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The Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) is the mechanism used by the UK Department of Health to ensure that the NHS has access to good quality
Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
Pharmaceutical_Price_Regulation_Scheme
Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease
studies. In many jurisdictions, drug prices are regulated. In the UK, the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme is intended to ensure that the National
Medication
Australian Government subsidy for prescription medication
The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a program of the Australian Government that subsidises prescription medication for Australian citizens and
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme
Branch of health policy
uses. In many jurisdictions drug prices are regulated. For example, in the UK the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme is intended to ensure that the
Pharmaceutical_policy
He also led negotiations with the UK Government on the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) when he was head of the ABPI. Until recently he advised
Trevor_M._Jones
insurance scheme, retail prices of pharmaceutical products qualified for the program and included in the National Basic Medical Insurance Scheme Drug Catalogue
Pharmaceutical industry in China
Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China
Price increases perceived as excessive
demand curve. Price gouging became highly prevalent in news media in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, when state price gouging regulations went into effect
Price_gouging
Type of criminal activity
information regarding the efficacy or safety of the drug, and violating pricing regulations. Pharma fraud refers to: Trade involving counterfeit drugs: the practice
Pharmaceutical_fraud
Industry involved with discovery, development, production and marketing of drugs
laws and regulations that govern the patenting, efficacy testing, safety evaluation, and marketing of these drugs. The global pharmaceutical market produced
Pharmaceutical_industry
Access Scheme funding". Pharmaceutical Journal. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017. "A decade of community pharmacy funding in England". Pharmaceutical Journal
Pharmacy in the United Kingdom
Pharmacy_in_the_United_Kingdom
Administration of prescription drug programs in the United States
to obtain lower prices for their prescription drugs. PBMs negotiate price discounts from retail pharmacies, rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers,
Pharmacy_benefit_management
Anticompetitive agreement to control prices
Michael E. (1988). "What's Wrong with Price Fixing: Responding to the New Critics of Antitrust". Regulation. Vol. 12, no. 2 (Summer 1988). American
Price_fixing
Australian legal instrument
dependence The price of many Schedule 4 substances are subsidized by the Australian Government through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), when prescribed
Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons
Medication legally requiring a medical prescription before it can be dispensed
pharmaceutical companies Package insert Pharmacy (shop) Pharmacy automation Pill splitting Prescription drug prices in the United States Regulation of
Prescription_drug
Microeconomic pricing strategy to maximise firm profits
would be extremely limited without price discrimination. The ability of pharmaceutical companies to maintain price differences between countries is often
Price_discrimination
Federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services
drug safety regulation. In 2006, a Congressional committee was appointed by the Institute of Medicine to review pharmaceutical safety regulation in the U
Food_and_Drug_Administration
to a pharmaceutical company. There are several different schemes used to defraud the health care system which are particular to the pharmaceutical industry
Ethics in pharmaceutical sales
Ethics_in_pharmaceutical_sales
Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation
is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel, Switzerland. Novartis is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and
Novartis
Charges for medical prescriptions on the UK NHS, and in Ireland
pharmacist must make the repayment." (Regulation 96 of the NHS (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013). This may apply, for example
Prescription_charges
Preferential trade agreement
in many other major markets. While the scheme is very effective at keeping many drug prices low, pharmaceutical corporations in both the US and Australia
Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
Australia–United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement
education, supervision and regulation of the healthcare system in the country, policymaking, production and distribution of pharmaceuticals, and research and development
Healthcare_in_Iran
United Kingdom government non-ministerial department
Great Britain. It was formed by the merger of the Office of Electricity Regulation (OFFER) and Office of Gas Supply (Ofgas). Ofgem's governing body is the
Ofgem
Form of government regulation on professions or vocations for compensation
Occupational licensing, also called licensure, is a form of government regulation requiring a license to pursue a particular profession or vocation for
Occupational_licensing
British trade group
The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) is the trade association representing companies that research, develop and supply prescription
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
Association_of_the_British_Pharmaceutical_Industry
