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Pharmacokinetic metrics
Peak-to-trough ratio (PTR), also known as peak-to-trough variation or peak-to-trough fluctuation, is a parameter in pharmacokinetics which is defined as
Peak-to-trough_ratio
Measure of change in a periodic variable
change between peak (highest signal value) and trough (lowest signal value, which can be negative). With appropriate circuitry, peak-to-peak amplitudes of
Amplitude
Topics referred to by the same term
PTR can refer to: Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, in India Particle transfer roller, for cleaning motion picture film Peak-to-trough ratio, a parameter in pharmacokinetics
PTR
Calculation of investment performance
performance relative to the largest peak-to-trough decline over the measurement period. A limitation of the ratio is that it is sensitive to the selected time
Calmar_ratio
Atypical antipsychotic medication
manufacturer of paliperidone palmitate. The peak-to-trough ratio of paliperidone palmitate at steady state ranges from 1.56 to 1.70 with the 1- and 3-month formulations
Paliperidone_palmitate
Pattern of thunderstorms and rainfall in northern Australia
peak between mid-November and mid-December, they can extend well into March. The Australian monsoon rainfall variability (AUMRV) has a similar ratio in
Australian_monsoon
Technique
("light peak"), which drops off after a few minutes when the retina adapts to the light. The ratio of the voltages (i.e. light peak divided by dark trough) is
Electrooculography
contended service, then the peaks and troughs in usage will be very visible to each user, but if the same contention ratio applies to a large number of users
Contention_ratio
Average speed of the piston in a reciprocating engine
that is, the piston at a specific rpm is going to be the same at the peak of the graph as it is at the trough, that is at 286.071 degrees on the crankshaft
Mean_piston_speed
Speed at which the wavelength of a vessel's bow wave is equal to the waterline length
to the waterline length of the vessel. As boat speed increases from rest, the wavelength of the bow wave increases, and usually its crest-to-trough dimension
Hull_speed
Chemical compound
steady-state is 3 to 4 days. Fluctuations in apalutamide exposure are low and levels are stable throughout the day, with mean peak-to-trough ratios of 1.63 for
Apalutamide
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
(TUF), conversion ratio (η), ripple factor, form factor, and peak factor. The two primary measures are DC voltage (or offset) and peak-peak ripple voltage
Rectifier
Use of mirrors or lenses to heat a fluid for electricity generation
minutes; however, historians continue to doubt the Archimedes story. In 1866, Auguste Mouchout used a parabolic trough to produce steam for the first solar
Concentrated_solar_power
Australian region cyclone in 1996
severe tropical cyclone and subsequently turned more to the south, steered by a passing trough. On the morning of 10 April, passing over Barrow Island
Cyclone_Olivia
Energy of moving water away from a hull
the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed-length ratio of 1.34, the wavelength is now longer than the hull
Wave-making_resistance
Tech stock speculative craze, c. 1995–2003
since the peak. At its trough on October 9, 2002, the NASDAQ-100 had dropped to 1,114, down 78% from its peak. A common indicator used to show the dramatic
Dot-com_bubble
Sweeping audio effect
processor used to filter a signal by creating a series of peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum. The position of the peaks and troughs of the waveform
Phaser_(effect)
estimated peak 10 minute winds of 130 km/h (81 mph). The JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 165 km/h (103 mph), before an approaching trough caused the
2003_Pacific_typhoon_season
Prehistoric impact crater in Mexico
600 to 1,200 meters (2,000 to 3,900 ft). There is evidence for a Cretaceous basin within the Yucatán area that has been named the Yucatán Trough, running
Chicxulub_crater
Oil reserves located in the United States
reserves-to-production ratio (R/P) was 11.08 years in 1970. It hit a trough of 8.49 years in 1986 as oil pumped through the Alaska pipeline began to peak. R/P
Oil reserves in the United States
Oil_reserves_in_the_United_States
Water turbine
welded to disks to form a cage like a hamster cage and are sometimes called "squirrel cage turbines"; instead of the bars, the turbine has the trough-shaped
Cross-flow_turbine
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Standard. It made a peak 60 hp (45 kW) at 2300 rpm, and peak torque of 125 lb⋅ft (169 N⋅m) at 1200–2000 rpm. The compression ratio in the 1933 model was
Chevrolet_Stovebolt_engine
Group of video-transmitting modulation modes
wave that corresponds to the peak of video signal, the shape of wave will be most bulged and at the point corresponding to the trough, the shape will be
Video_modulation
Unexpectedly large transient ocean surface wave
Gulf of Mexico in 2004. The wave was around 27.7 m (91 ft) high from peak to trough, and around 200 m (660 ft) long. Their computer models also indicated
Rogue_wave
Measure of surface finish or texture
Ra} fails to distinguish between two surfaces where one is composed of peaks on an otherwise smooth surface and the other is composed of troughs of the same
Surface_roughness
Ancient warm and cool periods
the peaks and troughs of the record at a still more detailed level. For more recent periods, increasingly precise resolution of timing continues to be
