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Preserved physical characteristics allowing reconstruction of past climatic conditions
In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical, chemical, and even biological characteristics of the past that
Proxy_(climate)
Variable used in place of another variable
Frost lists several examples of proxy variables: Instrumental variable Latent variable Operationalization Proxy (climate) Upton, G., Cook, I. (2002) Oxford
Proxy_(statistics)
Temperature trends in the Common Era
temperature record of the last 2,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record
Temperature record of the last 2,000 years
Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
late 20th century in a limited set of regions. Climate information for that period comes from climate proxies, such as trees and ice cores. Around 1850 thermometer
Climate_change
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up proxy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Proxy or proxies may refer to: Proxy, a mysterious humanoid lifeform in the anime Ergo Proxy PROXY, a holodroid
Proxy
North Atlantic regional climate era, c. 950 - c. 1250
North Atlantic region that lasted from about 950 CE to about 1250 CE. Climate proxy records show peak warmth occurred at different times for different regions
Medieval_Warm_Period
Long-term weather pattern of a region
very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables. They include non-biotic
Climate
Narrow shaft bored in the ground
completed in a similar, albeit usually more complex, manner. As detailed in proxy (climate), borehole temperature measurements at a series of different depths
Borehole
Graph in climate science
temperatures of the distant past, as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records, in relation to instrumental temperature records
Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)
used statistical techniques with various climate proxies to produce larger-scale reconstructions. Tree ring proxies can give an annual resolution of extratropical
List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years
List_of_large-scale_temperature_reconstructions_of_the_last_2,000_years
Organization
community, as well as the rehabilitation of historical observational and proxy climate data sets. OOPC, co-sponsored by GOOS, as well as GCOS and WCRP, is
Global Climate Observing System
Global_Climate_Observing_System
"Arctic Holocene proxy climate database – new approaches to assessing geochronological accuracy and encoding climate variables". Climate of the Past. 10
Climate and vegetation interactions in the Arctic
Climate_and_vegetation_interactions_in_the_Arctic
Concept in climate science
estimates in the likely range agreed better with observations and the proxy climate data. The 2013 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier
Climate_sensitivity
Warm weather period, 250 BC to AD 400
research, including a 2019 analysis based on a much larger dataset of climate proxies, has found that the putative period, along with other warmer or colder
Roman_Warm_Period
Period between 130,000 and 80,000 years ago
Proxy (climate) Timeline of glaciation Medley, S. Elizabeth (2011). "High Resolution Climate Variability from Marine Isotope Stage 5: a Multi-Proxy Record
Marine_Isotope_Stage_5
Permanently stratified lake with layers of water that do not intermix
tracing past changes in climate at the lake, by examining trapped pollen grains and the types of sediments [see Proxy (climate)]. When the layers do mix
Meromictic_lake
Study of changes in ancient climate
ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate. Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods
Paleoclimatology
Large salt lake in eastern Turkey
first few meters of sediment, they provided sufficient varves to give proxy climate data for up to 14,570 years BP. The PALEOVAN project has studied in
Lake_Van
Field of scientific study
direct observations; composites from baskets of different proxy observations; and numerical climate models. On millennial timescales, paleoclimate indicators
Solar_activity_and_climate
Cyclical variations in the ratio of the abundance of oxygen
information about the temperature at which the sample was formed - see Proxy (climate) for details. 18O is two neutrons heavier than 16O and causes the water
Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle
Average temperature of the Earth's surface
concentrations and their relationship to abrupt climate changes, making them an important proxy for studying past climate variability. The Antarctic ice sheet originated
Global_surface_temperature
Archaeological Site
reconstruct climate variation at the site. Combined with stratigraphy, material cultural and textual evidence, and the radiocarbon dating, the proxy climate data
Vadnagar_archaeological_site
Natural disaster in Europe
(Reanalysis) approach that integrates climate model simulations with documentary evidence and tree‑ring proxy records. Spatial reconstruction of spring
