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Orbital perturbations
In astronomy and astrodynamics the osculating orbit of an object in space at a given moment in time is the orbit it would have around its central body
Osculating_orbit
Parameters that define a specific orbit
proper orbital elements Beta angle Ephemeris Geopotential model Orbital inclination Orbital state vectors Proper orbital elements Osculating orbit For example
Orbital_elements
Topics referred to by the same term
osculant, an invariant of hypersurfaces osculating circle osculating curve osculating plane osculating orbit osculating sphere The obsolete Quinarian system
Osculate
Classical approach to the many-body problem of astronomy
unchanging) conic section indefinitely; this conic is known as the osculating orbit and its orbital elements at any particular time are what are sought by the
Perturbation_(astronomy)
Center of mass of multiple bodies orbiting each other
given epoch because the barycentric osculating orbit is not as greatly affected by where Jupiter is on its 11.8 year orbit. Barycentric Dynamical Time Centers
Barycenter_(astronomy)
Type of geocentric orbit
crosses equator at 01:30 local time A Sun-synchronous orbit is achieved by having the osculating orbital plane precess (rotate) approximately one degree eastward
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body
of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body. The osculating (instantaneous) orbital period of the smaller body remains
Horseshoe_orbit
orbit, that was first used with the spacecraft TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) in 2018. Geocentric orbits Orbital spaceflight Osculating
List_of_orbits
"Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2)". Retrieved 2011-01-30. (Horizons) Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements
List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion
List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_greatest_aphelion
The Moon's circuit around Earth
The orbit of the Moon is, while stable and known, highly complex, and as such still studied by lunar theory. Most models describe the Moon's orbit geocentrically
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Process of modeling orbits
}}} be the radius vector of the osculating orbit, r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } the radius vector of the perturbed orbit, and δ r {\displaystyle \delta
Orbit_modeling
Measure of close approach in astronomy
It is defined as the distance between the closest points of the osculating orbits of two bodies. Of greatest interest is the risk of a collision with
Minimum orbit intersection distance
Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less
Low_Earth_orbit
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed
Earth's_orbit
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around
Orbital_speed
Plane curve with the greatest order of contact with another curve
first-order contact with C. The osculating circle to C at p, the osculating curve from the family of circles. The osculating circle shares both its first
Osculating_curve
Table of positions of astronomical objects at given times
Concerning the size and shape of an orbit Nautical almanac – Publication on celestial body positions Osculating orbit – Orbital perturbations Ptolemy's table
Ephemeris
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
astronautics, the Hohmann transfer orbit (/ˈhoʊmən/) is an orbital maneuver used to transfer a spacecraft between two orbits of different altitudes around
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Curved path of an object around a point
mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object under the influence of an attracting force. Alternatively, it is known as an orbital revolution
Orbit
Celestial orbit whose trajectory is a conic section in the orbital plane
parameters of the osculating Kepler orbit will then only slowly change and the osculating Kepler orbit is a good approximation to the real orbit for a considerable
Kepler_orbit
Oort cloud comet
(original) and outbound (future) orbits. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving
C/1999_F1_(Catalina)
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmoɫnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage
Molniya_orbit
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42
Geostationary_orbit
Great Comet of 1997
from the original on July 30, 2021. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)". Retrieved September 18
Comet_Hale–Bopp
Natural satellites of the planet Jupiter
here with inaccurate osculating orbital elements that are italicized to distinguish them from other irregular moons with proper orbital elements. Some of
Moons_of_Jupiter
First planet from the Sun
and "Center: Sun" should be defaulted to.) Results are instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch. Williams, David R. (November 25, 2020)
Mercury_(planet)
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
Orbital mechanics , astrodynamics or space dynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft
Orbital_mechanics
Extreme trans-Neptunian object from the inner Oort cloud
2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018. Horizons. "JPL Horizons: Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for 2014 FE72". Retrieved 6 June 2022. JPL Horizons Observer
2014_FE72
Mathematical constants describing an orbit
inclination (ip). The proper elements can be contrasted with the osculating Keplerian orbital elements observed at a particular time or epoch, such as the
Proper_orbital_elements
Natural satellites of the planet Saturn
inaccurate osculating orbital elements that are italicized to distinguish them from other irregular moons with proper orbital elements. The mean orbital elements
Moons_of_Saturn
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000
Medium_Earth_orbit
Distant body in the outer Solar System
January 2021. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for 90377 Sedna (2003 VB12)". Archived from the original
Sedna_(dwarf_planet)
Halley-type comet and parent body of the Perseid meteors
109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a large periodic comet with a 1995 (osculating) orbital period of 133 years that is in a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It fits the classical
Comet_Swift–Tuttle
Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a
Graveyard_orbit
Orbit of an object around the Moon
spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular.
