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Strength of an object's radar echo
Radar cross section (RCS), denoted σ, also called radar signature, is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar. A larger RCS indicates that an
Radar_cross_section
Radar testing site in California
The Tejon Ranch Radar Cross Section Facility was a radar cross-section (RCS) testing site operated by Northrop Corporation—later Northrop Grumman—from
Tejon Ranch Radar Cross Section Facility
Tejon_Ranch_Radar_Cross_Section_Facility
The United States' National Radar Cross-section Facility (commonly abbreviated as RATSCAT) is located at Holloman AFB, New Mexico. The Lockheed Have Blue
National Radar Cross-section Facility
National_Radar_Cross-section_Facility
Topics referred to by the same term
3D Cross section (geology) Cross section (electronics) Radar cross section, measure of detectability Cross section (physics) Absorption cross section Nuclear
Cross_section
an object. Optical cross section is useful in fields such as LIDAR. In the field of radar this is referred to as radar cross-section. Objects such as license
Optical_cross_section
American stealth fighter proposal in 2009
incorporate several features to minimize its radar cross-section (RCS), making it harder to detect by enemy radar. The traditional vertical stabilizers were
Boeing_F-15SE_Silent_Eagle
Radar countermeasure
produces a large radar cross section intended to blind or disrupt radar systems. Modern military forces use chaff to distract active radar homing missiles from
Chaff_(countermeasure)
High-altitude, supersonic reconnaissance aircraft
representatives initially favored Convair's design for its smaller radar cross-section, but the A-12's specifications were slightly better and its projected
Lockheed_A-12
American electrical engineer (1939–2026)
engineer and stealth technology specialist known for his work on radar cross-section (RCS) prediction and low-observable aircraft design at Lockheed's
Denys_Overholser
German prototype jet powered flying wing fighter (1944)
jet-powered flying wing such as the Horten Ho 229 might have a smaller radar cross-section (RCS) than conventional contemporary twin-engine aircraft because
Horten_Ho_229
American reconnaissance aircraft
of the Soviet Union were tracked by radar, the CIA initiated Project Rainbow to reduce the U-2's radar cross-section. This effort ultimately proved unsuccessful
Lockheed_U-2
Object detection system using radio waves
to which an object reflects or scatters radio waves is called its radar cross-section. The power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is given by the
Radar
Rada type by frequency
40 GHz.The radar cross section of any target depends on the frequency transmitted by the radar. Below 900 MHz the target radar cross section increases
Low-frequency_radar
Sixth-generation strike fighter program
directed-energy weapons, and have sensors that can target small radar cross-section targets; cyber warfare platforms at a tactical level as part of a
Boeing_F/A-XX
is used. Radar cross-section Target strength Stout, G. E., & Mueller, E. A. (1968). Survey of relationships between rainfall rate and radar reflectivity
Backscattering_cross_section
American strategic bomber
defenses and penetrate at low altitude like a bomber (with a much lower radar cross-section (RCS) due to smaller size), and in much greater numbers at a lower
Rockwell_B-1_Lancer
Radio wave detection and transmission system defined by its separation
factor in determining the radar cross section of the target. Bistatic range refers to the basic measurement of range made by a radar or sonar system with separated
Bistatic_radar
Multisite radar
each of which may involve a differing bistatic angle and target radar cross section. The following characteristics are unique to the multistatic arrangement
Multistatic_radar
Aircraft which use stealth technology to avoid detection
radars, radios and laser designators. These are typically combined with operational measures to minimize the aircraft's radar cross-section (RCS)
Stealth_aircraft
Probability of a given process occurring in a particle collision
In physics, the cross section is a measure related to the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles. For example
Cross_section_(physics)
Form of electronic countermeasures
The decoy (chaff cloud) should have a larger radar cross-section (RCS) than the target, so the radar tracks it. Corner reflectors have the same effect
Radar_jamming_and_deception
Classification of sophisticated jet fighter aircraft entering service since 2005
(command, control and communications). In order to minimize their radar cross-section (RCS), most fifth-generation fighters use chines instead of standard
Fifth-generation_fighter
US Air Force supersonic aircraft, 1964–1998
Lockheed A-12, a pioneer in stealth technology with its reduced radar cross section, but the SR-71 was longer and heavier to carry more fuel and a crew
Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird
Swedish stealth missile corvettes
Stockholm-class corvettes. Its design emphasizes low visibility radar cross-section and infrared signature, and the class has received widespread international
Visby-class_corvette
Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature
Craig R.; Shaman, Hussein N. (2017). "Novel Design of Ultrabroadband Radar Cross Section Reduction Surfaces Using Artificial Magnetic Conductors". IEEE Transactions
Metamaterial
Experimental stealth aircraft
originating radar emitter, greatly reducing its radar cross-section. The eventual design had faceted surfaces to deflect radar waves away from a radar receiver
Lockheed_Have_Blue
Indonesian jet fighter concept
inspired by the Saab JAS 39 Gripen. He added that it features a reduced radar cross-section design and uses mostly composite materials to enhance its stealth
Infoglobal_I-22_Sikatan
Class of helicopters
reduce their radar cross-section (RCS). Constructing elements of the rotorcraft from certain materials is another means of minimizing radar visibility.