and social security schemes for India's citizens funded either by the central government, state government or concurrently. Schemes that the central government
List of schemes of the government of India
List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India
Indian lawyer and additional solicitor general
of India, arguing against tax exemptions on expenditures incurred by pharmaceutical companies for providing incentives to medical practitioners for product
Sanjay_Jain_(advocate)
benefit and defined contribution schemes, and there is a developing collective defined contribution model. Regulation is divided between public bodies
Pensions in the United Kingdom
Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom
False medication
A counterfeit medication or a counterfeit drug is a medication or pharmaceutical item which is produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent
Counterfeit_medication
Convicted securities fraudster, short seller and author (born 1970)
massively spiking the prices of drugs to which it had acquired marketing rights. Left followed up with a report focused on pharmaceutical distributor Philidor
Andrew_Left
Economic law of the European Union
the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), as well as a series of Regulations and Directives. Four main policy areas include: Cartels, or control of
European Union competition law
European_Union_competition_law
doctors to work in Australia. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) subsidises certain prescribed pharmaceuticals. The PBS pre-dates Medicare, being
Health_care_in_Australia
Health-care communication from a physician to a pharmacist
pharmacist to use for compounding the pharmaceutical product, but most prescriptions now specify pharmaceutical products that were manufactured and require
Medical_prescription
price regulation mechanism and the centralized tendering drug procurement program are only applicable to the drugs covered by the scheme, the scheme undoubtedly
Medicine_in_China
to regulation under Part 4 of the Commerce Act 1986. There are two main regulatory mechanisms in place; information disclosure regulation and price-quality
Electricity sector in New Zealand
Electricity_sector_in_New_Zealand
Procedures used to analyze water quality
traditional waste water regulations and treatment systems target microorganisms and nutrients, there are no federal standards for pharmaceuticals in drinking water
Water_testing
in another's territory. Territorial allocation scheme results in an absence of competition in prices and choice of products for the affected customers
Dividing_territories
British financial regulator
integrity of the financial markets in the United Kingdom. It focuses on the regulation of conduct by both retail and wholesale financial services firms. Like
Financial_Conduct_Authority
US federal government program
("covered entities") from drug price increases and gave them access to price reductions. This law requires pharmaceutical manufacturers participating in
340B_Drug_Pricing_Program
1980 United States Supreme Court case
asking for an injunction against the State's wine-pricing scheme. The Court of Appeal ruled that the scheme restrains trade in violation of the Sherman Act
California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass'n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc.
California_Retail_Liquor_Dealers_Ass'n_v._Midcal_Aluminum,_Inc.
Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medication
card holders. In Finland, semaglutide is included in the national price regulation scheme and is available by prescription. For people with type 2 diabetes
Semaglutide
Idiom for excessively bureaucratic procedures or regulations
Red tape is excessive or redundant regulation or bureaucratic procedures that create financial or time compliance costs. It is usually associated with
Red_tape
American lawyer and former FTC chairman
settlements in the pharmaceutical industry. These are deals in which a brand-name drug firm pays its potential generic drug rival to prevent price competition
Jon_Leibowitz
prompted by the 1973 oil crisis, were abandoned as fuel prices fell.[citation needed] Only one scheme is operational, in Southampton.[citation needed] In
Renewable energy in the United Kingdom
Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom
to a market where the price of flood insurance fully reflects risk and where properties are more resilient to flooding. The scheme only covers domestic
Insurance in the United Kingdom
Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom
affirmed a lower court's holding that a massive minimum resale price maintenance scheme was unreasonable and thus offended Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust
Unilateral_policy
Area of applied ethics
governing the practice and regulation of marketing. It addresses ethical issues arising in areas such as advertising, promotion, pricing, product development
Marketing_ethics
The following are settlements reached with US authorities against pharmaceutical companies to resolve allegations of "off-label" promotion of drugs. Under
List of off-label promotion pharmaceutical settlements
List_of_off-label_promotion_pharmaceutical_settlements
Form of payment for use of artistic works or other assets
schemes. Most schemes prescribe a minimum amount that the artwork must receive before the artist can invoke resale rights (usually the hammer price or
Royalty_payment
Medical products sold via the Internet
thus violating regulations, and those that engage in fraudulent and deceptive business practices. They sell counterfeit pharmaceuticals through ad hoc
Counterfeit_medicines_online
Pharmacy that operates over the Internet
