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Condensed matter system
term Dirac matter refers to a class of condensed matter systems which can be effectively described by the Dirac equation. Even though the Dirac equation
Dirac_matter
Relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including
Dirac_equation
British physicist (1902–1984)
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (/dɪˈræk/ dih-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who is considered to be one of the
Paul_Dirac
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
in physics What is dark matter? How was it generated? More unsolved problems in physics In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is an invisible and hypothetical
Dark_matter
Material composed of antiparticles
"Cosmological Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry and Antimatter in the Universe". arXiv:hep-ph/0211260. This is a consequence of the CPT theorem As Dirac said in 1933
Antimatter
Quantum effect in some non-metals
In physics, Dirac cones are features that occur in some electronic band structures that describe unusual electron transport properties of materials like
Dirac_cone
Fields giving rise to fermionic particles
of a fermionic field is the Dirac field, which describes fermions with spin-1/2: electrons, protons, quarks, etc. The Dirac field can be described as either
Fermionic_field
Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
quantization as formulated by Paul Dirac in 1931, has never been observed in experiments. The monopoles studied by condensed-matter groups have none of these properties
Magnetic_monopole
Diffraction of matter by light
The Kapitza–Dirac effect is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of matter by a standing wave of light, in complete analogy to the
Kapitsa–Dirac_effect
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
Wave-particle duality Bohr model Compton wavelength Faraday wave Kapitsa–Dirac effect Matter wave clock Schrödinger equation Thermal de Broglie wavelength De
Matter_wave
Something that has mass and volume
particles and fields are all part of matter. In particle physics, fermions are particles that obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions can be elementary
Matter
Physical constant in quantum mechanics
and Dirac again introduced special symbols for it: K {\textstyle K} in the case of Schrödinger, and h {\textstyle h} in the case of Dirac. Dirac continued
Planck_constant
Type of dense exotic matter in physics
ranked by energy is called the Fermi-Dirac distribution. Degenerate matter exhibits the results of Fermi-Dirac distribution. For a classical ideal gas
Degenerate_matter
Type of subatomic particle
particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-integer spin (spin 1/2, spin 3/2, etc
Fermion
Statistical description for the behavior of fermions
Fermi–Dirac statistics is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles
Fermi–Dirac_statistics
Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants
The Dirac large numbers hypothesis (LNH) is an observation made by Paul Dirac in 1937 relating ratios of size scales in the Universe to that of force
Dirac large numbers hypothesis
Dirac_large_numbers_hypothesis
Class of fermionic quasiparticles
In condensed matter physics, semi-Dirac fermions are a class of quasiparticles that can exhibit both massless (like light) and massive (like conventional
Semi-Dirac_fermion
Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. Except at extreme
List_of_states_of_matter
Type of fermion
fermions. The counterpart to a Dirac fermion is a Majorana fermion, a particle that must be its own antiparticle. In condensed matter physics, low-energy excitations
Dirac_fermion
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
fixed by Dirac by introducing Dirac matrices. In a modern context, the Klein–Gordon equation describes spin-less particles, while the Dirac equation describes
Schrödinger_equation
fermion Dirac field Dirac gauge Dirac hole theory Dirac Lagrangian Dirac matrices Dirac matter Dirac membrane Dirac picture Dirac sea Dirac spectrum Dirac spinor
List of things named after Paul Dirac
List_of_things_named_after_Paul_Dirac
Notation for quantum states
Bra–ket notation or Dirac notation is a mathematical notation for linear algebra and linear operators on complex vector spaces together with their dual
Bra–ket_notation
Prize awarded by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Dirac Medal of the ICTP is given each year by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in honour of physicist Paul Dirac. The award
Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)
missing matter of the cosmos". UNSW Newsroom. Retrieved 18 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) "2018 DIRAC Lecture
Australian Institute of Physics
Australian_Institute_of_Physics
Dirac equation for self-interacting fermions
The nonlinear Dirac equation appears in the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, which extends general relativity to matter with intrinsic
Nonlinear_Dirac_equation
Branch of physics
topological Dirac surface state in this material would lead to a topological insulator with strong electronic correlations. Theoretical condensed matter physics
Condensed_matter_physics
Particle with opposite charges