Stealth_helicopter
1982 film directed by Clint Eastwood
S. Naval Postgraduate School, analyzed the Firefox's design and radar cross section (RCS) in lecture notes he prepared while on sabbatical at the NASA
Firefox_(film)
American heavy strategic bomber
aviation firms about the largest radar cross-section of an aircraft that would remain effectively invisible to radars. Initially, Northrop and McDonnell
Northrop_B-2_Spirit
Reconnaissance aircraft design
new aircraft to replace the U-2, with an emphasis on reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) as much as possible. High-altitude flight would still be useful
Convair_Kingfish
Substances which absorb radio frequency energy
radar-absorbent material can significantly reduce an object's radar cross-section in specific radar frequencies, but it does not result in "invisibility" on
Radiation-absorbent_material
Meteorological instrumentation
measure horizontal visibility. Radar scatterometers use radio or microwaves to determine the normalized radar cross section (σ0, "sigma zero" or "sigma naught")
Scatterometer
Military technology to make personnel and material less visible
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began attempts to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of the U-2 spy plane. Three systems were developed, Trapeze
Stealth_technology
American aerospace engineer (1919–2018)
pioneering work on revolutionary aircraft designs with extremely low radar cross sections that led to the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk and Northrop Grumman B-2
Richard_C._Scherrer
Class of missile boats for the United Arab Emirates
Emirates Navy. The design of the boats is claimed to reduce their radar cross section (RCS) and infrared and acoustic signatures. The Falaj 3 class is
Falaj_3-class_patrol_boat
Indian Navy corvette class
in this class will feature advanced stealth features like a low radar cross section (RCS), infrared, acoustic and magnetic signatures. On 6 June 2022
Next_generation_corvette
Royal Thai Navy ship
Great-class destroyer, due to the design of the ship having reduced radar cross section, and there are many other additional technologies added. HTMS Bhumibol
HTMS_Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Indian fifth-generation stealth fighter
backbone of the IAF fighter fleet. The AMCA design is optimized for low radar cross section and supercruise capability. As of May 2026,[update] the process to
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
Advanced_Medium_Combat_Aircraft
Series of carrier-based multirole combat aircraft
Super Hornet. The prototype features a 50% reduction in frontal radar cross-section (RCS), conformal fuel tanks (CFT), and an enclosed weapons pod. Features
Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet
Stealth missile destroyer class of the US Navy
distinctive appearance results from the design requirement for a low radar cross-section (RCS). The Zumwalt class has a wave-piercing tumblehome hull form
Zumwalt-class_destroyer
American stealth ground-attack aircraft
(made from flat surfaces) heavily contributes to its relatively low radar cross-section of about 0.001 m2 (0.0108 sq ft). To minimize its infrared signature
Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk
Radar 2D mapping technique
approach or recede from the radar at a rate depending only on the cross range position—the distance normal to the radar line of sight with the origin
Inverse synthetic-aperture radar
Inverse_synthetic-aperture_radar
Combat aircraft wing design
uppercase letter lambda (Λ). A lambda wing has a dramatically smaller radar cross section than a delta wing, and so is commonly featured on stealth aircraft—for
Lambda_wing
Prototype jet
aircraft. This configuration was designed to reduce weight, drag, and radar cross section; and increase range, maneuverability, and survivability. The X-36
McDonnell_Douglas_X-36
Guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy
Admiral Elmo Zumwalt. Zumwalt has stealth capabilities, having a radar cross-section similar to a fishing boat despite her large size. On 7 December 2015
USS_Zumwalt
Aircraft with low or negative stability
highly non-traditional fuselage and wing shape in order to reduce its radar cross section and enable it to penetrate air defenses with relative impunity. However
Relaxed_stability
American aircraft prototype
the YF-22, which, although marginally slower and having a larger radar cross-section, was more agile than the YF-23. The Lockheed team was picked by the
Lockheed_YF-22
computational electromagnetics was first developed for computation of radar cross section (RCS). Since then, the method has been generalized to be used also
Shooting_and_bouncing_rays
US WWII airfield
with aircraft. Helendale Avionics Facility or Lockheed Helendale Radar Cross Section Facility or Helendale Measurement Facility was built in 1983 by Lockheed
Victorville Army Airfield auxiliary fields
Victorville_Army_Airfield_auxiliary_fields
1994 class of Oman warships
including the cladding of surfaces with radar absorbent material and angled sides to reduce the radar cross section. Oman placed an order for two corvettes
Qahir-class_corvette
Chinese stealth fighter aircraft
reduce its radar cross-section (RCS), uniquely combining canard wings with leading edge root extensions (LERX). The chined forebody, modified radar radome
Chengdu_J-20
Fire-control radar
multifunction radar, capable of surveillance, tracking and engaging low radar cross section targets. It is a ground surveillance radar and is a great
Rajendra_(radar_system)
Family of airborne radars
acquired. The maximum range to detect a frigate sized target with radar cross-section (RCA) of a thousand square meter is 55 NM in air-to-sea mode, and
Grifo_radar
Warship class of the US Navy
threats, the class was designed to minimize radar signature. Techniques that reduce radar cross-section (RCS) make the ships more difficult to locate
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
San_Antonio-class_amphibious_transport_dock
French general purpose stealth frigates
time. Their reduced radar cross section is achieved by a clean superstructure compared to conventional designs, angled sides and radar absorbent material
La_Fayette-class_frigate
Unmanned aerial vehicle designed for direct impact strikes
due to the cost they remain rare. Jet drones often have a smaller radar cross section due to the lack of a propeller but have a higher heat signature.