validation, and follow good distribution practices. Home delivery of pharmaceuticals can be a desirable convenience, but sometimes it can lead to problems
Online_pharmacy
Importation without permission from intellectual property owner
allow it but others do not. Parallel importing of pharmaceuticals reduces the prices of pharmaceuticals by introducing competition; the TRIPS Agreement
Parallel_import
Form of political corruption
regulator gets captured no matter how the regulatory scheme is designed. The implication is that regulation increases the industry's profits rather than the
Regulatory_capture
Olive oil regulation and adulteration are complex issues overseen and studied by various governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations, and private
Olive oil regulation and adulteration
Olive_oil_regulation_and_adulteration
Commodity trade outside of original producer's distribution channel
branded drugs, can have very high prices in comparison to their cost of transport. In addition, pharmaceutical prices can vary significantly between countries
Grey_market
Pure chemical substances produced by and for the chemical industry
subject to a high degree of regulation, even more so than the chemical industry as a whole, particularly if pharmaceutical fine chemical production is
Fine_chemical
Proposed agency of the African Union
Eliangiringa (3 November 2017). "Medicines Regulation in Africa: Current State and Opportunities". Pharmaceutical Medicine. 31 (6): 383–397. doi:10.1007/s40290-017-0210-x
African_Medicines_Agency
Social Security (National Health Insurance) Regulations, 2015. From a relatively early stage of the scheme's life, doubts were expressed about its long
National Health Insurance (British Virgin Islands)
National_Health_Insurance_(British_Virgin_Islands)
Government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places
shortages, emphasize that the strictness of land use regulation is correlated with high housing prices, and recommend zoning reform to address the problem
Zoning
Law pertaining to alcoholic beverages
never introduced, replaced by strict rationing and later by more lax regulation, which included allowing alcohol to be sold on Saturdays. Following the
Alcohol_law
Price levels at which goods and services must be sold
defined as "cost-price + average profit". A production price can be thought of as a type of supply price for products; it refers to the price levels at which
Prices_of_production
higher incomes). In addition to Medicare, there is a separate Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, funded by the federal government, which substantially subsidises
Universal health care by country
Universal_health_care_by_country
Sale of goods or merchandise to retailers rather than end consumers
margin by buying and reselling. They can specialize by product (food, pharmaceuticals, industrial inputs) or by customer segment (construction trades, hospitality
Wholesaling
Explanatory Memorandum to the Sheep Carcase (Classification and Price Reporting) (England) Regulations 2025, SI 837/2025, accessed on 6 November 2025
List of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom, 2025
List_of_statutory_instruments_of_the_United_Kingdom,_2025
Bank operating in the United Kingdom
authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by both the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Chairman: Robert
Metro_Bank_(United_Kingdom)
Good practice guidelines and regulations
commercial setting. They are used in quality guidelines and regulations, including the pharmaceutical and food industries, for example good agricultural practice
Good_practice
Text in a small size
about an item's price or value, or the nutritional content of a food product. In the US, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations state that, for
Fine_print
Bonds issued by the UK government
rapidly reduced, due especially to the decline in defined benefit pension schemes. Since 2009, large quantities of gilts have been created and repurchased
Gilt-edged_securities
Clause in the U.S. constitution
Court upheld federal price regulation of intrastate milk commerce: The commerce power is not confined in its exercise to the regulation of commerce among
Commerce_Clause
Controversy involving exports of crab-eating macaques from Cambodia
and pharmaceutical research and testing. During the COVID-19 era, research demand increased while supply tightened, contributing to higher prices and
Cambodian crab-eating macaque export controversy
Cambodian_crab-eating_macaque_export_controversy
Central bank of Bangladesh
information Implementation of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Managing a deposit insurance scheme The bank's highest official is the governor. His seat
Bangladesh_Bank
United States government agency
inflating the list price of insulin. The agency is seeking to prohibit the PBMs from favoring medicines because certain pharmaceuticals make them more money
Federal_Trade_Commission
Foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA
regulation of GMO development and release varies widely between countries. Marked differences separate GMO regulation in the U.S. and GMO regulation in
Genetically_modified_food
American documentary film
epidemic in the United States, and the political operatives, government regulations and corporations that enable the abuse of opioids, particularly the Sackler
The Crime of the Century (2021 film)
The_Crime_of_the_Century_(2021_film)
Peptide hormone that plays a role in glycemic regulation
approximately 100:1 (insulin:amylin). Amylin plays a role in glycemic regulation by slowing gastric emptying and promoting satiety, thereby preventing
Amylin