however, proved that this would cause ordinary matter to disappear too fast. A year later, in 1931, Dirac modified his theory and postulated the positron
Antiparticle
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others. The modern theory is formulated in various specially developed
Quantum_mechanics
Concept in quantum physics
15.1140J. doi:10.1038/nmat4787. PMID 27777402. S2CID 1115349. Dirac cone Dirac matter Topological insulator Shuang Jia, Su-Yang Xu & M. Zahid Hasan (2016)
Weyl_semimetal
Class of subatomic particle
Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Paul Dirac coined the term boson to classify the fundamental particles that obey Bose–Einstein
Boson
Recoil force on accelerating charged particle
the relativistic version is called the Lorentz–Dirac force or collectively known as Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force. The equations are in the domain of classical
Abraham–Lorentz_force
Abstract boundary in condensed matter physics
spin-less ideal Fermi gas of N {\displaystyle N} particles. According to Fermi–Dirac statistics, the mean occupation number of a state with energy ϵ i {\displaystyle
Fermi_surface
Imbalance of matter and antimatter in the observable universe
asymmetry problem or the matter–antimatter asymmetry problem, is the observed imbalance in baryonic matter and antibaryonic matter in the observable universe
Baryon_asymmetry
Concept in physics
positive and negative energy. According to the theory of the Dirac sea, developed by Paul Dirac in 1930, the vacuum of space is full of negative energy. This
Negative_energy
Fermion that is its own antiparticle
nature of neutrinos is not settled – they may be either Dirac or Majorana fermions. In condensed matter physics, quasiparticle excitations can appear like
Majorana_fermion
Subatomic particle
was predicted by Paul Dirac in his 1933 Nobel Prize lecture. Dirac received the Nobel Prize for his 1928 publication of his Dirac equation that predicted
Antiproton
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
mass, also called invariant mass, is a fundamental physical property of matter, independent of velocity. Massless particles such as photons have zero invariant
Mass–energy_equivalence
Bangladeshi physicist (born 1971)
Hasan is the Principal Investigator of Laboratory for Topological Quantum Matter and Advanced Spectroscopy at Princeton University and a Visiting Faculty
M._Zahid_Hasan
Equation describing the universe's density contrast
(note that δ 3 {\displaystyle \delta ^{3}} is not an overdensity but the Dirac delta function). Since P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} has dimensions of (length)3
Matter_power_spectrum
Non-mathematical introduction
films, observing rings, independently discovered matter wave nature of electrons. In 1928 Paul Dirac published his relativistic wave equation simultaneously
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
Russian-American physicist (born 1963)
"Dirac Medallists 2015 | ICTP". www.ictp.it. Archived from the original on 2024-12-13. Retrieved 2025-03-01. "Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Physics
Alexei_Kitaev
Field theory in physics that aims to unify the fundamental forces and particles
field theory. By 1930 Einstein had already considered the Einstein-Maxwell–Dirac System [Dongen]. This system is (heuristically) the super-classical [Varadarajan]
Unified_field_theory
Hypothetical particle that interacts only via gravity
particles are initially massless under the Standard Model, since there are no Dirac mass terms in the Standard Model's Lagrangian. The only mass terms are generated
Sterile_neutrino
Textbook by Paul Dirac
influential monograph written by Paul Dirac and first published by Oxford University Press in 1930. In this book, Dirac presents quantum mechanics in a formal
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics
The_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics
Antiparticle of the electron
1928, Paul Dirac published a paper proposing that electrons can have both a positive and negative charge. This paper introduced the Dirac equation, a
Positron
1988 short story by Geoffrey A. Landis
a hotel fire, no matter how many millions of times he tries or how many lives he lives between the nanoseconds. "Ripples in the Dirac Sea" won the Nebula
Ripples_in_the_Dirac_Sea
Indian physicist
received the Lars Onsager Prize from the American Physical Society and the Dirac Medal from the ICTP in 2018, and was elected Foreign Member of the Royal
Subir_Sachdev
Singularities in the parameter space
Adding non-Hermiticity (such as dichroism) to photonic systems which present Dirac points transforms these degeneracy points into pairs of exceptional points
Exceptional_point
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
electrons) can be substituted by: electron–electron scattering build-up of Fermi–Dirac electron distribution hot electron thermalization formation of a hot electron
Two_temperature_model
Mathematics professorship in the University of Cambridge, England
others, Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage, George Stokes, Joseph Larmor, Paul Dirac and Stephen Hawking. Henry Lucas, in his will, bequeathed his library of
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics
British physicist (born 1961)
Gold Medal of the British Society of Rheology. He was awarded the 2009 Dirac Prize by the Institute of Physics. He won the 1991 Maxwell Medal and Prize