One-way_attack_drone
1962 American Mach 3+ reconnaissance drone
technology from the A-12 project, including titanium construction and radar cross-section reduction design features. Johnson wanted to power the Q-12 with
Lockheed_D-21
Orbit to planetary surface attack with inert projectiles
defend against. It has a very high closing velocity and a small radar cross-section. The launch is difficult to detect. Any infrared launch signature
Kinetic_bombardment
(RADar CAlibration Target) were a pair of passive radar calibration satellites operated by the United States. They were cylinders with a radar cross section
RADCAT
Type of artificial sheet material
refraction, and as enabling technologies for compact optical systems, radar cross-section reduction, integrated photonics, and bioimaging. Their rapid development
Electromagnetic_metasurface
Chinese automated close-in weapons system
cross section at 8 km, extended to 15 km if the radar cross section is increased to 2 square metres, and further extended to 20 km if the radar cross section
Type_730_CIWS
Branch of physics
to calculate antenna performance, electromagnetic compatibility, radar cross section and electromagnetic wave propagation when not in free space. A large
Computational electromagnetics
Computational_electromagnetics
Russian military radar system
and other flying objects with 0.1 m2 (1sqf) radar cross-section at a distance of 100 km (62 mi). VHF radar systems have wavelengths comparable to aircraft
Nebo-SVU
Airborne Early Warning and Control System used on a variety of aircraft platforms
surveillance modes; and target radar cross-section display. The radar operates as a medium- to high-PRF pulse-Doppler, solid-state radar, in E/F-band (3 GHz),
Erieye
Ship which uses stealth technology to reduce risk of detection
(acoustic quieting) are unique to stealth ships' design. Although radar cross-section (RCS) reduction is a fairly new concept, many other forms of masking
Stealth_ship
Radar that locates artillery pieces by tracking their projectiles
detection ranges are governed by the radar cross section (RCS) of the projectiles. Typical RCS are: The best modern radars can detect howitzer shells at around
Counter-battery_radar
Myanmar Stealth Frigate
Kyansitta (F12) is the first Myanmar Navy frigate that has reduced radar cross section features on its design. The ship incorporates various electronic
Kyan_Sittha-class_frigate
South Korean fighter aircraft
requirements. The specific mandate for high manoeuvrability, low radar cross-section (RCS), and the higher survivability of a twin-engine configuration
KAI_KF-21_Boramae
1980s German stealth aircraft
which possessed a suitable configuration to achieve a forward-facing radar cross-section that would be between 20 and 30 dB (in the X band frequencies) below
MBB_Lampyridae
Mobile long-range radar system
aircraft flying below several hundred feet to the unconventional small radar cross section devices, such as UAVs or cruise missiles. The system can be set up
Ground_Master_400
Indian stealth guided-missile frigates
Shivalik-class frigates (P-17) with improved design portfolios, such as low radar cross-section (RCS) and reduced infrared signature. With a total of seven vessels
Nilgiri-class_frigate_(2019)
Iranian long-range radar
is a 3-D solid state phased array radar, capable of detecting boats, low flying aircraft with a radar cross section (RCS) of 4 m2 (43 sq ft) at a range
Asr_(radar)
U.S. surveillance drone
RQ-170's endurance of 5–6 hours. It has superior all-aspect, broadband radar cross-section reduction features compared to previous stealth aircraft such as
Northrop_Grumman_RQ-180
Small warship class of the Egyptian Navy
Coast Guard fleet, and chose a variant of the design with reduced radar cross-section as the basis for a large modern missile boat. Its design was conducted
Ambassador MK III missile boat
Ambassador_MK_III_missile_boat
Military aircraft
constructed and was subjected to a rigorous test regime to determine its radar cross section. During early 2003, the existence of the Replica programme was revealed
BAE_Systems_Replica
Modern system for holding and firing missiles on naval vessels
tolerant and reliable than the previous systems and has a lower radar cross-section (RCS). The U.S. Navy now relies exclusively on VLS for its guided
Vertical_launching_system
Arleigh Burke-class destroyer
designed with features meant to lower its radar cross-section, which improves a ship's ability to evade radar detection. She also used a slightly downgraded
USS_Arleigh_Burke
Interceptor aircraft
