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Reactor-grade plutonium (RGPu) is the isotopic grade of plutonium that is found in spent nuclear fuel after the uranium-235 primary fuel that a nuclear
Reactor-grade_plutonium
Nuclear material pure enough to be used for nuclear weapons
weapons-grade plutonium. Such operation is not possible with the light water reactors most commonly used to produce electric power. In these the reactor must
Weapons-grade nuclear material
Weapons-grade_nuclear_material
Isotope of plutonium
purpose. Plutonium-239 is also one of the three isotopes that have been demonstrated to be usable as fuel in thermal spectrum nuclear reactors, along with
Plutonium-239
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade (weapons-grade, fuel-grade
Plutonium
Isotope of plutonium
barrier for weapons construction; see the article Reactor-grade plutonium. Burnup Isotopes of plutonium Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S
Plutonium-240
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
reprocessing, which can be redirected to produce weapons-grade plutonium. As of 2025[update], every fast reactor has used a liquid metal coolant, typically sodium-cooled
Fast-neutron_reactor
Russian fast breeder nuclear reactor, operating since 2016
Oblast, Russia. The reactor is designed to generate 880 MW of electrical power. The plant was considered part of the weapons-grade Plutonium Management and
BN-800_reactor
Isotope of plutonium
series to lead-206. Historically, most plutonium-238 has been produced by Savannah River in their weapons reactor, by irradiating neptunium-237 (half life
Plutonium-238
Nuclear energy extracted from thorium isotopes
the reactor. Plutonium-239 is produced at much lower levels and can be consumed in thorium reactors. Thorium was first used in a commercial reactor in
Thorium-based_nuclear_power
2000 nuclear agreement
were required to render 34 tons of weapons grade plutonium, into reactor grade plutonium alongside reaching the spent fuel standard, that is mixed with
Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement
Plutonium_Management_and_Disposition_Agreement
Plutonium consisting of more than about 90% 239Pu is called weapons-grade plutonium; plutonium from spent nuclear fuel from commercial power reactors
Isotopes_of_plutonium
Type of British nuclear reactor
of fuel-grade (reactor-grade) plutonium, with the aid of the B205 reprocessing facility. The low-to-interim burnup feature of the reactor design would become
Magnox
Category of elements in spent nuclear fuel
create weapons-grade plutonium. Because the reactor-grade plutonium contains so much 241Pu, the presence of 241Am makes the plutonium less suitable for
Minor_actinide
Spent fuel reprocessing process for plutonium and uranium recovery
PUREX (plutonium uranium reduction extraction) is a chemical method used to purify fuel for nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. It is based on liquid–liquid
PUREX
Nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor
weapons. If the reactor has been used normally, the plutonium is reactor-grade, not weapons-grade: it contains more than 19% 240Pu and less than 80% 239Pu
Spent_nuclear_fuel
Indian fast breeder nuclear reactor design
Kalpakkam Mini reactor (KAMINI) and Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR). The PFBR is designed to generate electricity and breed plutonium-239 in a uranium-238
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor
Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor
Type of nuclear reactor, CO2 or He cooled
reactor Magnox reactors were designed to be dual use, producing both power and weapons-grade plutonium. Later designs instead produced reactor-grade plutonium
Gas-cooled_reactor
R&D Complex in Nilore, Islamabad.
on understanding and producing first the reactor-grade plutonium and eventually to military-grade plutonium from the spent fuel rods by undergoing a chemical
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
Pakistan_Institute_of_Nuclear_Science_&_Technology
Nuclear reactor design
coolant loop between the reactor and the turbines. IFRs and light-water reactors (LWRs) both produce reactor grade plutonium – which even at high burnups
Integral_fast_reactor
Radioisotope production reactor
generator of weapons-grade plutonium-bearing spent fuel for its nuclear weapons program. Originally named the R-5, this open pool reactor first went critical
Dhruva_reactor
Former industrial facility in Washington state, US
uranium-oxide (MOX) fuel for Hanford's Fast Flux Test Facility and reactor-grade plutonium. Plutonium was valuable, and reducing waste saved landfill dispatches
Plutonium_Finishing_Plant
Research reactor in Trombay, India
5 kg of plutonium a year. CIRUS was shut down in September 1997 for refurbishment and was scheduled to resume operation in 2003. The reactor was brought
CIRUS_reactor
