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Potential graphene applications include lightweight, thin, and flexible electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial
Potential applications of graphene
Potential_applications_of_graphene
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
Graphene (/ˈɡræfiːn/) is a variety of the element carbon which occurs naturally in small amounts. In graphene, the carbon forms a sheet of interlocked
Graphene
Research of materials
November 2011. "Applications of Graphene under Development". understandingnano.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-21. "The 'new age' of super materials"
Materials_science
Security-focused, Android-based mobile operating system
GrapheneOS (/ˈɡræfiːn.oʊˈɛs/) is an open-source mobile operating system focused on security and privacy, available for Google Pixel and future Motorola
GrapheneOS
High-capacity electrochemical capacitor
conductivity. As of 2012[update], a new development used graphene sheets directly as electrodes without collectors for portable applications. In one embodiment
Supercapacitor
Uses for technology on very small scales
make it difficult to densify batteries due to the potential dangers of heat and explosion. Graphene batteries being tested in experimental electric cars
Applications of nanotechnology
Applications_of_nanotechnology
Solid-state electronics based on electron spin
Electric dipole spin resonance Josephson effect Magnonics Potential applications of graphene#Spintronics Probabilistic Computing Rashba effect Spin pumping
Spintronics
Metamaterial that uses surface plasmons to achieve optical properties not seen in nature
optical microscopy techniques and infrared spectroscopy. Potential applications of graphene plasmonics involve terahertz to midinfrared frequencies, in devices
Plasmonic_metamaterial
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
superconductor MXenes – Class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds Potential applications of graphene Superconducting magnetic energy storage – Energy storage technique
Superconductivity
limitations would not be an issue with graphene's unique capabilities. A flake of graphene has the potential to hold a series of metal electrodes. Consequently
Graphene_antenna
Single-layer allotrope of gold
ISSN 2731-0582. Peplow, Mark (2024-04-18). "Meet 'goldene': this gilded cousin of graphene is also one atom thick". Nature. 629 (8010): 17. Bibcode:2024Natur.629
Goldene
Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter
optical microscopy techniques and infrared spectroscopy. Potential applications of graphene plasmonics mainly addressed the terahertz to midinfrared frequencies
Plasmon
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylinders of one or more layers of graphene (lattice). Diameters of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled
Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
Potential_applications_of_carbon_nanotubes
Least dense solid material
low density. Typical syntheses of graphene aerogels involve reducing a precursor graphene oxide solution to form graphene hydrogel. The solvent can be subsequently
Aerographene
Method used to apply surface coatings
direct growth of high-quality, large single-crystalline domains of graphene on a dielectric substrate is of vital importance for applications in electronics
Chemical_vapor_deposition
Battery manufacturer and energy storage developer
developer and manufacturer for transportation and grid applications. It was founded in 2009 to develop graphene-based supercapacitors and operates in Germany and
Skeleton_Technologies
Italian machinery company
of the Graphene Flagship Project, one of the largest research initiatives of the European Commission which focuses on the potential applications of graphene
Breton_(company)
Kinetic spray system
heat, it serves a plethora of applications. Serving primarily in the field of electronics, several graphene applications include its usage within flexible
Graphene_spray_gun
Graphene nanoparticle with a size less than 100nm
opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) consist of one or a few layers of graphene and are smaller than 100 nm in size
Graphene_quantum_dot
coating of graphene oxide solution as Graphene oxide sheets. The graphene coated nanofiltration membrane showed a higher water flux range. The graphene embedded
Nanotechnology for water purification
Nanotechnology_for_water_purification
Type of battery
rates of the battery. Porous graphene materials are currently being studied to improve this problem. Porous graphene involves either formation of defects
Nanobatteries
pure sulfur, which is crucial for battery design. Graphene has great potential in the modification of a sulfur cathode for high performance Li-S batteries
Energy applications of nanotechnology
Energy_applications_of_nanotechnology
design for the ballistic diode based on graphene field-effect transistors". npj 2D Materials and Applications. 5 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41699-021-00269-2
Geometric_diode
Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure
nanometres, about a 100,000th the width of a human hair. They can be idealised as cutouts from a two-dimensional graphene sheet rolled up to form a hollow cylinder
Carbon_nanotube
Refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with formula BN
nitride monolayer is analogous to graphene, having a honeycomb lattice structure of nearly the same dimensions. Unlike graphene, which is black and an electrical
Boron_nitride
Polymorph of silicon dioxide
structure. 2D silica has potential applications in electronics as the thinnest gate dielectric. It can also be used for isolation of graphene sheets from the substrate
2D_silica
Graphene is a semimetal whose conduction and valence bands meet at the Dirac points, which are six locations in momentum space, the vertices of its hexagonal
Electronic properties of graphene
Electronic_properties_of_graphene
Carbon allotrope
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs, also called nano-graphene ribbons or nano-graphite ribbons) are strips of graphene with width less than 100 nm. Graphene ribbons
Graphene_nanoribbon
Methods to make single-atom-thick carbon sheets
rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. Isolated 2D crystals
Graphene production techniques
Graphene_production_techniques
European Union scientific research initiative
estimates of industrial potential. However, advocates for the Graphene Flagship note the merits of the initiative’s wide-ranging, applications-focused research
Graphene_Flagship
of its tunable conductivity, graphene is suitable for various optical applications. Electrical gating and doping allows for adjustment of graphene's optical
Graphene_lens
Russian–British physicist
revolutionary work on graphene, other two-dimensional crystals and their heterostructures that has great potential for a number of applications, from electronics
Konstantin_Novoselov
Graphene is a 2D nanosheet with atomic thin thickness in terms of 0.34 nm. Due to the ultrathin thickness, graphene showed many properties that are quite
Graphene_plasmonics
Allotrope of carbon
to graphene for specific applications owing to its particular energy structure, namely direction-dependent Dirac cones. The directional dependency of 6
Graphyne
Process that separates layered materials into nanomaterials
especially useful for applications such as circuit drawing and surface-based applications of graphene, including the production of photovoltaic cells. Although
Exfoliation_(chemistry)
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
energy of a QD depends on its dimensions, band gap energy, effective excited electron mass, and effective excited hole mass. Potential applications of quantum
Quantum_dot
Crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms
be a competitor for graphene due to the potential of direction-dependent Dirac cones. Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron and is also known
Single-layer_materials
Compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
obtained by reduction of graphene oxide still has many chemical and structural defects which is a problem for some applications but an advantage for some
Graphite_oxide
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids
Carbon
German chemist
fields of polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. He is known for the synthesis and exploration of the properties of graphene-like
Klaus_Müllen
properties of 40 nm wide graphene nanoribbons grown on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates, are studied by means of a multi-tip STM. The graphene nanoribbons exhibit
Multi-tip scanning tunneling microscopy
Multi-tip_scanning_tunneling_microscopy
Physical phenomenon of electron resonance
incorporating graphene with other materials expands the potential of SPR sensors, making them practical in a broader range of applications. For instance
Surface_plasmon_resonance
such as graphene, composed of carbon, and silicene, composed of silicon. Such materials represent a new generation of semiconductors with potential applications
Germanane
Material consisting of two layers of graphene
Bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper
Bilayer_graphene
Crystalline form of carbon
crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs
Graphite
Chemical element with atomic number 15 (P)
and is therefore predictably analogous to graphene. Phosphorus has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about one gram per kilogram (for comparison
Phosphorus
Synthetic ultralight solid material
made of agar. Cellulose from plants can be used to create a flexible aerogel. GraPhage13 is the first graphene-based aerogel assembled using graphene oxide
Aerogel
Structure consisting of a two-dimensional sheet of graphene wrapped into a helix
graphene helix is a structure consisting of a two-dimensional sheet of graphene wrapped into a helix, similar to the carbon nanotube. These graphene sheets
Graphene_helix
Electrical behaviour of layered materials
of how the angle (the twist) between layers of two-dimensional materials can change their electrical properties. Materials such as bilayer graphene have
Twistronics
Water purification process
Graphene membranes are around 100 nm thick while current membranes are about 100 μm. Many researchers were concerned with the durability of graphene and
Reverse_osmosis
Hybrid type of capacitor
soft carbon and graphene-based carbons. The expected benefit, compared to graphitic carbons, is to increase the doped electrode potential which leads to
Lithium-ion_capacitor
