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Isotope of plutonium
Plutonium-239 (239 Pu or Pu-239) is an isotope of plutonium. Plutonium-239 is the primary fissile isotope used for the production of nuclear weapons, although
Plutonium-239
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
Thorium–uranium–plutonium was investigated as a nuclear fuel for fast breeder reactors. Trace amounts of plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-240, and plutonium-244
Plutonium
Isotope of plutonium
Plutonium-238 (238 Pu or Pu-238) is a radioactive isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 87.7 years. Plutonium-238 is a very powerful alpha emitter;
Plutonium-238
isotope 239Pu into a number of other isotopes of plutonium that are less fissile or more radioactive. When 239 Pu absorbs a neutron, it does not always undergo
Reactor-grade_plutonium
two major fissile fuels, uranium-235 and plutonium-239; it is also lower than that of short-lived plutonium-241, but bested by very difficult-to-produce
Isotopes_of_uranium
Nuclear research facility in Mumbai, India
primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of plutonium-239 powered nuclear weapons. On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran
Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre
originating from 237Np, alpha decay of 242Cm, or (n,2n) reactions. Plutonium-239 has half-life 24,100 years. 239Pu and 241Pu are fissile; meaning their
Isotopes_of_plutonium
Isotope of plutonium
Plutonium-240 (240 Pu or Pu-240) is an isotope of plutonium formed when plutonium-239 captures a neutron without undergoing fission. The detection of
Plutonium-240
2006 British film
working title. Pu-239 is the chemical symbol for plutonium-239 (239Pu), the most readily fissile isotope of the element plutonium. Timofey Berezin (Paddy
Pu-239_(film)
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
fast neutrons and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced
Uranium
Isotope of uranium
fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239. 238U cannot support a chain reaction because inelastic scattering reduces
Uranium-238
Nuclear material pure enough to be used for nuclear weapons
uranium-235 and plutonium-239 in the element used must be sufficiently high. Uranium from natural sources is enriched by isotope separation, and plutonium is produced
Weapons-grade nuclear material
Weapons-grade_nuclear_material
Environmental contamination by nuclear weapons production
(primarily from plutonium, americium, and uranium) within and outside its boundaries. The contamination primarily resulted from two major plutonium fires in
Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant
Radioactive_contamination_from_the_Rocky_Flats_Plant
Isotope of uranium
superior to plutonium in rare circumstances. It was claimed that if the existing weapons were based on uranium-233 instead of plutonium-239, Livermore
Uranium-233
F-block chemical elements
uranium-238 partially converts to plutonium-239: U 92 238 + n 0 1 ⟶ U 92 239 → 23.5 min β − Np 93 239 → 2.3 days β − Pu 94 239 ( → 2.4 ⋅ 10 4 years α )
Actinide
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
breeder reactors, which convert highly abundant uranium-238 into fissile plutonium-239, without requiring enrichment. It also leads to high burnup: many transuranic
Fast-neutron_reactor
World War II Allied nuclear weapons program
uranium-239, which rapidly decays, first into neptunium-239 and then into plutonium-239. As only a small amount will be transformed, the plutonium must be
Manhattan_Project
Spanish nuclear weapons program (1963–1987)
not until the Palomares Incident of 1966 that Spain would focus on plutonium-239 implosion-type designs. Yet, in 1966, Franco paused the military research
Project_Islero
Core of a nuclear implosion weapon
mass of plutonium, which limited the achievable yield to about 10 kt, or using highly pure plutonium-239 with impractically low level of plutonium-240 contamination
Pit_(nuclear_weapon)
Chemical compound
in particular for the production of pure plutonium-239 from irradiated uranium. This isotope of plutonium is needed to avoid premature ignition of low-mass
Plutonium_hexafluoride
Isotope of plutonium
from isotopic analysis. Unlike plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-240, plutonium-241, and plutonium-242, plutonium-244 is not produced in quantity
Plutonium-244
Substance that can be converted into material for use in nuclear fission
capture include: plutonium-238 which converts into plutonium-239 plutonium-240 which converts into plutonium-241 Some other actinides need more than one neutron
Fertile_material
Nuclear warhead used by the US
have entered US service. It was a compact implosion device containing plutonium-239 as its fissile material, and in its various versions and mods it had
W54