Marine_isotope_stages
Series of waves generated by distant weather systems
described using the following dimensions: Wave height (from trough to crest) Wavelength (from crest to crest) Wave period (time interval between arrival of consecutive
Swell_(wave)
identified on the surface of Mars (e.g., in the Valles Marineris trough), which can be likened to plate-bounding transform faults on Earth such as the San Andreas
Tectonics_of_Mars
Cascade of electronic components
_{2}}{1-\rho _{1}\rho _{2}}}} The frequency difference from peak-to-peak (or trough-to-trough) of the ripple is given by ΔΩ where Δ Ω = π T d {\displaystyle
RF_chain
Radiant light and heat from the Sun, harnessed with technology
station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000
Solar_energy
City in California, United States
Setting of San Diego Bay, and That of the Peninsular Ranges and Salton Trough, Southern California". Phil Farquharson. Retrieved July 13, 2012. "Canyon
San_Diego
Increased fluid pressure and flow from an explosion
the beginning waves. Similarly two troughs make a trough of increased amplitude. If a crest of a wave meets a trough of another wave then they interfere
Blast_wave
Device designed to create radiative heat
transfers energy to a cooler object through electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the temperature of the emitter, the wavelength of the peak of the infrared
Infrared_heater
2007 mortgage crisis in the United States
from their October 2007 peak of 1,565 to a trough of 676 in March 2009. Stock prices began a steady climb thereafter and returned to record levels by April
Subprime_mortgage_crisis
to sailors navigating during storms at sea. layer cloud See stratiform. lee trough A trough of low atmospheric pressure that forms preferentially to the
Glossary_of_meteorology
Type of gender-affirming medical treatment
rectal administration result in peak concentrations up to ten times higher than oral administration, and higher trough concentrations. This makes frequent
Feminizing_hormone_therapy
Real-estate bubble involving housing
construction cost ratio and price building cost ratio are methods that is falls in under this method. The last approach by Mayer (2011) is to utilize a combination
Housing_bubble
Visible difference in brightness or color
elicit excitatory and inhibitory impulses by overlapping frequency peaks and troughs in the center and periphery of the neuronal receptive field. Other
Contrast_(vision)
Martha, S. O. (2026). "Upper Paleocene (Thanetian) bryozoans from the Turgay Trough in northern Kazakhstan". Palaeontologia Electronica. 29 (1) 29.1.a15. doi:10
2026_in_paleontology
Reference voltage independent of temperature
sheets show that the temperature at which the peak (or trough) of the voltage curve occurs is subject to normal sample variations in production. Bandgap
Bandgap_voltage_reference
2007–2009, bringing the ownership rate to a trough of 62.9% in Q2 2016. The average ownership rate from 1965 to 2017 was 65.3%. The average home in the
Economy_of_the_United_States
Rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space
velocity and the group velocity depend on specific medium and frequency. The ratio between the speed of light c and the phase velocity vp is known as the refractive
Phase_velocity
sign Tram track sign Tree in bud sign Trethowan's sign Trolley track sign Trough sign Tubular artery sign Tulip bulb sign Tumbling bullet sign Upside down
List_of_radiologic_signs
Multi-lobed plane curve
the k petals, one for each crest (or trough) in the 2π interval of polar angles displayed. Each peak corresponds to a point lying on the circle r = a. These
Rose_(mathematics)
Measurement of blood oxygen saturation
split into a DC component (the peak value) and an AC component (peak minus trough). The ratio of the AC component to the DC component, expressed as a
Pulse_oximetry
the ratio of full-time employed to total employed fell from 83.1% in December 2007 to a trough of 79.9% in January 2010, before steadily rising to 81.6%
Unemployment in the United States
Unemployment_in_the_United_States
Simultaneous use of two or more conflicting rhythms
continuous waves rather than a hit of the instrument only at every peak and trough of either wave. Euclidean rhythm Sudanese music Ewe music Xenochrony
Polyrhythm
Crater on Mars
various ratios. Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material; much of it is believed to be
Bernard_(crater)
Formation of the folds of the brain's cerebral cortex
characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex. The peak of such a fold is called a gyrus (pl. gyri), and its trough is called a sulcus (pl. sulci). The neurons
Gyrification
Country in South Asia
phases of convection occur when the monsoon trough is in a northerly location and breaks when it moves to the south. The active periods typically occur
India
Holocene climate period during which northern Africa was wetter than today
due to a poleward shift of the storm tracks. Trough-mediated northward transport of moisture during autumn and spring has also been proposed to explain
African_humid_period
Statistic about an economic activity
retail sales. A coincident index may be used to identify, after the fact, the dates of peaks and troughs in the business cycle. There are four economic
Economic_indicator
Process by which a solid with a highly organized structure forms
trough. Crystals precipitate on the cold surfaces of the screw/discs, from which they are removed by scrapers and settle on the bottom of the trough.