Lunar_orbit
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
as orbit corrections, and hence fuel requirements, needed to maintain the desired orbit are kept at a minimum. For any combination of two orbital bodies
Lagrange_point
February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for 90377 Sedna (2003 VB12)". Retrieved 18 September 2021
List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun
List_of_Solar_System_objects_most_distant_from_the_Sun
Long-period comet
Circulars. 2025-R102. ISSN 1523-6714. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for SWAN (C/2025 R2)". Retrieved 9 March 2025. (Solution
C/2025_R2_(SWAN)
Oort cloud comet
and Orbits of Comets". IAU Minor Planet Center. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements
C/2013_US10_(Catalina)
Geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit
A high Earth orbit is a geocentric orbit with an apogee farther than that of the geosynchronous orbit, which is 35,786 km (22,236 mi) away from Earth.
High_Earth_orbit
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptic orbit, 1 is a parabolic (escape orbit or capture orbit), and greater than 1 is
Orbital_eccentricity
Scientific projections regarding the far future
1365-2966.2004.08240.x. S2CID 16002759. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1999 F1 (Catalina)". Archived from the original
Timeline_of_the_far_future
Non-periodic comet
of 154,202 AU (2.43832 ly). But the orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving
C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
The orbital period (also revolution period) is the amount of time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object. In astronomy
Orbital_period
Kreutz sungrazer comet
Astronomy Now. Retrieved 17 January 2026. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for C/2026 A1 (MAPS)". Archived from the original on 2 March
C/2026_A1_(MAPS)
Most massive dwarf planet
2026. (JPL#102/Soln.date: 2026-Mar-13) Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Eris (20136199)". Retrieved November 1, 2025. (Solution
Eris_(dwarf_planet)
Movement during spaceflight
In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far
Orbital_maneuver
Branch of astronomy
research. Orbital elements are the parameters needed to specify a Newtonian two-body orbit uniquely. Osculating orbit is the temporary Keplerian orbit about
Celestial_mechanics
Maximum instantaneous orbital speed typically occurs at periapsis. origin of longitude orphan planet See rogue planet. osculating orbit The hypothetical,
Glossary_of_astronomy
Natural satellites of the planet Neptune
therefore, the listed orbital elements of all irregular moons are averaged over a 30,000-year period: these may differ from osculating orbital elements provided
Moons_of_Neptune
Eighth planet from the Sun
Dark Spot 1989". Orbital elements refer to the Neptune barycentre and Solar System barycentre. These are the instantaneous osculating values at the precise
Neptune
Oort cloud comet
Planet Electronic Circulars. 2025-S104. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for PanSTARRS (C/2025 R3)". Archived from the original on
C/2025_R3_(PanSTARRS)
Concept in astrodynamics
astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, a hyperbolic trajectory or hyperbolic orbit (from Newtonian theory: hyperbola shape) is the trajectory of any object
Hyperbolic_trajectory
Oort cloud comet
stable than heliocentric coordinates. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving
C/2010_X1_(Elenin)
Parabolic comet
110Y. doi:10.48377/MPEC/2025-K110. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet ATLAS (C/2025 K1)". Retrieved 23 March 2026. (Solution
C/2025_K1_(ATLAS)
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
elliptical orbit or eccentric orbit is an orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1;[citation needed] this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with
Elliptic_orbit
Non-periodic comet
3 February 2023. Horizons output (31 January 2023). "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) BEFORE perihelion (2021-10-25 to
C/2022_E3_(ZTF)
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
and farthest points, respectively, of a body's direct orbit around the Sun. Comparing osculating elements at a specific epoch to those at a different epoch
Apsis
European Space Agency satellite that orbited the Moon
of its lunar orbit. The osculating orbit on that date was 6,704 × 53,208 km, with an orbital period of 129 hours, although the actual orbit was accomplished
SMART-1
Great Comet of 2024
minorplanetcenter.net. Retrieved 1 March 2023. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)". Retrieved 9 March
Comet_Tsuchinshan–ATLAS
original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2016. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for 90482 Orcus". Retrieved August 28, 2023. (PR= 8.986E+04