1473 heat and drought in Europe
1473_heat_and_drought_in_Europe
Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period
Paleoclimatology is the study of changes in climate through the entire history of Earth. It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences
Climate variability and change
Climate_variability_and_change
Overview of climate-related ExxonMobil controversies
decisions based on proxy carbon prices. Gillis, Justin; Kraussnov, Clifford (November 5, 2015). "Exxon Mobil Investigated for Possible Climate Change Lies by
ExxonMobil climate change denial
ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial
Indirect conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia
Iran and Saudi Arabia are engaged in a proxy war over influence in the Middle East and other regions of the Muslim world. The two countries have provided
Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_war
Astrophysicist and climate change denier
Connection with Steven H. Yaskell. The book treats historical and proxy records of climate change coinciding with the Maunder Minimum, a period from 1645
Willie_Soon
Baliunas controversy involved the publication in 2003 of a review study titled Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years, written by aerospace
Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy
Marine isotope stage between 424,000 and 374,000 years ago
anthropogenic forcing.[citation needed] Meltwater pulse 1A Paleothermometer Proxy (climate) Timeline of glaciation Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (2005)
Marine_Isotope_Stage_11
Earth's surface where water is frozen
disappearance of the ice. Long series of lake-ice observations can serve as a proxy climate record, and the monitoring of freeze-up and break-up trends may provide
Cryosphere
Proxy advisory firm
Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (ISS) is an American proxy advisory firm. Hedge funds, mutual funds and similar organizations that own shares
Institutional Shareholder Services
Institutional_Shareholder_Services
engineering - Peak oil - Phenology - Physical impacts of climate change - Polar amplification - Proxy (climate) - Paris Agreement Quaternary glaciation - Quasi-biennial
Index of climate change articles
Index_of_climate_change_articles
; Baliunas, S. (31 January 2003), "Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years" (PDF), Climate Research, 23 (2): 89–110, Bibcode:2003ClRes
North_Report
expected with its associated peak wind speed. Hebert-Poteat technique Proxy (climate) Proxy (statistics) Saffir–Simpson scale Knaff, John A.; Zehr, Raymond
Pressure-wind relationship calculations for tropical cyclones
Pressure-wind_relationship_calculations_for_tropical_cyclones
International environmental treaty
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change
Very long term changes in Earth's temperature
alkenones, are also useful. Often, many are used in conjunction to get a multi-proxy estimate for the temperature. This has proven crucial in studies on glacial/interglacial
Geologic_temperature_record
Academic field of study
and climate on the human and the natural environment. This information is case-specific and relates to the historical context. If no relevant proxy data
Historical_climatology
measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2026. "Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by
2026_in_climate_change
Science of determining past climates from trees
other climate proxy records), scientists have estimated past regional and global climates. Tree rings are especially useful as climate proxies in that
Dendroclimatology
Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an
Effects_of_climate_change
natural-scientific proxy evidence independently but consistently shows that during the period of the Roman Empire's maximum expansion and final crisis, the climate underwent
Climate_of_ancient_Rome
Folland et al. "Chapter 2: Observed Climate Variability and Change". In IPCC TAR WG1 (2001)., 2.3.2.2 Multi-proxy synthesis of recent temperature change
Wegman_Report
Severe climatic event starting around 2200 BC
"The 4.2 ka BP event: multi-proxy records from a closed lake in the northern margin of the East Asian summer monsoon". Climate of the Past. 14 (10): 1417–1425
4.2-kiloyear_event
American paleontologist
C.H. (1997). Proxy Climate Indicators of the Chinle Group, Upper Triassic, in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas: Correlation of Climate to the Geological
Christopher_H._Whittle
Mass extinction event
Thomas (17 October 2018). "Middle Miocene climate of southwestern Anatolia from multiple botanical proxies". Climate of the Past. 14 (10): 1427–1440. Bibcode:2018CliPa
Middle_Miocene_disruption
Climate interval
Middle Miocene Climate Optimum shallow marine strata (Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Coastal Plain): Erratic pebbles no certain proxy for cold climate". Palaeogeography
Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum
Middle_Miocene_Climatic_Optimum
Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it conveys the scientific consensus on climate change that the
Media coverage of climate change
Media_coverage_of_climate_change
2001 United Nations climate change assessment
Linden; Dai; Maskell; Johnson (2001). "2.3.2.2 Multi-proxy synthesis of recent temperature change". Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Archived from
IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report
Archaeological site in South Africa
CL, to rising sea levels and coastline regression. The abundance of proxy climate indicators within the archaeological record and the dynamics between
Boomplaas_Cave
Study of the oceans in the geologic past
different proxies enable the scientific community to assess the role of the oceanic processes in the global climate by the re-construction of past climate at
Paleoceanography
Data visualization graphics depicting trends of annual temperature changes
Warming stripes (sometimes referred to as climate stripes, climate timelines or stripe graphics) are data visualization graphics that use a series of coloured
Warming_stripes
Non-profit organization
The Climate Reality Project is a non-profit organization involved in education and advocacy related to climate change. The Climate Reality Project came
The_Climate_Reality_Project
Concept for social justice in climate change context
Climate justice is a type of environmental justice that focuses on the unequal impacts of climate change on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations
Climate_justice
Continent
absorbed by others. Yet international conflicts have played out by support for proxy armies or rebel movements. Many states have experienced civil wars: including
Africa
Time period c. 12,900–11,700 years ago
overturning circulation (AMOC). This is consistent with climate model simulations, as well as a range of proxy evidence, such as the decreased ventilation (exposure
Younger_Dryas
2009 controversy
locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change. The story was first broken by climate change denialists, who argued that the emails showed
Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy
The scientific community has been investigating the causes of current climate change for decades. After thousands of studies, the scientific consensus
Causes_of_climate_change
Current geological epoch
Blackford, J. (1993). "Peat bogs as sources of proxy climatic data: Past approaches and future research". Climate change and human impact on the landscape.
Holocene
Type of solar radiation modification
Visioni D, MacMartin DG, Kravitz B (2021). "Is Turning Down the Sun a Good Proxy for Stratospheric Sulfate Geoengineering?". Journal of Geophysical Research:
Stratospheric aerosol injection
Stratospheric_aerosol_injection
Rapid climate fluctuation in the last glacial period
A Dansgaard–Oeschger event (often abbreviated D–O event) is a rapid climate fluctuation; such events occurred 25 times during the last glacial period
Dansgaard–Oeschger_event
tool for rapidly locating Wikipedia articles on Historic and Prehistoric climate indicators of all types. To Add: Alkenone analysis TEX-86 analysis Nile
Table of historic and prehistoric climate indicators
Table_of_historic_and_prehistoric_climate_indicators
Sun." The role of solar activity in climate change has also been calculated over longer time periods using "proxy" datasets, such as tree rings. Models
History of climate change science
History_of_climate_change_science
Global climate phenomenon
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
Emissions, impacts and responses of the United States related to climate change
Climate change has led to the United States warming up by 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) since 1970. In 2023, the global average near-surface temperature reached 1.45 °C
Climate change in the United States
Climate_change_in_the_United_States
Diplomatic summit resulting in the Paris Agreement
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly
2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
"master class in climate destruction. 7 April 2025: a study published in npj Climate and Atmospheric Science found that the climate extremes of 2023–2024
2024_in_climate_change
US federal executive's anti-pollution measures
The main climate target of the Biden administration was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the United States to net zero by 2050. A climate team was
Environmental policy of the Biden administration
Environmental_policy_of_the_Biden_administration
Form of adaptive capacity for a socio-ecological system
Climate resilience is a concept to describe how well people or ecosystems are prepared to bounce back from certain climate hazard events. The formal definition
Climate_resilience
System of surface and deep currents in the Atlantic Ocean
Earth's ocean circulation system and plays an important role in the planet's climate system. The AMOC includes Atlantic currents at the surface and at great
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation
Symbol which represents the likelihood of a human-made global catastrophe
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Maintained since 1947, the Clock is a proxy mechanism for threats to humanity from unchecked scientific and technological
Doomsday_Clock
Arctic climate conditions would have extended much further south, and conditions in the present-day Arctic region were likely colder. Temperature proxies suggest
Climate_of_the_Arctic
Country in West Asia
sparking the eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War. Iran has since been involved in proxy wars with Israel and Saudi Arabia; in 2025, Israeli strikes on Iran escalated
Iran
the colder temperatures which proxies suggested were present. The long-standing paradox was resolved when novel proxy derived temperatures showed significantly
Cool_tropics_paradox
Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies
A climate spiral (sometimes referred to as a temperature spiral) is an animated data visualization graphic designed as a "simple and effective demonstration
Climate_spiral
Ozone depletion and climate change are environmental challenges whose connections have been explored and which have been compared and contrasted, for
Ozone depletion and climate change
Ozone_depletion_and_climate_change
Chinese internet regulations
tools combine these two mechanisms: Proxy servers outside China can be used, although using just a simple open proxy (HTTP or SOCKS) without also using
Great_Firewall
Public opinion on climate change is related to a broad set of variables, including the effects of sociodemographic, political, cultural, economic, and
Public opinion on climate change
Public_opinion_on_climate_change
Natural disaster in Europe
(Reanalysis) approach that integrates climate model simulations with documentary evidence and tree‑ring proxy records. Temperature anomaly Spring 1540
The year-round heat and drought of 1540 in Europe
The_year-round_heat_and_drought_of_1540_in_Europe
Global conflict (1939–1945)
fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and
World_War_II
the term. The problem of changing response of some tree ring proxies to recent climate changes was first identified through research in Alaska conducted
Divergence_problem
Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
was much slower than human-induced carbon emissions. However, stronger proxy methods to test for saturation state are needed to assess how much this
Ocean_acidification
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to oceanography
prehistoric Hawaiian Island built from seven shield volcanoes (paleo?) Proxy (climate) – reserved physical characteristics allowing reconstruction of past
Outline_of_oceanography
Climate change activists
The contributions of women in climate change have received increasing attention in the early 21st century. Feedback from women and the issues faced by
Women_in_climate_change
Research initiative by the US government
FullReport.pdf The National Climate Assessment (NCA) is an initiative within the U.S. federal government focused on climate change science, formed under
National_Climate_Assessment
American scientist
quantitative proxies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental studies and subsequent application of these proxies to study mechanisms controlling climate change
Yongsong_Huang
1977 Japanese yakuza film
Hokuriku Proxy War (Japanese: 北陸代理戦争, Hepburn: Hokuriku Dairi Sensō) is a 1977 Japanese yakuza film directed by Kinji Fukasaku and starring Hiroki Matsukata
Hokuriku_Proxy_War
International climate change conference in 2009
The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between
Copenhagen_climate_summit
Political party in the United States
David Shor and Ezra Klein have both said, the metric really serves as a proxy for class polarization, but while it is increasingly predictive, it is not
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic_Party_(United_States)
Diplomatic summit concerning greenhouse gas emissions effects
The United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP20 or CMP10 was held in Lima, Peru, from December 1 to 12, 2014. This was the 20th yearly session of
2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2014_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2025. The cusp of a new era We are on the cusp
2025_in_climate_change
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
Escapa, Ignacio; Large, Ross (August 2022). "A revised sedimentary pyrite proxy for atmospheric oxygen in the Paleozoic: Evaluation for the
Carboniferous
Country in West Asia
shifted from the traditional Arab–Israeli conflict towards the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and direct confrontation with Iran during the Syrian civil war
Israel
This glossary of climate change is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to climate change, global warming, and related topics. The Intergovernmental
Glossary_of_climate_change
Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