American nuclear reactor design
weapons grade plutonium, as the reactor design can handle a full inventory of MOX plutonium. After the Cold War ended, 100 tons of surplus weapons grade plutonium
System_80
Nuclear reactor generating more fissile material than it consumes
fast reactors can operate as transmuters, converters or breeders. Mixed-oxide fuel combines uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide. Its plutonium content
Breeder_reactor
Power generated from nuclear reactions
the building of larger single-purpose production reactors for the production of weapons-grade plutonium for use in the first nuclear weapons. The United
Nuclear_power
Chemical compound
Nuclear Weapon Archive. 4.1.7.1.2.1 Plutonium Oxide. Retrieved 20 October 2017. The critical mass of reactor grade plutonium is about 13.9 kg (unreflected)
Plutonium(IV)_oxide
Type of nuclear reactor design
fission reaction in the uranium. Thorium reactors can generate power from the plutonium residue left by uranium reactors. Thorium does not require significant
Accelerator-driven subcritical reactor
Accelerator-driven_subcritical_reactor
Process of manufacturing and using nuclear fuel
with neutrons. Examples of such materials include uranium and plutonium. Most nuclear reactors use a moderator to lower the kinetic energy of the neutrons
Nuclear_fuel_cycle
Nuclear site in Cumbria, England
Windscale reactors (the "Windscale Piles") and the associated First Generation Reprocessing Plant, producing the first British weapons grade plutonium-239,
Sellafield
Chemical separation of spent nuclear fuel
levels using reactor-grade plutonium. Moreover, reactors that are capable of frequent refueling can be used to produce weapons-grade plutonium, which can
Nuclear_reprocessing
Uranium recovered from spent nuclear fuel reprocessing
tons) of spent fuel into 11 tonnes (11 long tons; 12 short tons) reactor grade plutonium (for immediate further processing into MOX fuel) and 1,045 tonnes
Reprocessed_uranium
Defunct American nuclear production site
the Hanford Engineer Works and B Reactor, the first full-scale plutonium production reactor in the world. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used
Hanford_Site
Canadian heavy water nuclear reactor design
composition of plutonium contained in spent fuel is far from weapons-grade, but the ability to load and unload fuel while the reactor is operating allows
CANDU_reactor
Conversion of an atom from one element to another
used nuclear fuel. Weapons-grade and reactor-grade plutonium can be used in plutonium–thorium fuels, with weapons-grade plutonium being the one that shows
Nuclear_transmutation
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten salt
A molten-salt reactor (MSR) is a class of nuclear fission reactor in which the primary nuclear reactor coolant and/or the fuel is a mixture of molten salt
Molten-salt_reactor
Type of nuclear fuel
reactor. One attraction of MOX fuel is that it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium, an alternative to storage of surplus plutonium,
MOX_fuel
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
uranium-235 or plutonium-239) absorb single neutrons and split, releasing energy and multiple neutrons, which can induce further fission. Reactors stabilize
Nuclear_reactor
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
neutrons and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from
Uranium
Heavy water reactor in Arak, Iran
redesign the IR-40 reactor, with assistance from the P5+1, to minimize its plutonium production and avoid production of weapons-grade plutonium. Iran also agreed
IR-40
First industrial-scale reactor in the Soviet Union
The A-1 was the first nuclear reactor in the Soviet Union for the industrial production of weapons-grade plutonium, built and operated at the Mayak Production
A-1_(nuclear_reactor)
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
into primary fission bombs, such as reactor grade plutonium. This physical fact thus causes ordinary non-weapons grade materials to become of concern in
Neutron_temperature
U.S. Department of Energy reservation in South Carolina
primarily tritium and plutonium-239, by irradiating target materials with neutrons in nuclear reactors. Five heavy water reactors were built on the site
Savannah_River_Plant
When one nuclear reaction causes more
enriched. The enrichment process does not apply to plutonium. Reactor-grade plutonium is created as a byproduct of neutron interaction between two different
Nuclear_chain_reaction
Type of nuclear fuel
mixed with between 4% and 7% reactor grade plutonium oxide. Only a few Generation II and about half of Generation III reactor designs are MOX fuel compliant
Remix_Fuel
Unusable radioactive materials
plutonium are nuclear weapons materials, there are proliferation concerns. Ordinarily (in spent nuclear fuel), plutonium is reactor-grade plutonium.