Unused American WWII atom bomb
surrender on 15 August brought the war to a close. The Third Shot was a plutonium-239-based implosion bomb of the "Fat Man" design, similar to the bomb that
Third_Shot
Electrical generator that uses heat from radioactive decay
insoluble. The plutonium-238 used in these RTGs has a half-life of 87.74 years, in contrast to the 24,110 year half-life of plutonium-239 used in nuclear
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
Italian-American nuclear physicist and radiochemist (1905–1989)
There, Segrè helped discover the element astatine and the isotope plutonium-239, which was later used to make the Fat Man nuclear bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Emilio_Segrè
completion 2015. FBTR – 40 MW Fast Breeder Test Reactor, uses mixed (plutonium and uranium) carbide fuel KAMINI –30 kW, uses U-233 fuel Tehran – AMF
List of nuclear research reactors
List_of_nuclear_research_reactors
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
enriched uranium Plutonium-239, bred from uranium-238 by neutron capture with intermediate decays steps omitted. Plutonium-241, bred from plutonium-240 directly
Fissile_material
India's nuclear energy programme envisioned by Homi J. Bhabha
fuel made from plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission
India's three-stage nuclear power programme
India's_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme
Nuclear energy extracted from thorium isotopes
difficult to weaponize the uranium-233 that is bred in the reactor. Plutonium-239 is produced at much lower levels and can be consumed in thorium reactors
Thorium-based_nuclear_power
mass number, which is 235); and 239Pu, also known as plutonium-239, or "49" (from "94" and "239"). Uranium's most common isotope, 238U, is fissionable
Nuclear_weapon_design
Thermal power station where the heat source is a nuclear reactor
from mined uranium. All reactors breed some plutonium-239, which is found in the spent fuel, and because Pu-239 is the preferred material for nuclear weapons
Nuclear_power_plant
Isotope of uranium
engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium-239 as the fissile component of the primary stage; however, HEU (highly
Uranium-235
Island in the Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands
estimated 73,000 m3 (95,000 cu yd) of radioactive debris, including some plutonium-239. The debris stems from nuclear tests conducted in the Enewetak Atoll
Runit_Island
1957 nuclear accident in England
daughter yttrium-90, 9.12 TBq (4.0 kg) of plutonium-239 (half-life 24,100 years), 1.14 TBq (0.29 g) of plutonium-241 (half-life 14 years) as well as smaller
Windscale_fire
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
weapons production and research. Fissile nuclei (primarily uranium-235 or plutonium-239) absorb single neutrons and split, releasing energy and multiple neutrons
Nuclear_reactor
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
is captured by a uranium-238 atom to breed plutonium-239, but this energy is emitted if the plutonium-239 is later fissioned. On the other hand, so-called
Nuclear_fission
First detonation of a nuclear weapon
of Nagasaki (Fat Man), was based on plutonium. The original design considered for a weapon based on plutonium-239 was Thin Man, in which (as in the Little
Trinity_(nuclear_test)
Illicit acts involving radioactive material
activist Karen Silkwood found herself exposed to plutonium-239 after working to grind and polish plutonium pellets by way of a glovebox to be used in nuclear
Crimes involving radioactive substances
Crimes_involving_radioactive_substances
German-born British physicist and atomic spy (1911–1988)
process for enriching uranium that he worked on. The critical masses for plutonium-239 and uranium-235, which had taken the United States considerable time
Klaus_Fuchs
Nuclear reactor generating more fissile material than it consumes
capturing fast neutrons from the reaction in the core, converts to fissile plutonium-239 (as is some of the uranium in the core), which is then reprocessed and
Breeder_reactor
Secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project
gram per hour for plutonium-239. This meant that reactor-bred plutonium was unsuitable for use in a gun-type weapon. The plutonium-240 would start the
Project_Y
Substance that can explode
as nuclear energy, such as in the fissile isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239. Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand
Explosive
First industrial-scale nuclear reactor
part of its natural uranium fuel into plutonium-239 by neutron activation, for use in nuclear weapons. Pure plutonium was then chemically separated at the
B_Reactor
Subject of radiation experiment (1887–1966)
sprayed in the face with liquid plutonium chloride, causing him to accidentally swallow some. Plutonium-238 and plutonium-239 are exceedingly difficult to