purpose of a radar cross-section of 19 m2 on a collision angle with probability 0.5) target detection distance with radar cross-section of 3 m2 (32 sq ft)
Mikoyan_MiG-31
American surface-to-air missile system since 1981
missile is detected by the AN/MPQ-65 radar. The radar reviews the speed, altitude, behavior, and radar cross-section of the target. If this data lines up
MIM-104_Patriot
Soviet and Russian mathematician and physicist
acoustic barriers to reduce noise levels, and the evaluation of radar cross sections for large objects, such as tanks, ships, and missiles. Dr. Ufimtsev
Pyotr_Ufimtsev
Planned class of warships in the Indian Navy
under this class will feature advanced stealth features like a low radar cross section (RCS), infrared, acoustic and magnetic signatures. On 2 January 2015
Next Generation Missile Vessels
Next_Generation_Missile_Vessels
Class of Indian naval vessels
craft that are intended feature advanced stealth features like a low radar cross section (RCS), infrared, acoustic and magnetic signatures Defence Acquisition
New Water Jet Fast Attack Craft
New_Water_Jet_Fast_Attack_Craft
Classification scheme of jet fighters
digital network communications Use of composite materials to reduce radar cross-section These partial upgrades to 5th-generation capability have led some
Jet_fighter_generations
American stealth bomber aircraft
Cohen, Zachary (5 July 2016). "New stealth bomber's cost is under the radar". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2016
Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider
Russian stealth UAV prototype
of composite materials and stealth coatings, reducing the drone's radar cross section in flight. It has a weight of about 20 tons and a wingspan of around
Sukhoi_S-70_Okhotnik-B
CIA research project
at reducing the radar cross-section of the Lockheed U-2 and lowering the chance that it would be detected and tracked by Soviet radars during its overflights
Project_RAINBOW
Aerospace research facility in the United States
forward in aviation technology because of their extremely small radar cross-section. After a series of successful test flights beginning in 1977, the
Skunk_Works
Multirole combat aircraft prototype by Boeing
the potential direct visibility of the compressor blades to radar (see radar cross-section). Mitigation possibilities included variable baffles designed
Boeing_X-32
Russian airborne radar
purpose of a radar cross-section of 19 m2 on a collision angle with probability 0.5) target detection distance with radar cross-section of 3 m2 in the
Zaslon
Fighter technology demonstrator aircraft
wind tunnel testing to refine the MFI's aerodynamics and verify its radar cross-section (RCS). The MFI would have a variable engine intake ramp located under
Mikoyan_Project_1.44
Russian fighter aircraft
to reduce radar signature. The shape of the inlet, called "U-shape" by its designers, is intended to reduce the aircraft's radar cross-section (RCS) compared
Sukhoi_Su-75_Checkmate
Classification of fighter aircraft c. 1970–2000
avoid radar detection were known since the 1960s, the advent of radar-absorbent materials allowed aircraft of drastically reduced radar cross-section to
Fourth-generation_fighter
Proposed aircraft stealth technology
is a proposed process to use ionized gas (plasma) to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of an aircraft. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation
Plasma_stealth
Iranian torpedo boat
craft torpedo boat featuring a low, flush hull to reduce its radar cross-section. The radar is set on a retractable mast, with fixed 21" tubes inside the
Tir-class_speedboat
Class of frigates built for the Royal Navy
technologies and concepts to the Royal Navy. These included extensive radar cross-section reduction design measures, automation to substantially reduce crew
Type_23_frigate
Chinese naval gun
of the Type 210, mounted on a stealth modified turret to reduce radar cross-section. H/PJ-87 armed the Type 052B, Type 051C and Type 052C destroyers
H/PJ-87_100_mm_naval_gun
Chinese attack helicopter
changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize radar cross section, changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines
Changhe_Z-10
Class of supercarriers for the U.S. Navy
reactor) for greater power generation. Stealth features to reduce radar cross-section. The ability to carry up to 90 aircraft, including the Boeing F/A-18E/F
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier
Type of warship
Fayette class design. Frigate shapes are designed to offer a minimal radar cross section, which also lends them good air penetration; the manoeuvrability
Frigate
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