Michael_Cates
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Bose–Einstein statistics. The photon is a massless boson of spin 1. In 1927, Paul Dirac quantized the electromagnetic field. Pascual Jordan and Vladimir Fock generalized
Light
American mathematical physicist
chemistry, and quantum information theory.″ Also in 2022 he received the Dirac Medal of the ICTP jointly with Joel Lebowitz and David Ruelle. Lieb is a
Elliott_H._Lieb
Highest particle energy in a Fermi gas at absolute zero
be well-defined in cases where the Fermi surface is non-spherical. Fermi–Dirac statistics: the distribution of electrons over stationary states for non-interacting
Fermi_energy
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
particles, the other being bosons. Fermion particles are described by Fermi–Dirac statistics and have quantum numbers described by the Pauli exclusion principle
List_of_particles
Theoretical framework in physics
Louis de Broglie, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, and Wolfgang Pauli. In the same year as his paper on the photoelectric
Quantum_field_theory
Number of available physical states per energy unit
In condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range. The density
Density_of_states
Austrian physicist (1900–1958)
sometimes said to have influenced Paul Dirac in his creation of the Dirac equation for the relativistic electron, though Dirac said that he invented these same
Wolfgang_Pauli
State of matter
A fermionic condensate (or Fermi–Dirac condensate) is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures. It is closely related to the
Fermionic_condensate
Hypothetical topological feature of spacetime
of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin–spin interaction that is significant in fermionic matter at
Wormhole
Supersymmetric partner of the Higgs boson
higgsino, symbol H͂, is the superpartner of the Higgs field. A higgsino is a Dirac fermionic field with spin 1/2 and it refers to a weak isodoublet with
Higgsino
Symmetry of physical laws under a charge-conjugation transformation
C-symmetry of various important equations and theoretical systems, including the Dirac equation and the structure of quantum field theory. The various fundamental
C-symmetry
Chinese-American physicist (1922–2025)
Wu–Yang monopole, a type of magnetic monopole. Unlike the Dirac monopole, it has no singular Dirac string. Their 1975 paper, known as the Wu–Yang dictionary
Yang_Chen-Ning
System of interacting nucleons
Nuclear matter is an idealized system of interacting nucleons (protons and neutrons) that exists in several phases of exotic matter that, as of yet, are
Nuclear_matter
Hypothetical particles that may constitute dark matter
hypothetical particles that are one of the proposed candidates for dark matter. These particles would have mass and would interact with gravity, would
Weakly interacting massive particle
Weakly_interacting_massive_particle
Elementary particle or quantum of light
numbers) are zero. Also, photons obey Bose–Einstein statistics, and not Fermi–Dirac statistics. That is, they do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, and
Photon
Relativistic wave equation describing massless fermions
a Weyl fermion (it is now expected to be either a Dirac or a Majorana fermion). In condensed matter physics, some materials can display quasiparticles
Weyl_equation
Physical model of non-interacting fermions
of many non-interacting fermions. Fermions are particles that obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, like electrons, protons, and neutrons, and, in general, particles
Fermi_gas
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations. In 1928, Paul Dirac introduced the Dirac equation, which implied the existence
Standard_Model
Complex four-component spinor
plane-wave solutions to the Dirac equation, are standard basis solutions to the Dirac equation describing the propagation of Dirac spinors. These are spinors
Plane-wave solutions to the Dirac equation
Plane-wave_solutions_to_the_Dirac_equation
a ... description of matter waves as clocks. We will thus arrive at a space-time path integral that is equivalent to the Dirac equation. This derivation
Matter_wave_clock
Research institute in Catalonia
nanoscience Quantum transport phenomena in Graphene. Spin dynamics in Dirac Matter. Thermal properties and Thermoelectricity. Predictive Modelling and Multiscale
Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Catalan_Institute_of_Nanoscience_and_Nanotechnology
Indicator function of positive numbers
2 + | x | 2 x {\displaystyle H(x)={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {|x|}{2x}}} The Dirac delta function is the weak derivative of the Heaviside function: δ ( x )
Heaviside_step_function
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
curvature was measured. Proposals also exist to simulate the propagation of Dirac particles in an effective Alcubierre geometry using trapped ions, which
Alcubierre_drive
Quantization method for constrained Hamiltonian systems with second-class constraints
The Dirac bracket is a generalization of the Poisson bracket developed by Paul Dirac to treat classical systems with second class constraints in Hamiltonian
Dirac_bracket
Prize awarded by the Institute of Physics
The Paul Dirac Medal and Prize is a gold medal awarded annually by the Institute of Physics (Britain's and Ireland's main professional body for physicists)