Opioid analgesic and recreational drug
years later by chemist Felix Hoffmann. Hoffmann was working at Bayer pharmaceutical company in Elberfeld, Germany, and his supervisor Heinrich Dreser instructed
Heroin
Agricultural artificial application of water to land
irrigation schemes. Frederick Newell, head of the Reclamation Service, proving uncompromising and challenging to work with, falling crop prices, resistance
Irrigation
cost. Needing to compete with these prices, the big-brand pharmaceutical companies were forced to lower their prices. This competition has greatly benefited
Healthcare_in_South_Africa
American personal genomics company
nonprofit public benefit corporation founded by Wojcicki—outbid Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and acquired substantially all of 23andMe's assets for $305 million
23andMe
nationwide under conditions outlined in the Marijuana for Medical Purposes Regulations issued by Health Canada, which regulated medical cannabis effective 30
Cannabis_in_Canada
American standardization organization
and Training for the Seafood / Fishing, Food and Pharmaceutical / Medical Industries". pharmaceutical-technology.com. Retrieved 4 August 2026. "NSF Acquires
National Sanitation Foundation
National_Sanitation_Foundation
CGS: Credit Guarantee Scheme – a scheme introduced in 2008 allowing banks to issue debt guaranteed by the government. The scheme closed in October 2012
2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package
the value of Danish pharmaceutical exports jumped from 136.8 million DKK to 157.7 million DKK in one year. The pharmaceutical industry is still the
Economy_of_Denmark
Political party in Greece
healthcare, Minister for Health Adonis Georgiadis gave complete free pharmaceutical coverage to more than 2.000.000 uninsured citizens, with the cost being
New_Democracy_(Greece)
metric is the median housing affordability ratio; this compares the median price paid for residential property to the median gross annual earnings for full-time
Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom
Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom
1940 United States Supreme Court case
not left with us the determination of whether or not particular price-fixing schemes are wise or unwise, healthy or destructive. It has not permitted
United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.
United_States_v._Socony-Vacuum_Oil_Co.
Sale of goods and services
retail. Pricing strategy and tactics can include discounts, everyday low pricing, high–low pricing, loss leaders, bundling, and psychological pricing, alongside
Retail
Molecule that blocks enzyme activity
Allostery". Real World Drug Discovery: A Chemist's Guide to Biotech and Pharmaceutical Research (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 281–285. ISBN 978-0-08-091488-6
Enzyme_inhibitor
EU-wide goods and services tax policy
meaning that member states have a common invoice framework Regulation of accounts payable Regulation of accounts receivable Standard definition of national
European Union value added tax
European_Union_value_added_tax
Country primarily in North America
especially in artificial intelligence; electronics and computers; pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment. The country's economy
United_States
government information about the approval of Amazon’s acquisition of pharmaceutical company FastAide to Harper. The leak benefits both Jesse financially
List_of_Industry_characters
making of drug formulary, pharmaceutical development, pharmaceutical marketing/sales, conversations with patients, and pharmaceutical counselling, among others
Healthcare_in_Nigeria
Privately pooled investment fund using diverse strategies to seek high returns
January 2010). "Opaque Trading, Disclosure, and Asset Prices: Implications for Hedge Fund Regulation". oxfordjournals.org. Archived from the original on
Hedge_fund
List of specialist courts in the United Kingdom
Boards of fraud and other misconduct by medical, dental, ophthalmic or pharmaceutical practitioners, and considers whether the practitioner should be disqualified
List of tribunals in the United Kingdom
List_of_tribunals_in_the_United_Kingdom
Industrial-grade storage and transport container for fluids and solids
food, as strict hygiene regulations must be observed. The space-saving intermediate bulk containers are used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries
Intermediate_bulk_container
Imposed cost or benefit in economics
of "command and control" regulation (such as enforcing standards and limiting process variables), or environmental pricing reform (such as ecotaxes or
Externality
Canadian businessman (1942–2017)
personally invested in other, non-pharmaceutical businesses. Often these had dubious prospects and turned out to be fraudulent schemes. For example, Sherman put
Barry_Sherman
Australian public company
ASX on 5 December 2003, opening at a price of $3.80 – signifying a 64 per cent premium over the original issue price. IOOF Holdings Ltd changed its name
Insignia_Financial
2022 – Energy Regulation Board". erb.org.zm. Retrieved 31 July 2022. "Energy Regulation Board revises fuel prices amid global oil price surge". lusakatimes
Economy_of_Zambia
Japanese cigarette manufacturing company
addition to tobacco, JT diversified its businesses, establishing the pharmaceutical research institute in 1993 and making a full-scale entry into the food
Japan_Tobacco
Market for risk in the United States
federal regulatory scheme that insurers could opt into from the traditional state system, somewhat analogous to the dual-charter regulation of banks. Although
Insurance in the United States
Insurance_in_the_United_States
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance