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Language models designed for reasoning tasks
A reasoning model, also known as a reasoning language model (RLM) or large reasoning model (LRM), is a type of large language model (LLM) that has been
Reasoning_model
Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
case-based reasoning. A lawyer who advocates a particular outcome in a trial based on legal precedents or a judge who creates case law is using case-based
Case-based_reasoning
Inference method used in AI expert systems
In artificial intelligence, model-based reasoning refers to an inference method used in expert systems based on a model of the physical world. With this
Model-based_reasoning
Field of artificial intelligence
automated reasoning engines include inference engines, theorem provers, model generators, and classifiers. In a broader sense, parameterized models in machine
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Type of software system
one not based on symbolic reasoning but on a connectionist model has also been extremely productive. This latter type of automated reasoning is especially
Reasoning_system
Italian philosopher
Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. L. Magnani, N. J. Nersessian, and P. Thagard (eds.) (1999), Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific
Lorenzo_Magnani
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
ISBN 0-415-24202-9. Magnani, Lorenzo (2014), "Understanding abduction", Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology: Theoretical and Cognitive Issues (editor—Magnani
Abductive_reasoning
Subfield of computer science and logic
representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. The study of automated
Automated_reasoning
Decision-making framework for artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence, a procedural reasoning system (PRS) is a framework for constructing real-time reasoning systems that can perform complex tasks
Procedural_reasoning_system
Type of machine learning model
measure model reasoning, factual accuracy, alignment, and safety. Before the emergence of transformer-based models in 2017, some language models were considered
Large_language_model
Computer program that uses a knowledge base and reasoning to solve problems
knowledge-based systems have two defining components: an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly, called a knowledge base, and a reasoning system that
Knowledge-based_systems
Information repository with multiple applications
knowledge-based system consists of a knowledge-base representing facts about the world and ways of reasoning about those facts to deduce new facts or highlight
Knowledge_base
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
In artificial intelligence (AI), commonsense reasoning is a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations
Commonsense_reasoning
Type of knowledge base
In knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate
Knowledge_graph
Process of drawing correct inferences
Logical reasoning is a form of thinking or information processing that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way. It happens in the form of inferences
Logical_reasoning
Mental representation of the external world
to refer to the mental model theory of reasoning developed by Philip Johnson-Laird and Ruth M. J. Byrne. The term mental model is believed to have originated
Mental_model
Methods in artificial intelligence research
programming Knowledge-based systems Knowledge representation and reasoning Logic programming Machine learning Model checking Model-based reasoning Multi-agent system
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Type of large language model
reasoning models. In 2025, GPT-5 was released with a router that automatically selects whether to use a faster model or slower reasoning model based on
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Facts assumed to be known to all humans
1959 by John McCarthy. Commonsense knowledge can underpin a commonsense reasoning process, to attempt inferences such as "You might bake a cake because
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)
Method of forming inferences
resolution. Both rules are based on the modus ponens inference rule. It is one of the two most commonly used methods of reasoning with inference rules and
Backward_chaining
Knowledge base to enhance search results
Land expressed indications that Google was experimenting with "numerous models" for gathering meaning from text. Google's Knowledge Vault was meant to
Knowledge_Graph_(Google)
Form of reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences. An inference is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises, meaning that
Deductive_reasoning
Artificial intelligence project
answers from a knowledge base. The Cyc inference engine performs general logical deduction. It also performs inductive reasoning, statistical machine learning[citation
Cyc
Inference engine in an expert system
Forward chaining (or forward reasoning) is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using an inference engine and can be described logically as repeated
Forward_chaining
Methods for developing expert systems
used in the United States. Knowledge level modeling Knowledge management Knowledge representation and reasoning Knowledge retrieval Knowledge tagging Method