Substance with high latent heat of melting or solidifying
thermal storage applications. They have been used in such diverse applications as refrigerated transportation for rail and road applications and their physical
Phase-change_material
Class of chemical compounds
Borocarbonitrides are distinct from B,N co-doped graphene in that the former contains separate boron nitride and graphene domains as well as rings with B-C, B-N
Borocarbonitrides
Chemical properties of graphene
2D structure of graphene, chemical applications of graphene need either structural or chemical irregularities, as perfectly flat graphene is chemically
Graphene_chemistry
Chemical compound
two-dimensional polymer of carbon and hydrogen with the formula unit (CH)n where n is large. Partial hydrogenation results in hydrogenated graphene, which was reported
Graphane
Any of the structures related to and formed from single sheets of graphene
fabrication of 3D graphene and other related two-dimensional materials. These 3D graphene (all-carbon) scaffolds/foams have potential applications in fields
Graphene_morphology
Dutch-British physicist (born 1958)
well as one of the strongest and hardest. The material has many potential applications. Geim said one of the first applications of graphene could be in
Andre_Geim
Particle with size less than 100 nm
(15 October 2017). "Study of environmentally friendly and facile functionalization of graphene nanoplatelet and its application in convective heat transfer"
Nanoparticle
Material fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter composed of carbon
strength-to-weight properties and for high-temperature-resistant applications. The high potential strength of carbon fiber was realized in 1963 in a process developed
Carbon_fibers
Australian manufacturer of supercapacitors
Morningstar. Alliance News. "Energy Storage: Graphene Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications". Ionic Industries. Padden, Paige (December 6,
CAP-XX
Heat from a current in an electric conductor
fluorinated flash graphene can be synthesized. Joule heating applications An incandescent light bulb's filament emitting light Infrared-thermal image of a light
Joule_heating
New technologies actively in development
This is a list of emerging technologies, which are in-development technical innovations that have significant potential in their applications. The criteria
List_of_emerging_technologies
Graphene oxide paper or graphite oxide paper is a material fabricated from graphite oxide. Micrometer thick films of graphene oxide paper are also named
Graphene_oxide_paper
Wide-bandgap semiconductor and abrasion-resistant ceramic
quality graphene for a multitude of technological applications. When it comes to understanding how or when to use these methods of graphene production
Silicon_carbide
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
cause an increase of the built-in potential of the graphene/Si Schottky junction while reducing the optical reflection of the photodetector. Both the electrical
Photodetector
Carbon nanomaterial
paper, also for use in supercapacitor applications. Pham et al. also reported a similar structure, namely "graphene-carbon nanotube hybrids", grown directly
Graphenated_carbon_nanotube
Chemical compound
metal. Due to the known affinity of lithium ions Li+ for hydrogen molecules H2 and therefore potential applications in hydrogen storage materials, tetralithiomethane
Tetralithiomethane
Taiwanese theoretical physicist
and armchair graphene nanoribbons were first reported. In 2007, these results were supplemented by a comparative study of zigzag graphene nanoribbons with
Ming-Fa_Lin
Materials made only out of carbon
such as graphene. Larger-scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds carbon quantum dots and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist
Allotropes_of_carbon
Condensed matter system
graphene". Within the official press release of the Swedish Royal Academy of Science it is stated that [...] a vast variety of practical applications
Dirac_matter
German and Italian physicist
also been devoted to developing pillared graphene materials for spintronics and hydrogen storage applications. Her interests span much further than carbon-based
Petra_Rudolf
Quantum phenomena
exactly one, regardless of the height of the potential barrier. This result is especially relevant given that electrons in graphene behave as massless particles
Klein_paradox
Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide (SiC) by thermal decomposition is a method to produce large-scale few-layer graphene (FLG). Graphene is one of the
Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide
Epitaxial_graphene_growth_on_silicon_carbide
Greek scientist (born 1945)
Avouris, Phaedon (2013). "The Interaction of Light and Graphene: Basics, Devices, and Applications". Proceedings of the IEEE. 101 (7): 1717–1731. doi:10.1109/JPROC
Phaedon_Avouris
Type of battery
cycles with an energy density of 200 Wh/kg. In December 2017 a Zhejiang University team announced a battery using graphene films as cathode and metallic
Aluminium-ion_battery
3D printing process that melts thermoplastic material from a spool of filament
is also used in prototyping scaffolds for medical tissue engineering applications. Moreover, EAM with multi extrusion have become very popular to fabricate