Albert_Stevens
Code reference for the US Army Air Forces' role in the Manhattan Project
Site production reactors came on-line in early 1944, the mix of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 obtained was found to have a high rate of spontaneous fission
Silverplate
1945 attacks in Japan during WWII
construct the production facilities necessary to produce uranium-235 and plutonium-239. This work was consolidated within the newly created Manhattan Engineer
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
Isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons
In comparison, the 20 moles of plutonium in a nuclear bomb consists of about 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) of plutonium-239. Since tritium undergoes radioactive
Tritium
Chemical element with atomic number 43 (Tc)
yields of technetium, such as 4.9% from uranium-233 and 6.21% from plutonium-239. An estimated 49,000 TBq (78 metric tons) of technetium was produced
Technetium
materials for nuclear weapons applications have been uranium-235 and plutonium-239. Less commonly used has been uranium-233. Neptunium-237 and some isotopes
Nuclear_weapon
Type of nuclear fuel
decays, uranium-238 becomes plutonium-239, which, by successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240, plutonium-241, plutonium-242, and (after further beta
MOX_fuel
1946 nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll
If all the neutrons released by the fission of 2 pounds (0.91 kg) of plutonium-239 were captured by sodium-23, 0.4 pounds (0.18 kg) of sodium-24 would
Operation_Crossroads
Material used to produce nuclear energy
material", consisting of enriched uranium (U-235), uranium-233, and plutonium-239. Uranium ore concentrates are considered to be a "source material",
Nuclear_material
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
plutonium gun-type fission weapon called "Thin Man". Initial research on the properties of plutonium was done using cyclotron-generated plutonium-239
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
U.S. Department of Energy reservation in South Carolina
materials used in the fabrication of nuclear weapons, primarily tritium and plutonium-239, by irradiating target materials with neutrons in nuclear reactor. Five
Savannah_River_Plant
World's first human-made nuclear reactor
fissile. If so, then plutonium-239 was likely to be fissile. In May 1941, Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg produced 28 μg of plutonium-239 in the 60-inch (150 cm)
Chicago_Pile-1
Radioactive isotope of strontium
uranium-233, but only 2.0% from plutonium-239 (commercial reactors derive energy both from uranium-235 and plutonium-239 in comparable amounts).[citation
Strontium-90
Type of British nuclear reactor
was designed with the dual purpose of producing electrical power and plutonium-239 for the nascent nuclear weapons programme in Britain. The name refers
Magnox
Radioisotope that is man-made and is not found in nature
artificial radioactivity enabled the development of nuclear weapons based on plutonium-239, including the Fat Man atomic bomb. In the modern day, synthetic radioisotopes
Synthetic_radioisotope
Defunct American nuclear production site
000 MW on them. Since plutonium‑239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, AEC chairman Gordon Dean calculated that sufficient plutonium would be produced by
Hanford_Site
Process of manufacturing and using nuclear fuel
capture of 238U is likely to generate new plutonium-239. An advantage of mixing the actinides with uranium and plutonium is that the large fission cross sections
Nuclear_fuel_cycle
Nuclear weapon (development abandoned)
"Thin Man" was the code name for a proposed plutonium-fueled gun-type nuclear bomb that the United States partially developed during the Manhattan Project
Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb and also that plutonium-239 could not be used in the Thin man bomb, the implosive lens project was
John_von_Neumann
Chemical element with atomic number 93 (Np)
is a by-product of nuclear reactors and plutonium production. This isotope, and the isotope neptunium-239, are also found in trace amounts in uranium
Neptunium
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
be used to breed weapons-grade plutonium or uranium for an atomic bomb (for example, by transmutation of 238 U to 239 Pu, or 232 Th to 233 U). A study
Fusion_power
Conversion of an atom from one element to another
(transmutation to fissile plutonium-241 does occur, but at lower rates than production of more plutonium-240 from neutron capture by plutonium-239) nor fissile with
Nuclear_transmutation
Device for testing fissionable materials
study the nuclear characteristics of uranium-233, uranium-235, and plutonium-239 in spherical geometries surrounded by a relatively thick natural uranium