Knowledge_engineering
Field in computer-aided design
reasoning and truth maintenance. Simkit added stochastic simulation capabilities to the KEE environment. These capabilities included an event model,
Knowledge-based_engineering
Computer system emulating human expert
the client–server model. Calculations and reasoning could be performed at a fraction of the price of a mainframe using a PC. This model also enabled business
Expert_system
Component of artificial intelligence systems
knowledge base and an inference engine. The knowledge base stored facts about the world. The inference engine applied logical rules to the knowledge base and
Inference_engine
Study of how people reason
The psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process
Psychology_of_reasoning
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
In June, a reasoning model named Kimi-VL-Thinking was also released. In June 2025, Kimi-Dev, a 72B parameter coding-focused model based on Qwen2.5-72B
Kimi_(chatbot)
Internal representation of world by AI
action sequences. The model employs a Mixture-of-Transformers" (MoT) approach. An autoregressive (AR) transformer handles reasoning and next-token prediction
World model (artificial intelligence)
World_model_(artificial_intelligence)
Large language model by Meta AI
at coding and reasoning, and to increase its context window. Regarding scaling laws, Llama 3 models empirically showed that when a model is trained on
Llama_(language_model)
Framework for scoring a behavior's complexity
The model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) is a framework for scoring how complex a behavior is, such as verbal reasoning or other cognitive tasks. It
Model of hierarchical complexity
Model_of_hierarchical_complexity
Process used to define the rules and ontologies required for a knowledge-based system
been used to automate highly data intensive tasks but not for complex reasoning. Technologies such as inference engines allowed developers for the first
Knowledge_acquisition
Processing personal/social information
Motivated reasoning is a mental process through which individuals access, construct, and evaluate their beliefs in response to new information or experiences
Motivated_reasoning
Formal language used to construct ontologies
Ontolingua based on KIF KL-ONE KM programming language LOOM (ontology) OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language) OKBC (Open Knowledge Base Connectivity)
Ontology_language
knowledge-aided design as well as for automated verification of designs. Knowledge base Knowledge-based systems Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_modeling
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
through inductive reasoning, testing it through experiments and statistical analysis, and adjusting or discarding the hypothesis based on the results. Although
Scientific_method
Approach to handling inferred information
Press. Mason, C. and Johnson, R. DATMS: A Framework for Assumption Based Reasoning, in Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Reason_maintenance
French artificial intelligence company
open-source software portal Business portal France portal Reasoning model List of large language models Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
Mistral_AI
American academic
ISBN 0-262-14105-1 Model-Based Reasoning: Science, Technology, and Values (edited with L. Magnani; Kluwer 2001), ISBN 0-306-47244-9 Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific
Nancy_J._Nersessian
Algorithm that selects actions for intelligent agents
modeling language Case-based reasoning, solving new problems based on solutions of past problems Model-based reasoning Synthetic intelligence Weak AI
Behavior_selection_algorithm
Artificial intelligence project
project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab whose goal is to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the
Open_Mind_Common_Sense
Large language model
logical reasoning. On January 31, 2025, OpenAI released a smaller model, o3-mini, followed on April 16 by o3 and o4-mini. The OpenAI o3 model was announced
OpenAI_o3
Overview of and topical guide to thought
creativity Automated reasoning Commonsense reasoning Model-based reasoning Opportunistic reasoning Qualitative reasoning – automated reasoning about continuous
Outline_of_thought
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
to commonsense reasoning. LeCun has estimated that world models would be fully functional by the late 2020s to mid 2030s. World models are trained on
Foundation_model
Study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy
emotions and therefore not based on reason. Jonathan Haidt agrees, arguing in his social intuitionist model that reasoning concerning a moral situation
Moral_reasoning
Chinese artificial intelligence company
GRPO RL process as R1-Zero with rule-based reward (for reasoning tasks), but also model-based reward (for non-reasoning tasks, helpfulness, and harmlessness)
DeepSeek
Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models". arXiv:2206.14858 [cs.CL]. "Minerva: Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models". ai.googleblog
List_of_large_language_models
Large language model developed by Google
neural network developed by DeepMind Gemini Robotics Reasoning model List of large language models "Gemini 3 Flash: Frontier intelligence built for speed"
