discovered by
Orcus_(dwarf_planet)
persistent presence of methane in the atmosphere may imply the existence of a source to continually replenish the gas. Trace amounts of methane, at the level of
Climate_of_Mars
Greenhouse gas emissions originating from Russia and efforts to reduce them
than the cost. The country is the world's biggest methane emitter, and 4 billion dollars' worth of methane was estimated to leak in 2019/20. Russia's greenhouse
Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia
Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Russia
Distant body in the outer Solar System
water, carbon dioxide, and ethane, along with sedimentary deposits of methane-derived, reddish-colored tholins, a chemical makeup similar to the surfaces
Sedna_(dwarf_planet)
semi-empirical ODP being zero. Most hydrocarbons are assumed to be similar to methane in terms of atmospheric lifetime being 12 ± 3 years & semi-empirical ODP
List_of_refrigerants
Dwarf planet in the scattered-disc
planet. Gonggong's large mass makes retention of a tenuous atmosphere of methane just possible, though such an atmosphere would slowly escape into space
Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)
Sea on Titan
Mare. Larger than Lake Superior on Earth, it is mostly composed of liquid methane. It is also the third largest lake in the solar system, with unknown but
Ligeia_Mare
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