drops record short-term climate variations, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate events. Exceptionally, climate proxy data from the early Permian
Speleothem
Chronology of the major ice ages of the Earth
interglacial is known as the Holocene epoch. Based on climate proxies, paleoclimatologists study the different climate states originating from glaciation. The third
Timeline_of_glaciation
Part of the Pliocene Epoch
species are extant, helping calibrate paleotemperature proxies. Model simulations of mid-Pliocene climate produce warmer conditions at middle and high latitudes
Mid-Piacenzian_Warm_Period
Major climatic change and biotic turnover during the Triassic
called the Carnian pluvial event, was a period of major change in global climate that coincided with significant changes in Earth's biota both in the sea
Carnian_pluvial_episode
Diplomatic summit concerning greenhouse gas emissions effects; COP19
United Nations Climate Change Conference in Warsaw. Over 10,000 delegates from 189 countries convened to address the escalating climate crisis, aiming
2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2013_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
American politician (born 1990)
article published in May 2026, The New Yorker described Bores's run as "a proxy battle between OpenAI and Anthropic." Bores finished second in the primary
Alex_Bores
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
planet. This likely happened in the early history of Venus. A 2012 study on climate change indicated that "Earth presently absorbs around 240 W m−2 of solar
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
PROXY CLIMATE
PROXY CLIMATE
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, Farsi
Dawn
Girl/Female
Persian American
Dawn; bright.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English appel ‘apple’ (Old English æppel), acquired as a surname in any of various senses: a topographic name for someone living by an apple orchard; an occupational name for a grower or seller of apples; or a nickname for someone supposed to resemble an apple in some way, e.g. in having bright red cheeks. The economic importance in medieval northern Europe of apples, as a fruit that could be grown in a cold climate and would keep for use throughout the winter, is hard to appreciate in these days of rapid transportation and year-round availability of fruits of all kind.Americanized form of Appel or Apfel.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.French : habitational name from a place so named in Jura.
Boy/Male
Indian
Part of Lord Shiva; Rich; A Defibrillator for All Climates
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Cool Climate
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Roxie, ROXY means "dawn."
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Light Climate; Goddess Lakshmi
PROXY CLIMATE
PROXY CLIMATE
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Greek, Norse, Scandinavian, Swedish
Shield-bearer; God; Thor's Struggle; Warrior
Female
English
Variant form of English Donalda, DOLINA means "world ruler."
Girl/Female
Tamil
vasanthamalli | வஸஂதாமாலீ
Name of a Raga
Female
African
joy.
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : from a pet form of the personal name Hugh.French : from a pet form of Hue (see Hugh).French : from a reduced form of Hudelin, a double diminutive of the personal name Hude (see Houde).Possibly Swedish : from an unidentified first element + the common ornamental suffix -(l)in.A Hulin from the Brie region of France is recorded in Quebec City in 1659.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Swan, Deer, Soft
Girl/Female
Indian
Female
Egyptian
, the consort of Antefaa II.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Indian
Graced with Wealth
PROXY CLIMATE
PROXY CLIMATE
PROXY CLIMATE
PROXY CLIMATE
PROXY CLIMATE
superl.
Of or pertaining to prose; like prose.
n.
Authority to act for another; a proxy.
n.
Writing prose; speaking or writing in a tedious or prosy manner.
n.
A writing by which one person authorizes another to vote in his stead, as in a corporation meeting.
n.
The person who is substituted or deputed to act or vote for another.
n.
The instrument by which a person is empowered to transact the affairs of another; a proxy.
n.
The written appointment of a proctor in suits in the ecclesiastical courts.
n.
A substitute; a proxy; an agent.
n.
The quality or state of being prosy; tediousness; tiresomeness.
n.
"The ticket or list of candidates at elections, presented to the people for their votes."
v. i.
To act or vote by proxy; to do anything by the agency of another.
n.
The agency for another who acts through the agent; authority to act for another, esp. to vote in a legislative or corporate capacity.
n.
See Procuration.
pl.
of Proxy
superl.
Dull and tedious in discourse or writing; prosaic.
a.
Dull; uninteresting; commonplace; unimaginative; prosy; as, a prosaic person.
adv.
In a prosy manner.
v. t.
To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy.
n.
The office or agency of a proxy.
v. t.
To write or repeat in a dull, tedious, or prosy way.