Dirac_Medal_(IOP)
Austrian physicist (1887–1961)
entanglement" in 1935. Schrödinger shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Paul Dirac "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". In addition
Erwin_Schrödinger
Indian theoretical physicist (1894–1974)
particles class described by Bose's statistics, bosons, were named by Paul Dirac. A polymath, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including
Satyendra_Nath_Bose
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
they are acted on by the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi–Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle
Baryon
Principle of quantum mechanics
|1\rangle } denote particular solutions to the Schrödinger equation in Dirac notation weighted by the two probability amplitudes c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}}
Quantum_superposition
Atoms with a single valence electron, so they behave like hydrogen
hydrogen-like ions. The non-relativistic Schrödinger equation and relativistic Dirac equation for the hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like atoms can be solved analytically
Hydrogen-like_atom
Complete absence of anything; the opposite of everything
something and an antithesis of everything. The concept of nothing has been a matter of philosophical debate since at least the 5th century BCE. Early Greek
Nothing
Elementary particle with negative charge
In 1928, building on Wolfgang Pauli's work, Paul Dirac produced a model of the electron – the Dirac equation, consistent with relativity theory, by applying
Electron
Quantum mechanics principle
superconductivity, and the W and Z bosons. Fermions take their name from the Fermi–Dirac statistical distribution, which they obey, and bosons take theirs from the
Pauli_exclusion_principle
Application of Lagrangian mechanics to field theories
{\displaystyle \psi } is a Dirac spinor, ψ ¯ = ψ † γ 0 {\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}=\psi ^{\dagger }\gamma ^{0}} is its Dirac adjoint, and ∂ / {\displaystyle
Lagrangian_(field_theory)
British theoretical physicist and mathematician (1923–2020)
random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering. He was professor emeritus in
Freeman_Dyson
Quantum field theory of electromagnetism
formulation of a quantum theory describing radiation and matter interaction is attributed to Paul Dirac, who during the 1920s computed the coefficient of spontaneous
Quantum_electrodynamics
Quantum phenomena
include effects of special relativity, nor the interaction of matter and radiation. Paul Dirac solved the first issue in 1928 with his relativistic quantum
Klein_paradox
Physical and science fiction concept
1931 Robert Oppenheimer showed that Dirac's original interpretation of the second solution was incorrect and Dirac responded with a new proposal: the second
Anti-gravity
curvature Topological insulator Periodic table of topological invariants Dirac matter Landau theory Critical exponent Scaling law Correlation function (statistical
Curvature renormalization group method
Curvature_renormalization_group_method
Field of physics that studies the atom
Dalgarno David Bates Niels Bohr Max Born Clinton Joseph Davisson Paul A. M. Dirac Enrico Fermi Charlotte Froese Fischer Vladimir Fock Douglas Hartree Ernest
Atomic_physics
Graphene is a semimetal whose conduction and valence bands meet at the Dirac points, which are six locations in momentum space, the vertices of its hexagonal
Electronic properties of graphene
Electronic_properties_of_graphene
Theoretical weapon using antimatter
annihilates upon touching ordinary matter. The paramount advantage of such a theoretical weapon is that antimatter and matter collisions result in the entire
Antimatter_weapon
Theorem in quantum mechanics
pairing in condensed-matter systems. Oxford graduate texts. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 8–10. ISBN 978-0-19-171195-4. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1981-01-01)
Spin–statistics_theorem
Concept in physical models
hypothetical type of exotic matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg. Such matter would violate one or more energy
Negative_mass
Branch of physics focused on matter in the solid state
a Fermi gas, a gas of particles which obey the quantum mechanical Fermi–Dirac statistics. The free electron model gave improved predictions for the heat
Solid-state_physics
British mathematical physicist (1889–1944)
Chandrasekhar, Paul Dirac, Homi J. Bhabha, and Sir William McCrea. It was Fowler who introduced Dirac to quantum theory in 1923. Fowler also put Dirac and Werner
Ralph_Fowler
Scientific subjects
mechanics was combined with the theory of relativity in the formulation of Paul Dirac. Other developments include quantum statistics, quantum electrodynamics
Branches_of_physics
Danish physicist and educator (born 1959)
H.C. Ørsted Lectureship 2018: Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecturer 2019: Dirac Medal and Lecture, the University of New South Wales Royal Danish Academy
Lene_Hau
Canadian-American astrophysicist and cosmologist (born 1935)
with James E. Gunn and Martin Rees (2005) Hitchcock Professorship (2006) Dirac Medal (2013) Member of the Order of Manitoba (2017) Nobel Prize in Physics
Jim_Peebles
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