Radioactive_waste
Breeder reactor in Tamil Nadu, India
Test Reactor (FBTR) is a 40 MWt loop type, sodium cooled fast breeder reactor located at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India, using a mixture of Plutonium Carbide
Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor
Nuclear reactor in Fujian province, China
used to produce weapons grade plutonium for nuclear weapon manufacturing purposes. Al Jazeera reported in 2021 that the reactors are controversial because
CFR-600
Nuclear reactor design
graphite-moderated RBMK as a reactor capable of producing both large amounts of electric power and weapons-grade plutonium without the need for heavy water
Pressurized heavy-water reactor
Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor
US Department of Energy reservation in South Carolina
the production of weapon-grade plutonium. Under the terms of the agreement, Russia's three active plutonium-producing reactors were to be converted to
Savannah_River_Site
Nuclear research complex in Khushab, Pakistan
commenced in 1985 to produce plutonium, deutrium, and tritium. Various organizations have built and contributed in building the reactor and is commonly called
Khushab_Nuclear_complex
Nuclear research facility in Mumbai, India
in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U. Purnima-I is a plutonium oxide fuelled 1 MWTh pulsed-fast reactor that was built starting in 1970 and went critical
Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre
Nuclear energy company
join the Surplus Plutonium Utilization Program. The program converts designated surplus plutonium material into fuel for advanced reactors, and Oklo paired
Newcleo
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
shutting down the reactor, a factor significant for production of weapon-grade plutonium and, in a civilian context, for better reactor uptime. When a fuel
RBMK
this process separately recovers the reactor grade plutonium for other uses, fueling the heavy water reactor with the uranium content of the spent fuel
Nuclear_power_in_China
International agreement on the nuclear program of Iran
(235 U) and plutonium 239 (239 Pu). Both uranium 233 (233 U) and reactor-grade plutonium have also been used. The amount of uranium or plutonium needed depends
Iran_nuclear_deal
Isotope of uranium
isotope plutonium-239 can similarly fission or not on absorbing a thermal neutron, the latter giving plutonium-240, a major component of reactor-grade plutonium
Uranium-236
Very small nuclear reactor of 1-20 MW capacity
A nuclear microreactor is a type of nuclear reactor which can be easily assembled and transported by road, rail or air. Microreactors are 100 to 1,000
Nuclear_microreactor
Closed nuclear power plant in France
went critical. It was fueled with 931 kg of reactor grade plutonium with around 77% Pu-239 (weapons grade is at least 93%). The fuel load is capable of
Superphénix
(albeit only as reactor-grade plutonium, and therefore of limited military usefulness). Accordingly, CANDU reactors, like most power reactors in the world
Canada and weapons of mass destruction
Canada_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Isotope of uranium
240 Pu, which determines the "grade" of produced plutonium, ranging from weapons grade, through reactor grade, to plutonium so high in 240 Pu that it cannot
Uranium-238
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
as a breeder reactor: thorium goes in, fissile products come out. Reactors that use the uranium-plutonium fuel cycle require fast reactors to sustain breeding
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
that can produce the by-products of plutonium in varying qualities and grades of plutonium. The reactor-grade plutonium is produced at the Karachi Nuclear
Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan
Process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground
of a nuclear fuel cycle using fast-neutron reactors since reprocessed uranium and reactor-grade plutonium both have isotopic compositions not optimal
Uranium_mining
the plutonium core, or impurities in the plutonium itself, among other factors. A fizzle can also result from the use of reactor grade plutonium rather
2006 North Korean nuclear test
2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test
2017 unusual increase of airborne radioactivity in Europe
rate of from 0.39% to 3.103% of every fission of a nucleus of uranium or plutonium respectively, is by contrast generally in metallic form, with a high boiling
Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017
Airborne_radioactivity_increase_in_Europe_in_autumn_2017
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
light-water-cooled, graphite-moderated RBMK, a reactor type originally envisioned to allow both production of weapons grade plutonium and large amounts of usable heat
Neutron_moderator
Failed attempt by the Empire of Japan to develop nuclear technology
approximately 1,200 nuclear warheads in Okinawa. Significant amounts of reactor-grade plutonium are created as a by-product of the nuclear energy industry. During
Japanese nuclear weapons programs
Japanese_nuclear_weapons_programs
1998 series of Indian nuclear weapons tests
III: An experimental linear implosion fission device that used reactor-grade plutonium, yielding 0.3 kt Group-II: Shakti IV: A 0.5 kt experimental fission
Pokhran-II
Indian fast breeder nuclear reactor design
Breeder Reactor-600 (FBR-600) or Indian Fast Breeder Reactor (IFBR) or Commercial Fast Breeder Reactor (CFBR) is a 600-MWe fast breeder nuclear reactor design
FBR-600
reactors that can run on natural uranium, and generate weapons-grade plutonium. Following the U.S. Congress's rejection of U.S. funding for reactor construction
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
On 26 April 1986, reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located near Pripyat in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union, exploded. The accident
Chernobyl_disaster
1981 Israeli airstrike on an Iraqi nuclear reactor
ensure that Iraq would not be able to produce weapons-grade plutonium. An examination of the reactor by Harvard physicist Richard Wilson after the attack
Operation_Opera
Code name for Pakistan's nuclear bomb program
The reactor was put on test in the early 1980s and was processed at ~50% efficiency; the reactor produced the first batch of weapon-grade plutonium.[citation