Crystallization
Hydrodynamic distortions of tides
As a result, the crest "catches up" with the trough and a tidal wave becomes asymmetric. In order to understand the nonlinearity induced by the advection
Nonlinear_tides
Economic recession in the United States
Approximately 1 million American workers were out of work during this economic trough. Like the Long Depression that preceded it, the Depression of 1882–85 was
Depression_of_1882–1885
American hedge fund manager (born 1962)
the trough of the market cycle. He reiterated that projection of a two-thirds market loss in November 2020, after a rebound in the S&P 500 back to its
John_Hussman
Global stock market crash
to fall, albeit at a less precipitous rate, until reaching a trough in mid-November at 36 percent below its pre-crash peak. Stocks did not begin to recover
Black_Monday_(1987)
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
reaction, determine the ratios of the other carbon NMR peak integrals to that of the reference carbon. Obtain the same ratios for the carbons in a sample
Kinetic_isotope_effect
Combined debt of all people in a household
relative to the income of the borrower. For example, the U.S. Federal Reserve measures the "household debt service ratio" (DSR), an estimate of the ratio of
Household_debt
Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE ore deposit
attenuation of the trough and structural re-closing. Bas-bas ore can be found up to 40–60 m into the footwall leading from a trough position. Interspinifex
Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits
Kambalda_type_komatiitic_nickel_ore_deposits
was down to 1.6 million. Britain's economy slid into another global recession in late 1990; it shrank by a total of 6% from peak to trough, and unemployment
Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom
Unstable wave
terminology, a breaking wave or breaker is a wave with enough energy to "break" at its peak, reaching a critical level at which linear energy transforms into
Breaking_wave
Antibiotic medication
may be monitored in an effort to reduce side effects, but the value of such monitoring has been questioned. Peak and trough levels are usually monitored
Vancomycin
Study of past and present water on Mars
bounded by troughs that are 20–50 centimetres (7.9–19.7 in) deep. These shapes are due to ice in the soil expanding and contracting due to major temperature
Water_on_Mars
Large body of salt water
Either the trough or the crest of a tsunami can arrive at the coast first. In the former case, the sea draws back and leaves subtidal areas close to the shore
Sea
1956 film by Cecil B. DeMille
water tank split by a U-shaped trough, into which approximately 360,000 gallons of water were released from the sides. To achieve the effect of the parting
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)
Branch of pharmacology
kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration
Pharmacokinetics
Oldest-surviving crustal material from the Hadean Eon
investigations have been carried out to find the absolute age and properties of zircon, for example the isotope ratios, mineral inclusions, and geochemistry
Hadean_zircon
Major river in Asia
immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough, which, having gradually been filled with sediment borne by the Indus and
Ganges
Period after American Civil War (1865–1877)
the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds". According to one businessman, the effect "was to drive capital
Reconstruction_era
Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries)
role of land use change on the development and evolution of the west coast trough, convective clouds, and precipitation in southwest Australia". Journal of
Little_Ice_Age
Weather event in the United States
five died due to exposure on January 6. Other locations across the Midwest received blizzard condition's along the inverted trough to the north and northwest
January_1886_blizzard
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
a small femur length to circumference ratio and two of the slender teeth, and T. regina is more gracile with a high femur ratio and one of the slender
Tyrannosaurus
to lane friction. See release ratio. ROS: See Rev rate optimization score. Rotation: See axis rotation. Roughness: A measure of the microscopic peak-and-valley
Glossary_of_bowling
Classical Kuiper belt object
shown in JPL-Horizons. The "single-peaked" rotation period refers to the peak-to-trough period in Máni's light curve. The single-peaked period is the true
307261_Máni
District of Maharashtra in India
tourist destination, with the peak tourism season from August to February. The most popular tourist activity is hiking to the top of a hill in the sanctuary
Sangli_district
National stock exchange of Thailand, located in Bangkok
P/E ratio (15.3 as of 12 June 2025) is slightly below its rolling 20-year average (15.67 with standard deviation= 2.61). If a P/E ratio drops to 13.06
Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand
Form of precipitation
of the monsoon trough, or Intertropical Convergence Zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall
Rain
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
beginning of the Carboniferous to highs of 25–30% during the Period. This was not a steady rise, but included peaks and troughs reflecting the dynamic climate
Carboniferous
Prior to the Great Recession, the rate was 83.3% in November 2007, then fell to a trough of 80.5% in July 2015, before steadily climbing back to 81.7%
Labor force in the United States
Labor_force_in_the_United_States
glacial trough and often acts as a dam to impound the waters of a lake. rift valley A valley that has formed along a long, narrow continental trough bounded
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
Gliders built by the Wright brothers
surfaces," so as to obtain "a current very nearly constant in direction. The instrument itself was mounted in a long square tube or trough having a glass
Wright_Glider
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
line with the local horizon, experience "tidal troughs". Since it takes nearly 25 hours for the Earth to rotate under the Moon (accounting for the Moon's
Ocean
Snail farming
to provide moisture. Breeding cages need a feed trough and a water trough. Plastic trays a couple of inches deep are adequate; deeper water troughs increase
Heliciculture
sight of the helmsman. See tell-tale. doldrums The equatorial trough, with special reference to the light and variable nature of the winds generally encountered
Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)
Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A–L)
Medical intervention
utilize various I:E ratios—between 1:1.1 and 1:12—to help achieve optimal exhalation. Conventional mechanical breaths are sometimes used to aid in reinflating
High-frequency_ventilation
Opposition to the passage of an electric current
{\mathrm {d} I}}.} If the current–voltage curve is non-monotonic (with peaks and troughs), the curve has a negative slope in some regions—so in these regions
Electrical resistance and conductance
Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Velocity at which the overall shape of a wave's amplitudes propagates
on right) will travel at the group velocity, while the individual peaks and troughs within the envelope will move at the phase velocity. If ω is not a
Group_velocity
Union territory administered by India
trough, enclosed by the Himalayas and the Zanskar Range. Rangdum is the highest inhabited region in the Suru valley, after which the valley rises to 4
Ladakh
Metropolitan area in Georgia, United States of America
winter months when there is an especially deep trough in the jet stream. These events usually do not amount to more than a slight dusting and therefore go
Metro_Atlanta
1760–1840 agrarian to industrial era shift
Steam-powered pumps and iron pipes allowed widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households. Engels' book describes how untreated sewage created
Industrial_Revolution
Vehicle used for carrying cargo or passengers on a rail transport system
(US/Canada) with a tipping trough, often found in mines. See also Tippler. Mine car Mine cart (e.g., V skip wagon). Side dump cars: used to transport roadbed materials
Railroad_car
Type of gender-affirming medical treatment
on trough levels (blood levels drawn just before your next shot). A trough level of 500 ng/dL is sought. (Normal range for a cisgender man is 290 to 900 ng/dL)
Masculinizing_hormone_therapy
Largest moon of Neptune
also appear to be tectonic and may result from an extension or strike-slip faulting. There are long double ridges of ice with central troughs bearing a
Triton_(moon)
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
propagation are: Wave height (vertical distance from trough to crest) wavelength (distance from crest to crest in the direction of propagation) Wave period
Wind_wave
Country in East Asia
formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions
Taiwan
Marginal sea of the northern Indian Ocean
before ultimately falling to roughly 17% by 2010. The peak, nonetheless, represents more than a quadrupling from the 1950 ratio. In this period, India,
Arabian_Sea
List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in agriculture
manger A trough or bin used to hold animal fodder which permits animals to eat from it; or a structure or building containing such troughs, where numerous
Glossary_of_agriculture
Cooling of air in an enclosed space
chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats. Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer
Air_conditioning
steep-sided trough in the ocean floor, usually near or parallel to a mountainous land area or associated with an archipelago, or such a trough when infilled
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
travel, tourism, insurance
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
PEAK TO-TROUGH-RATIO
travel, tourism, insurance