Fused_filament_fabrication
South Korean chemist (born 1971)
the practical applications of graphene. His papers reporting the large-scale growth of graphene have been intensively cited by many graphene researchers
Hong_Byung-hee
Crystalline structure of phosphorus
frequency of 20 GHz has been realized for potential applications in high frequency flexible smart nano systems. Borophene Germanene Graphene Silicene Stanene
Phosphorene
Infinitely connected triply periodic minimal surface
chemical vapor deposition of sub–60 nm graphene gyroids. These interwoven structures are one of the smallest free-standing graphene 3D structures. They are
Gyroid
Class of devices for nanoscale functionality
studied as potential solutions for floating gate nonvolatile memory applications. Despite all of the useful properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene for NEMS
Nanoelectromechanical_systems
Smart material systems
can be achieved with liquid metal, sheets of graphene, coatings of carbon nanotubes, surface-implanted layers of metallic nanoclusters and corrugated or
Dielectric_elastomers
Extremely thin plane of material
alternative to graphene as electrodes in supercapacitors. Lithium cobalt oxide nanosheets show promise for use as cathodes in Li-ion battery applications. The most
Nanosheet
Chemical element with atomic number 74 (W)
fundamentally from those of bulk tungsten. Such tungsten nanowires have potential applications in nanoelectronics, and as pH probes and gas sensors. In similarity
Tungsten
Ink that conducts electricity
materials with nanomaterials due to the emergence of nanotechnology. Among other nanomaterials, graphene, and carbon nanotube-based conductive ink are gaining
Conductive_ink
Two-dimensional allotrope of silicon
two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene. Contrary to graphene, silicene is not flat, but
Silicene
Materials whose temperature variance leads to voltage change
Functionalization of graphene by oxygen. The thermal behavior of graphene oxide has not been investigated extensively as compared to its counterpart; graphene. However
Thermoelectric_materials
German-born American scientist (born 1922)
deposition process for the synthesis of phase-pure nano-crystalline diamond films and the development of graphene-based photovoltaic cells. Gruen worked
Dieter_Gruen
Catalyst participating in electrochemical reactions
products. Graphene and graphene oxides have shown promise as electrocatalytic materials for synthesis. Electrocatalytic methods also have potential for polymer
Electrocatalyst
Microscopic device for detecting infrared radiation
"Graphene-Integrated Microbolometer Array Imaging System: A Novel Approach for Fast and Sensitive Terahertz Detection in Biomedical Applications". ACS
Microbolometer
Potential cancer treatment
densities of lasers used to heat gold nanorods range from 2 to 4 W/cm2. Thus, these nanoscale graphene sheets require a laser power on the lower end of the
Photothermal_therapy
Software security mechanism
application its own Linux user ID. GrapheneOS hardens this app sandboxing to achieve an added layer of security and avoid potentially malicious apps and, unlike
Sandbox_(computer_security)
Vehicle propelled fully or mostly by electricity
include all-graphene oxide flexible solid-state supercapacitors with enhanced electrochemical performance, achieving areal capacitances of 14.5 mF cm⁻²
Electric_vehicle
material sciences, MP-SPR is used for optimization of thin solid films from Ångströms to 100 nanometers (graphene, metals, oxides), soft materials up to microns
Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
Multi-parametric_surface_plasmon_resonance
of cobalt(II,III) oxide Co 3O 4 of nanometer size, with various shapes and crystal structures. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles have potential applications
Cobalt_oxide_nanoparticle
Scattering theory
Using this concept, the electronic analogue of Fourier optics has been theoretically studied in monolayer graphene. The Born approximation has also been used
Born_approximation
Type of electrical conductor
conductor Graphene-clad wire Electroplating Galvanization country-US 3854193A, "Method of producing copper clad aluminium wire" "APPLICATION NOTE Copper
Copper-clad_aluminium_wire
Electronics mimicking skin functionalities
(PDCA) as a source of hydrogen bonds (Figure 4). Graphene has also been shown to be a suitable material for electronic skin applications as well due to its
Electronic_skin
mass spectrometry applications. That's why they attracted the researchers since discovery in the year 1991. Graphene is a type of popular carbon nanomaterial
Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Surface-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization
2025 California law requiring OS-level age signals for app developers
good'". PC Magazine. Retrieved March 25, 2026. "GrapheneOS (@GrapheneOS@grapheneos.social)". GrapheneOS Mastodon. March 20, 2026. Archived from the original
California Digital Age Assurance Act
California_Digital_Age_Assurance_Act
Type of capacitance
effective mass. The quantum capacitance of graphene is relevant to understanding and modeling gated graphene. It is also relevant for carbon nanotubes
Quantum_capacitance
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