Project-706
World's first human-made nuclear reactor
the plutonium project. Its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium, to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from
Chicago_Pile-1
World's atomic warhead designs, 1945–present
estimated to have 800 kg of separated reactor-grade plutonium, with a total amount of 8,300 kg of civilian plutonium, enough for approximately 1,000 nuclear
List_of_nuclear_weapons
1957 nuclear accident in England
uranium metal plant at Springfields in Lancashire, and nuclear reactors and plutonium processing facilities at Windscale in Cumbria. He established his
Windscale_fire
Isotope of uranium
Savannah River Site in reactors that were designed for the production of plutonium-239. Uranium-233 has been used as fuel in several reactor types and has been
Uranium-233
Pair of research nuclear reactors in Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
only 100 grams (0.22 lb) of plutonium, which is insufficient for an amount for fissile material (weapons-grade plutonium). The PARR-I went critical with
Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor
Pakistan_Atomic_Research_Reactor
Pakistani nuclear engineer (1926–1999)
efforts were directed towards concentrated production of reactor-grade to weapon-grade plutonium while remained associated with nation's key national security
Munir_Ahmad_Khan
Substance that can be converted into material for use in nuclear fission
the reactor which can be converted into fissile material by one neutron capture include: plutonium-238 which converts into plutonium-239 plutonium-240
Fertile_material
Core of a nuclear implosion weapon
being of greatest interest, due to the cost of plutonium and trouble ramping up the Hanford reactors. The efficiency of the hollow pits can be further
Pit_(nuclear_weapon)
Indian government agency
plutonium and reprocessed uranium from spent nuclear fuel. As the technology can be used both for high burnup fuel yielding reactor grade plutonium for
Heavy_Water_Board
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
other ways. The energetic neutrons from a fusion reactor could be used to breed weapons-grade plutonium or uranium for an atomic bomb (for example, by transmutation
Fusion_power
Dual use graphite-moderated reactor, in operation since 1963, expected shutdown in 2010
graphite-moderated reactor. The reactor was dual-purpose - producing weapons-grade plutonium and providing heat and electricity. The RBMK series nuclear reactors are
ADE-2
underground, 200 t Fission experimental device, reportedly made with reactor-grade plutonium. Probably a fusion boosted design without the fusion fuel, 0.3 kt
List of nuclear weapons tests of India
List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_India
Canadian-American mathematician (1913–1997)
Pugwash Conferences, and wrote a paper dispelling the myth that reactor-grade plutonium could not be used for nuclear weapons. Mark was member of the American
J._Carson_Mark
Process of dismantling a nuclear facility
and US$640 billion for dismantling all military reactors for the production of weapons-grade plutonium, research fuel facilities, nuclear reprocessing
Nuclear_decommissioning
Nuclear reprocessing plant in Russia
plutonium production, yielding 31 tons of weapons-grade plutonium, out of the Soviet Union's all-time production of 145 tons. The other six reactors primarily
Mayak
Secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project
spontaneous fission in plutonium bred in a nuclear reactor was too great due to the presence of plutonium-240 and would cause a predetonation, a nuclear chain
Project_Y
Nuclear reactor, Oak Ridge 1965–1969
The Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) was an experimental molten-salt reactor research reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge
Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment
Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment
Alloy used in nuclear weapon pits
Plutonium–gallium alloy (Pu–Ga) is an alloy of plutonium and gallium used in nuclear weapon pits, the component of a nuclear weapon where the fission chain
Plutonium–gallium_alloy
Form of water
first experimental atomic reactor (1942), as well as the Manhattan Project Hanford production reactors that produced the plutonium for the Trinity test and
Heavy_water
Concept in economics
primarily nuclear reprocessing using the PUREX process which yields reactor grade plutonium for use in MOX-fuel as well as reprocessed uranium. In addition
Waste_valorization
international input, has been modifying the reactor design to limit its plutonium output, and the reactor has not yet become operational. A heavy water
Nuclear_program_of_Iran
Laboratory in Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States
afternoon of November 8, 2011, in the Zero Power Physics Reactor (ZPPR), a container leaked "plutonium-related" materials, when it was opened by one of the
Idaho_National_Laboratory
Nuclear weapons security pact
the UK-produced plutonium was used in 1962 by the US for the only known nuclear weapon test of reactor-grade plutonium. The plutonium sent to the US included
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
US–UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement
Nuclear power plant component
the vessel through the reactor vessel head. The fuel assembly of nuclear fuel usually consisting of uranium or uranium–plutonium mixes. It is usually a
Reactor_pressure_vessel
Nuclear reactor design company
producing plutonium-239. Over time, enough fuel is bred in the area surrounding the core that it can undergo fission, enabling a steady-state reactor composition
TerraPower
their nuclear program, that the completed reactor was capable of producing 9–10 kg of weapons-grade plutonium, enough for up to two nuclear weapons, annually
Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran
Smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction
Plutonium-238, U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Scientific & Technical Information Amory B. Lovins, Nuclear weapons and power-reactor plutonium,
Critical_mass
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REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
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REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
REACTOR GRADE-PLUTONIUM
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