Flattop_(critical_assembly)
Radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts
reactions induced by natural radioactivity, such as the production of plutonium-239 and uranium-236 from neutron capture by natural uranium. The elements
Trace_radioisotope
Regulations for uses of radioactive materials
and ships. Nuclear weapons Fissionable fuels such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 and their extraction, storage and use Radioactive materials used for
Nuclear_safety_and_security
Classification of fissile nuclear material
or 15 grams of plutonium-239 or the combination of 15 grams when computed by the equation grams = (grams contained U-235) + (grams Pu-239) + (grams U-233);
Special_nuclear_material
Certified reference material sample in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide, price per plutonium-239 contained. This source also lists price of Americium-243
Prices_of_chemical_elements
Plutonium present within the environment
mid-20th century, plutonium in the environment has been primarily produced by human activity. The first plants to produce plutonium for use in Cold War
Plutonium_in_the_environment
absorbs a neutron, it becomes uranium-239 which decays into neptunium-239, and finally the relatively stable plutonium-239, which is fissile like uranium-235
History_of_nuclear_weapons
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
worse (more captures without fission) in most nuclear fuels such as plutonium-239, making epithermal-spectrum reactors using these fuels less desirable
Neutron_temperature
1958 nuclear accident at Los Alamos, New Mexico
capacity, stainless-steel mixing tank. The tank contained residual plutonium-239 (239Pu) from other experiments and applications, along with various
Cecil Kelley criticality accident
Cecil_Kelley_criticality_accident
Process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground
the dominant isotope in natural uranium, uranium-238, into fissile plutonium-239. This results in a hundredfold increase in the amount of energy to be
Uranium_mining
Smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction
precise estimates of critical masses of plutonium isotopes than the approximate values given above, because plutonium metal has a large number of different
Critical_mass
U.S. atomic bomb type used at Nagasaki, 1945
in the form of the isotope plutonium-240. This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than plutonium-239. The cyclotron-produced isotopes
Fat_Man
American physicist (1901–1958)
neptunium-238, which decayed by beta emission to form plutonium-238. One of its isotopes, plutonium-239, could undergo nuclear fission, which provided another
Ernest_Lawrence
Nuclear research facility in Ontario, Canada
including NRX, Uranium-238 is converted to Plutonium-239 in the fuel rods. For the weapons material programme, plutonium needed to be extracted from dozens of
Chalk_River_Laboratories
calculation of annual limits of intake for plutonium-239 in man using a bone model which allows for plutonium burial and recycling". Phys Med Biol. 24 (3):
Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation
Power_Reactor_and_Nuclear_Fuel_Development_Corporation
Russian program to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II
the problem of uranium isotope separation in making a bomb. Instead, Plutonium-239 could be used, which could be produced in a uranium-graphite pile through
Soviet_atomic_bomb_project
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
lifted out of the way, more neutrons strike the fissile uranium-235 or plutonium-239 nuclei in nearby fuel rods, and the chain reaction intensifies. All
Light-water_reactor
First person injected with plutonium (1890 – 1953)
and was the first person to be injected with Plutonium-239. In order to test the migration of plutonium through his body, subsequently 15 of Cade's teeth
Ebb_Cade
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
fissile materials pathways being simultaneously pursued—uranium-235 or plutonium-239—would be successful, or if there were significant differences between
Little_Boy
Decommissioned nuclear reactor in Tennessee, US
so, then plutonium-239 was likely to be fissile. Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg at the University of California produced 28 μg of plutonium in the 60-inch
X-10_Graphite_Reactor
injected with plutonium. In 1946, six employees of a Chicago metallurgical lab were given water that was contaminated with plutonium-239 so that researchers
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States
American chemist (1912–1999)
uranium-238 to plutonium-239 in a controlled nuclear chain reaction. Seaborg's role was to figure out how to extract the tiny bit of plutonium from the mass
Glenn_T._Seaborg
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