List of future astronomical events
List_of_future_astronomical_events
Natural satellites of the planet Uranus
Sheppard et al. (2024). These may differ from osculating orbital elements provided by other sources. The orbital elements of the inner moons listed here are
Moons_of_Uranus
Largest known Oort cloud comet
distances. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed using the Solar System barycenter as its reference frame
C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
trajectory In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (pronounced [li.sa.ʒu]), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that
Lissajous_orbit
Cartesian vectors of position and velocity of an orbiting body in space
known as osculating elements because they coincide with the actual orbit only at that moment. ECEF Earth-centered inertial Orbital plane Orbit determination
Orbital_state_vectors
Great Comet of 1996
Telegrams. 6299. Horizons output (30 January 2011). "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2)". Archived from the original
Comet_Hyakutake
Satellite orbit with high inclination
A polar orbit is one in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body being orbited (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly
Polar_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Halo orbit A halo orbit is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics
Halo_orbit
Natural object in space that releases gas
101: 119. Bibcode:1991JBAA..101..119H. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1980 E1". Retrieved 9 March 2011. (Solution using
Comet
Oort cloud comet
stable than a heliocentric solution. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving
Comet_ISON
Large trans-Neptunian object in the scattered disc
OF201". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 1 June 2025. "Barycentric osculating orbital elements for 2017 OF201". Horizons output – via ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.
2017_OF201
Orbit around Earth
A geocentric orbit, Earth-centered orbit, or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. In 1997, NASA estimated
Geocentric_orbit
lie in the approximate ranges At the present epoch, the range of osculating orbital elements of these core members is Zappalà, Vincenzo; Bendjoya, Philippe;
Juno_clump
Non-periodic comet
C/2018 V1 (Machholz–Fujikawa–Iwamoto) Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)". Solution using the Solar
C/2004_Q2_(Machholz)
Celestial coordinate system
Results are instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch, and referenced to the ecliptic. "HST cycle 26 primer orbital constraints". HST User
Orbital_pole
Type of orbit around an astronomical body
near-equatorial orbit is an orbit that lies close to the equatorial plane of the primary body orbited. Such an orbit has an inclination near 0°. Such orbits lie near
Near-equatorial_orbit
Non-periodic comet
..55P. doi:10.48377/MPEC/2025-D55. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet Lemmon (C/2025 A6)". Retrieved 10 March 2026. (Solution
C/2025_A6_(Lemmon)
Maintenance of a particular orbit
thruster burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e
Orbital_station-keeping
Non-periodic comet
into his pan-Native American alliance. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for C/1811 F1 (Great comet)". Retrieved 2019-05-30. (Solution
Great_Comet_of_1811
Asteroid family
the diagram, their proper orbital elements lie in the approximate ranges At the present epoch, the range of osculating orbital elements of the members (by
Pallas_family
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Trans-Neptunian object and highly eccentric centaur
greatest aphelion ^ Solution using the Solar System Barycenter ^ Read osculating orbit for more details about heliocentric unperturbed two-body solutions
(308933)_2006_SQ372
Distant planetesimals in the Solar System
doi:10.1038/nature01725. PMID 12904784. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1999 F1 (Catalina)". Archived from the original
Oort_cloud
Type of orbit
mechanics a parabolic trajectory is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity (e) equal to 1 and is an unbound orbit that is exactly on the border between elliptical
Parabolic_trajectory
Great Comet of 2007
Horizons. Retrieved 22 January 2023. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)". Solution using the Solar
Comet_McNaught
Non-periodic comet
(original) and outbound (future) orbits. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving
C/2002_VQ94_(LINEAR)
Orbit with a fixed distance from the barycenter
A circular orbit is an orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter; that is, in the shape of a circle. In this case, not only the distance, but
Circular_orbit
Symbols denoting astrological concepts
replacing the mean orbit with a "true" osculating orbit or with an interpolated orbit; charting the empty focus of the Moon's orbit instead of the apogee;
Astrological_symbols
Great Comet of 1965
Quarterly. Retrieved 15 December 2024. Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet Ikeya-Seki (C/1965 S1-A)". Retrieved 26 August
Comet_Ikeya–Seki
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth orbit (LEO)
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Orbit around the barycenter of the Sun
heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the Sun. The inner planets are mainly influenced by the Sun's gravity, and orbit points
Heliocentric_orbit
Trans-Neptunian object
more stable for objects that take thousands of years to orbit the Sun. Read osculating orbit for more details about heliocentric unperturbed two-body
(523622)_2007_TG422
Outermost moon of Uranus
(2024) give the mean, minimum, and maximum values for Ferdinand's osculating orbital elements in Table 5: semi-major axis 20421400+455900 −338500 km, eccentricity
Ferdinand_(moon)
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital
Orbital_inclination
Astronomical database
objects. Osculating elements at a given epoch (such as produced by the JPL Small-Body Database) are always an approximation to an object's orbit (i.e. an
JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System
Concept in celestial mechanics
The central body in an orbital system can be defined as the one whose mass (M) is much larger than the mass of the orbiting body (m), or M ≫ m. This
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
Vector quantity in celestial mechanics
instantaneous osculating orbital plane, which coincides with the instantaneous perturbed orbit. It is not necessarily perpendicular to the average orbital plane
Specific_angular_momentum
Parameter in the gravitational two-body problem
two-body problem, the specific orbital energy ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } (or specific vis-viva energy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant quotient
Specific_orbital_energy
Astrodynamic equation
In astrodynamics, an orbit equation defines the path of orbiting body m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}\,\!} around central body m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}\,\!}
Orbit_equation
OSCULATING ORBIT
OSCULATING ORBIT
Boy/Male
Muslim
Orbit, Eye socket, Argument
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
One who Argues a Lot; Orbit; Eye Socket; Orgument; Debate
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Orbit eye socket, Orgument, debate
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Circumference of the Orbit; Limit; Realm
Boy/Male
Indian
Orbit, Eye socket, Argument
OSCULATING ORBIT
OSCULATING ORBIT
Boy/Male
Indian
Patient, Tolerant, Forbearing, Preserving
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Pure; Honest; Kind; Giving
Boy/Male
Hindu
Renounced, Illustrious
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Very Patient; Enduring
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Atharva Veda was Assigned to Him
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for Craving
Girl/Female
Muslim
Light of the Moon
Boy/Male
Arabic
Scattered; Tiny Pieces
Girl/Female
Muslim
Charming
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Temparament
OSCULATING ORBIT
OSCULATING ORBIT
OSCULATING ORBIT
OSCULATING ORBIT
OSCULATING ORBIT
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Inosculate
v. t.
To touch closely, so as to have a common curvature at the point of contact. See Osculation, 2.
n.
The act of kissing; a kiss.
n.
The contact of one curve with another, when the number of consecutive points of the latter through which the former passes suffices for the complete determination of the former curve.
n.
The state of oscillating; a seesaw kind of motion.
n.
Same as Occultation.
a.
That oscillates; vibrating; swinging.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Oscillate
v. i.
To touch closely. See Osculation, 2.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Osculate
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Peculate
v. i.
An oscillating bar in a machine, as the lever of the bellows of a forge.
n.
A signal telegraph; an apparatus for giving signals by the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Postulate
v. i.
To produce an oscillating or quivering effect of sound; as, a whisper vibrates on the ear.
a.
Moving, or characterized by motion, backward and forward like a pendulum; swinging; oscillating; vibratory; as, oscillatory motion.
n.
The act of oscillating; a swinging or moving backward and forward, like a pendulum; vibration.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Jaculate
n.
The act of postulating, or that which is postulated; assumption; solicitation; suit; cause.
a.
Provided with trunnions; as, the trunnioned cylinder of an oscillating steam engine.