Gemini_(language_model)
Self-organization Multi-agent reinforcement learning Task Analysis, Environment Modeling, and Simulation (TAEMS or TÆMS) "ICAPS 2005 Workshop on Multiagent Planning
Multi-agent_planning
2000 book by Judea Pearl
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2000; updated 2009) is a book by Judea Pearl. It is an exposition and analysis of causality. It is considered
Causality_(book)
Technique in artificial intelligence
layers, based on their outputs or subsequent layers. This is notably used in large language models, specifically in reasoning language models (RLM). This
Feedback_neural_network
Artificial intelligence data structure
representation and reasoning schemes. They were originally derived from semantic networks and are therefore part of structure-based knowledge representations
Frame (artificial intelligence)
Frame_(artificial_intelligence)
Ontology applicable across domains of knowledge
information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology, upper model, or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information
Upper_ontology
Type of artificial intelligence approach
is an artificial intelligence approach based on the blackboard architectural model, where a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated
Blackboard_system
that models reasoning with cases and hypotheticals in the legal domain. It is the first of its kind and the most sophisticated of the case-based legal
HYPO_CBR
Foundation model allowing control of robot actions
being also able to perform multi-step reasoning using chain-of-thought. OpenVLA is a 7b-parameter open-source VLA model introduced in June 2024 by researchers
Vision–language–action_model
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
inferences that people draw. The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally. Animal psychology considers the
Reason
Chatbot developed by xAI
reasoning capabilities similar to reasoning models like OpenAI's o3-mini and DeepSeek's R1, allowing users to access a Think mode to enable reasoning
Grok_(chatbot)
Formalism for knowledge representation
logic, a diagrammatic calculus of logics, and a graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model. In this approach, a formula in first-order logic
Conceptual_graph
Ontology language
language based on F-logic. FLORID (F-LOgic Reasoning In Databases) is a C++ — based implementation Web Services Modeling Language (WSML) Archived 2007-05-02
F-logic
Method of logical reasoning
Inductive reasoning refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but
Inductive_reasoning
Tool for building expert systems
weight) to a rule. Descendants of the CLIPS language include Jess (rule-based portion of CLIPS rewritten in Java, it later grew in a different direction)
CLIPS
Psychological theory describing the evolution of moral reasoning
ostensibly based on stage five reasoning. In Stage six (universal ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Lawrence_Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development
Brachman (1985). "A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Reading in Knowledge
Deductive_classifier
Method in artificial intelligence
reasoning". Artificial Intelligence. 93 (1): 63–101. doi:10.1016/S0004-3702(97)00015-5. Toni, Francesca (2014-01-02). "A tutorial on assumption-based
Argumentation_framework
Concept of personal perspective in philosophy
Manuel Liz, "Models and Points of View: The Analysis of the Notion of Point of View", in: Lorenzo Magnani (ed.), Model-Based Reasoning in Science and
Point_of_view_(philosophy)
Ontology language
language, but the modern version is not. Rather, it is a declarative language based on classical first-order logic, with extensions for modal logic operators
CycL
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
chain-of-thought prompting improves reasoning ability by inducing the model to answer a multi-step problem with steps of reasoning that mimic a train of thought
Prompt_engineering
Controlled language
Controlled English Meets the Challenges of Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Interoperability and User Interfaces" (PDF). FLAIRS 2006. "Attempto News"
Attempto_Controlled_English
Creation of knowledge from structured and unstructured sources
predefined category). This works by application of grammar based methods or statistical models. Coreference resolution identifies equivalent entities, which
Knowledge_extraction
Type of artificial intelligence model
"Introducing Phi-4: Microsoft's Newest Small Language Model Specializing in Complex Reasoning". techcommunity.microsoft.com. Gross, Ronit D.; Tzach,
Small_language_model
Long-existing custom or belief
Kurz-Milcke, Elke; Maritgnon, Laura (2002). "Modeling Practices and "Tradition"". Model-based reasoning: science, technology, values. Springer. pp. 127–144
Tradition
Indian artificial intelligence company
parameters per token, with a 128,000-token context window. The model is positioned for complex reasoning and enterprise applications. On 20 February 2026, the
Sarvam_AI
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
ownership of the process must be taken for successful questioning and reasoning. Critical thinking presupposes a rigorous commitment to overcoming egocentrism
Critical_thinking
consistency of a set of KIF statements. KIF also supports non-monotonic reasoning. KIF was created by Michael Genesereth, Richard Fikes and others participating
Knowledge_Interchange_Format
Chinese artificial intelligence company
ai debuts open source GLM-4.6V, a native tool-calling vision model for multimodal reasoning". VentureBeat. Retrieved 11 April 2026. "Introducing the Chinese-made
Z.ai
Nvidia family of AI foundation models
Nemotron is a family of foundation models developed by Nvidia, chiefly large language models and related reasoning models. Nvidia has also used the name more
Nemotron
Formal logic whose entailment relation is not monotonic
capture, model-theoretic formalizations were paradox-free and left little, if any, room for confusion about what non-monotonic patterns of reasoning they
Non-monotonic_logic
Information science by discipline
making, especially models of argumentation, have contributed to knowledge representation and reasoning; models of social organization based on norms have contributed
Legal_informatics
Italian logician and epistemologist
of Reasoning: In Honor of the 65th Birthday of Claudio Pizzi". In Lorenzo Magnani; Walter Carnielli; Claudio Pizzi (eds.). Model-Based Reasoning in Science
Claudio_E._A._Pizzi
reasoning Forward chaining Model-based reasoning Qualitative reasoning Reason maintenance Spatio-temporal reasoning Reasoning systems Expert systems CLIPS
State-space_planning
Artificial intelligence software company
ISBN 978-1-4612-8290-7. K. D. Bimson (1988). "Conceptual model-based reasoning for knowledge-based software project management". [1988] Proceedings of the
Inference_Corporation
as analogical reasoning, the use of visual representations, and thought experiment, collectively referred to as model-based reasoning processes. Thus
Conceptual_change
Non-profit organizations based in Houston
Reasoning Mind is a non-profit organization that develops computer-based math curricula and works with schools to implement them in classrooms. In addition
Reasoning_Mind
Model for making ethical decisions
According to this model, moral thinking should be a systematic process and how we come to decisions must be based in some reasoning. The Potter Box is
Potter_Box
Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
the reasoning process. Kahneman said that this kind of reasoning was based on formed habits and very difficult to change or manipulate. Reasoning (or
Dual_process_theory
Process of identifying causality
Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect. The study of causality extends from ancient
Causal_reasoning
Large language model and AI chatbot by Anthropic
large language models developed by American software company Anthropic. Named after Claude Shannon, Claude was released as an AI-based chatbot in March
Claude_(AI)
Large language model developed by Google
performance on datasets requiring multi-step reasoning, such as word problems and logic-based questions. The model was first announced in April 2022 and remained
PaLM
Model for designing artificial intelligence
allows reasoning not only about individual agents, but also about communication and other interaction in a multi-agent system. The BDI software model is closely
Belief–desire–intention software model
Belief–desire–intention_software_model
Mental process dealing with knowledge
cognition uses computational systems to emulate and model cognitive processes, like perception and reasoning, with central applications in artificial intelligence
Cognition
form of inductive reasoning, where new knowledge is generated based on the agent's observations. The usual motivation for action model learning is the fact
Action_model_learning
Subfield of artificial intelligence
ISBN 978-0-374-27563-1. Sun, Ron (1995). "Robust reasoning: Integrating rule-based and similarity-based reasoning". Artificial Intelligence. 75 (2): 241–296
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Family of large language models by Alibaba
dense and sparse models. In November 2024, QwQ-32B-Preview, a model focusing on reasoning similar to OpenAI's o1, was released under the Apache 2.0 License
Qwen
Belgian roboticist (born 1966)
robotics. Since joining Georgia Tech, he has explored probabilistic model-based reasoning, paired with randomized approximation methods in advanced sequential
Frank_Dellaert
Large language model developed by Xiaomi
used as the key AI model in Xiaomi's "Human x Car x Home" ecosystem. Xiaomi developed MiMo as a reasoning-focused language model. Its development team
Xiaomi_MiMo
intended for comparing different models' capabilities in areas such as language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Benchmarks generally consist of
Language_model_benchmark
Belgian philosopher (1978–2025)
doi:10.1080/2153599X.2015.1107247 Green, Adam, "Natural theology as model-based reasoning", pp. 337–342, doi:10.1080/2153599X.2015.1107248 Jensen, Jeppe Sinding
Helen_De_Cruz
MODEL BASED-REASONING
MODEL BASED-REASONING
Girl/Female
Hebrew
From the tower.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sample; Model; Paragon
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Model or Pattern
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Smiling
Surname or Lastname
English (Surrey)
English (Surrey) : unexplained. Compare Moad.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Smiling
Boy/Male
Egyptian
To model.
Male
Yiddish
Pet form of Yiddish Mordche, MOTEL means "devotee of Marduk."Â
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Model; Demo
Boy/Male
Latin
Swarthy.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Model; Idea
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Wealthy.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old German personal name, Godilo, Godila.German (Gödel) : from a pet form of a compound personal name beginning with the element gÅd ‘good’ or god, got ‘god’.Variant of Godl or Gödl, South German variants of Gote, from Middle High German got(t)e, gö(t)te ‘godfather’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from the Yiddish male personal name Godl, a pet form of God, a variant of biblical Gad.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Model; Example
Female
Yiddish
(×”Ö¸×דֶעל) Pet form of Yiddish Hode, HODEL means "myrtle tree."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sample, Model, Paragon
Boy/Male
Australian, French
Famous Ruler
Boy/Male
Muslim
Model, Example
Girl/Female
British, English, German, Russian
Supper
MODEL BASED-REASONING
MODEL BASED-REASONING
Girl/Female
Australian, Irish
Fair
Female
Japanese
(ナナ) Japanese name NANA means "seven." Compare with other forms of Nana.
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Famous One
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Rochester.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Aggressive; Hard-liner
Male
Danish
, a boy, lad.
Female
Greek
(Κητώ) Greek name KETO means "sea monster." In mythology, this is the name of a goddess of sharks, whales, and other dangers of the sea.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord of earth, King, Lord of the gods
Girl/Female
Irish Anglo Saxon English
Elfin.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a river
MODEL BASED-REASONING
MODEL BASED-REASONING
MODEL BASED-REASONING
MODEL BASED-REASONING
MODEL BASED-REASONING
a.
Suitable to be taken as a model or pattern; as, a model house; a model husband.
a.
Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath.
a.
Indicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving existence, or of expressing thought.
a.
Of or pertaining to a mode or mood; consisting in mode or form only; relating to form; having the form without the essence or reality.
n.
The scale as affected by the various positions in it of the minor intervals; as, the Dorian mode, the Ionic mode, etc., of ancient Greek music.
n.
Something intended to serve, or that may serve, as a pattern of something to be made; a material representation or embodiment of an ideal; sometimes, a drawing; a plan; as, the clay model of a sculpture; the inventor's model of a machine.
imp. & p. p.
of Base
a.
Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations.
n.
Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as, a government formed on the model of the American constitution; a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior.
v. t.
To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model; to form a model or pattern for; to shape; to mold; to fashion; as, to model a house or a government; to model an edifice according to the plan delineated.
n.
Prevailing popular custom; fashion, especially in the phrase the mode.
a.
Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.
n.
A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars.
a.
Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.
a.
Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant.
n.
A pie; baked food.
n.
Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as, the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing.
v. i.
To make a copy or a pattern; to design or imitate forms; as, to model in wax.
n.
Wearing, or protected by, bases.