These layers of beryllium are good "pushers" for the implosion of the plutonium-239, and they are good neutron reflectors, just as in beryllium-moderated
Beryllium
World War II operations
unsuccessful, the approach chosen has been demonstrated as technically viable. Plutonium-239 (239Pu) makes effective weapons material, although it requires an implosion-type
Norwegian heavy water sabotage
Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage
Deep geological repository for radioactive waste
(Bq) per cubic meter of air of americium-241 and 0.014 Bq of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 per cubic meter of air (equivalent to 0.64 and 0.014 radioactive
Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant
Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer 1940: Pu-239 isotope (isotope of plutonium) a form of matter existing with the capacity for use as a
Timeline of historic inventions
Timeline_of_historic_inventions
British nuclear weapons research during WW2
amounts of plutonium-239 as a by-product. This is because uranium-238 absorbs slow neutrons and forms a short-lived new isotope, uranium-239. The new isotope's
Tube_Alloys
World's first continuous fast-neutron reactor
were 49'ers, as 49 (last digits of element 94, isotope 239) was one of the code names for plutonium at the time. The primary goal of Clementine was to determine
Clementine_(nuclear_reactor)
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
300 years to multiples of 20,000 years, referring to the half-life of Plutonium-239 which contaminates the central portion of the Zone. In the years following
Chernobyl_disaster
Agent directly involved in causing cancer
a group of human beings injected with plutonium (PDF). Workshop on the biological effects and toxicity of Pu 239 and Ra 226. Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas
Carcinogen
Energy per volume
conditions 74680115100 Depends on conditions 6LiD → 24He Used in weapons. Plutonium-239 83610000 1300000000–1,700,000,000 (depends on crystallographic phase)
Energy_density
Type of nuclear fuel
successive beta decays until it is transmuted to plutonium-239. This internally produced plutonium increases in percentage until it is common enough
Remix_Fuel
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
separating plutonium-239 and neptunium from uranium, thorium, actinium, and the other actinides in the materials produced in nuclear reactors. Plutonium-239 was
Rare-earth_element
When one nuclear reaction causes more
result of neutron capture, uranium-239 is produced, which undergoes two beta decays to become plutonium-239. Plutonium once occurred as a primordial element
Nuclear_chain_reaction
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
Girl/Female
Australian, Spanish
Of the Nobility
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; possibly of French origin.
Boy/Male
French, German, Polish
Long
Boy/Male
British, English
Old Leader
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Slender; Beautiful Body
Boy/Male
Vietnamese
Play.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Bird, Uncle of kauravas (Younger brother of Gandhari; maternal uncle of Duryodhana; An expert dice player.)
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Mighty; Powerful; A King of Ancient Bharata
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Ruston.Norwegian : habitational name from any of several farmsteads in eastern Norway named from rust ‘slope with trees’, ‘hill’, ‘ridge’.
Boy/Male
Tamil
The Moon
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
PLUTONIUM 239
a.
Relating to what is now called the Plutonic theory of the earth, first advanced by Dr. James Hutton.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or designating, the system of the Plutonists; igneous; as, the Plutonic theory.
n.
The science which treats of phenomena due to plutonic action, as in volcanoes, hot springs, etc.
n.
The theory, early advanced in geology, that the successive rocks of the earth's crust were formed by igneous fusion; -- opposed to the Neptunian theory.
a.
Of or pertaining to Pluto; Plutonian; hence, pertaining to the interior of the earth; subterranean.
n.
One who adopts the geological theory of igneous fusion; a Plutonian. See Plutonism.
n.
A Plutonist.
n.
The doctrines or philosophy by Plato or of his followers.
n.
An elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the universe; sometimes, imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions.
a.
Plutonic.
n.
An element of the chromium group, found in certain rare minerals, as pitchblende, uranite, etc., and reduced as a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal which is quite permanent. Its yellow oxide is used to impart to glass a delicate greenish-yellow tint which is accompanied by a strong fluorescence, and its black oxide is used as a pigment in porcelain painting. Symbol U. Atomic weight 239.